Brains and behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of brain that coordinates movement

A
  • cerebellum
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2
Q

Structure of brain that controls heart rate

A
  • medulla oblongata
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3
Q

Structure of brain that receives sensory input from the eyes

A
  • cerebrum
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4
Q

What do blind kitten experiments show about how vision develops in cats

A
  • there is a critical period where visual stimulation is required if the visual cortex is to develop properly
  • no impulses pass along axons of visually impaired eyes - so synapses that do not fire are weakened and destroyed
  • adult cat is not affected as connections are already made and critical period has ended
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5
Q

How operant conditioning is achieved

A
  • trail and error
  • correct, reward
  • wrong, punishment
  • repeats behaviour to get reward
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6
Q

Discuss the extent to which the study of learning in animals can help us understand learning in humans

A
  • all animals have a common evolutionary origin
  • nervous system works in a similar way
  • can be compared
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7
Q

How fMRI can improve knowledge of human brain function

A
  • fMRI shows which parts of the brain are active
  • oxyhaemoglobin doesn’t absorb radiowaves, deoxyhaemoglobin does
  • active parts of the brain absorb fewer radio signals, as there is increases blood flow - which brings more O2
  • 3D image can be produced
  • non-invasive
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8
Q

Explain the effect of visual impairment on kittens

A
  • visual stimulation is required for visual development
  • during critical period
  • AP need to be fired so synapses release transmitter and become established more firmly to develop the visual cortex
  • inactive synapses are eliminated
  • before the critical period, kittens hadn’t developed visual cortex
  • kitten after five weeks had already developed visual cortex
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9
Q

Justify the use of animals in experiments

A
  • animal experiments help test medicines for treatment
  • help understand how human body works
  • benefits greater than harms
  • reduces harms when testing on humans
  • utilitarian approach
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10
Q

Effect of sensory deprivation in an eye

A
  • columns are narrower is visual cortex for visually impaired eye
  • sensory neurone shorter
  • fewer dendrites
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11
Q

Explain how an experiment of visual impairment shows the need for exposure to sensory information in normal visual development

A
  • visual stimulation during critical period is required for visual development (visual cortex to develop properly)
  • if an eye is deprived of stimulation, columns do not form properly
  • synapses are not fired so are weakened are destroyed
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12
Q

Describe a piece of evidence which suggests that humans must be exposed to particular stimuli if they are to develop normal vision

A
  • visual deprivation studies, e.g. cataract removal of children, bandaging of eyes
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13
Q

Describe how (CT) images could help a doctor to determine appropriate treatment of abnormalities

A
  • location of abnormality
  • size of abnormality
  • nature of abnormality e.g. bleeding
  • likely problems, e.g. accessibility for surgery
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14
Q

Explain why different abnormalities could cause different symptoms

A
  • abnormalities in different regions
  • different regions of brain have different functions
  • symptoms depone on the region of the brain affected
  • different types of abnormalities can cause different symptoms
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15
Q

Describe how fMRI is used to investigate brain function

A
  • detects level of oxygenation of blood, measures changes in blood flow within the brain
  • increased flow, increased oxygen suggest increased activity
  • study brain activity related to stimuli/tasks
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16
Q

Describe the ethical issues involved in the use of animals in a trial

A
  • over good should outweigh harm to animals (rationalist view)
  • all use of animals unacceptable (absolutist view)
  • as few animals as possible used in trial
  • welfare of animals should be important
17
Q

Suggest how a repeated stimulus could result in less response of gill sea slug

A
  • high frequency of impulses
  • depletes neurotransmitter
  • less Ca2+ channels do not open
  • less vesicles containing neurotransmitter move to presynaptic vesicle an fuse
  • less transmitter is released by exocytosis into the synaptic cleft
  • less transmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  • less Na+ channels open
  • less depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane, does not reach threshold
  • impulses do not reach gill, no AP initiated
18
Q

Suggest how habituation may be of benefit to a sea slug

A
  • avoids wasted effort to non-threatening stimuli

- natural frequent stimuli occurs, e.g. wave action