BrainScapeDeck_BIO1022_1_20200806_170328

Question 1

What are the natural selection steps?

4 Items

Answer 1

1. Heritable variation in traits is randomly produced through mutation and sexual reproduction.
2. Overproduction of offspring, which leads to competition for limited resources.
3. Variations in traits result in survival and reproduction successes for some individuals over others.
4. Over many generations we end up with changes in the genetic makeup of the population.

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Question 2

What is a Node?

Answer 2

The splitting point of two branches.

Question 3

What does a node represent?

Answer 3

Each node represents a common ancestor of all species or groups further along the branch.

Question 4

What is a Root?

Answer 4

Represents an “ancestral lineage” of the organisms that evolved to become the common ancestor of all descendants included on the tree. The root helps illustrate that life did not begin with your tree’s common ancestor.

Question 5

What is a Monophyletic group?

Answer 5

If a single cut is made to the tree all of the animals most closely related to each other will be in that group.

Question 6

What are some examples of a Monophyletic group?

3 items expected

Answer 6

• Amphibians
• Mammals
• Birds

Question 7

What is a Paraphyletic group?

Answer 7

Group doesn’t include all of the animals that are most closely related to each other.

Question 8

What are examples of a paraphyletic group?

Answer 8

• Reptiles (does not contain birds despite common ancestor)
• monkeys(does not include apes)
• Lizards(does not include snakes and Amphisbaenia)

Question 9

What is a Polyphyletic group?

Answer 9

It does not include a common ancestor but the trait that defines the group was developed independently from each other through convergent evolution

Question 10

What are examples of polyphyletic group?

Answer 10

• Flying vertebrates
• Filter feeders
• Warm blooded animals

Question 11

What is a Clade?

Answer 11

A monophyletic group.

Question 12

What is Parsimony?

Answer 12

The concept that all things behave in the simplest way to produce a given outcome.

Question 13

What are Phylogenetic trees?

Answer 13

Trees which show evolutionary relationships of animals and plants.

Question 14

What is a apomorphy?

Answer 14

Characters that one organism developed.

Question 15

What is pleisomorphy?

Answer 15

All animals in the group have that character.

Question 16

What are Homologous Characters?

Answer 16

Characters between two organisms are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor.

Question 17

What are analogous characters?

Answer 17

These are characters that are similar in their structure aue to independent evolution across two separate lineages.

Question 18

What is Convergent evolution?

Answer 18

Where two separate lineages evolve to resemble one another to fill a similar niche.

Question 19

What is Divergent evolution?

Answer 19

The change of related species to fit different Niches.

Question 20

What are Synapomorphies?

Answer 20

A characteristic present in an ancestral species and sharded exclusively by its evolutionary descendants.

Question 21

What is morphology?

Answer 21

physical structures

Question 22

What does physiological refer to?

Answer 22

function

Question 23

What are Molecular characters?

Answer 23

Mutations that occur in the DNA sequence in one ancestor will then be passed directly to its descendants.

Question 24

What can similarities in genetic sequences be used for?

Answer 24

A measure of evolutionary distance.

Question 25

**What is disruptive selection?**

Answer 25

Selection is against intermediate forms and favours extreme ends, which leads to a U-shaped distribution.

Question 26

**What is Stabilising Selection?**

Answer 26

The environment is not the only pressure that acts on a population. For example if a bird is small it can’t compete for mates if too big the eggs may damage the mothers.

Question 27

**What is Balancing Selection?**

Answer 27

Refers to where two or more alleles are maintained due to multiple selective pressures.

Question 28

**What is Heterozygote advantage?**

Answer 28

Both homozygous recessive and dominant have both positive and negative traits so heterozygote/intermediate form is selected for.

Question 29

**What is Frequency dependent?**

Answer 29

How optimal the trait is depends on the number of individuals that have it.

Question 30

**What is Negative Frequency dependent?**

Answer 30

The greater the frequency of a trait grows, the less it is selected for.

Question 31

**What is Positive Frequency dependent?**

Answer 31

The more common a trait becomes, the more it is selected for.

Question 32

**What is Intrasexual selection?**

Answer 32

Competition between members of the same sex.

Question 33

## Footnote In this scenario birds are living in an environment with dark soil where it snows often. Here, pure white and pure black birds are able to hide from predators easily. What is this an example of?

Answer 33

Disruptive Selection

Question 34

## Footnote In this case, the only environment available to the birds for them to hide in is dark soil. Here there is no advantage to the white colour and is instead a disadvantage. What is this an example of?

Answer 34

Directional Selection

Question 35

Male white birds (homozygous recessive) are more attractive to females, however they are also more visible to predators. * Black birds (homozygous dominant) are able to easily hide from predators, but do not attract many mates. * The heterozygote grey birds display an intermediate grey, moderately successful at both evading predators and attracting mates, making them fittest. What is this an example of?

Answer 35

Heterozygote Advantage

Question 36

## Footnote Take a population of birds, with one phenotype that is better for eating seeds and the other for eating worms. If the number of seed eating birds increases, they will compete with each other for seeds. What is this an example of?

Answer 36

Negative Frequency Dependent

Question 37

## Footnote Larger birds are able to fight off smaller birds for potential mates, resulting in selection for increased size. What is this an example of?

Answer 37

Intrasexual Selection