Brain vocab words Flashcards
anterior/posterior
front/back
rostral/caudal
front/back, aka towards the beak/towards the tail
medial/lateral
towards the middle/towards the side
dorsal/ventral
top/bottom on CNS of a quadruped
nerve anatomy - dorsal root
sensory info from body to spinal cord
nerve anatomy - ventral root
sensory information from the spinal cord to the muscles
dermatome
distinct area of the body that corresponds to a specific spinal cord segment
superior/inferior
on top of/underneath
Central Nervous System
-brain and spinal cord
-encased in bone
-has meninges
-part of nervous system
meninges
three laters of tissue covering brain and spinal cord
dura mater
outermost layer of meninge
arachnoid
intermediate layer of meninge tissue (where meningitis happens)
pia mater
innermost meninge layer
5 basic regions in brain, front to back
5 - telencephalon
4 - diencephalon
3 - mesencephalon
2 - metencephalon
1 - mylencephalon
mneumonic: (in reverse: miles met mes die tell)
features of the mylencephalon
- medulla
- (most caudal, hindbrain, part of brainstem)
features of the metencephalon
cerebellum and pons
cerebellum
- “little brain”, not part of brainstem
- FUNCTION: coordination, and learning and memory
- connected to pons via 3 peduncles
- receives practically all info the cerebral cortex gets
pons
- part of brainstem
- bridge between cerebellum and cerebral cortex
- contains locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus
-locus makes norepinephrine and raphe makes serotonin - FUNCTION: sleep and wake, mood disorders
five research perspectives
- description (structural and functional)
- ontogeny (development)
- mechanisms
- applications
- evolutions
somatic intervention
to alter a structure or function of the brain or body to see how it affects behavior
behavioral intervention
to intervene in behavior to see change in body structure or function
neuroplasticity
ability of nervous system to change in response to the environment
levels of analysis
- the scope of experimental approaches
- understand behavior by monitoring molecules, nerve cells, brain regions, social environments or a combo of these
neuron_and_composition
- aka nerve cells
- basic unit of the nervous system
- composed of cell body, receptive extension (dendrite(s)), and a transmitting extension (axon)
glial cells
(aka glia or neuroglia)
-nonneural brain cells that provide support that is structural, nutritional, etc
cell body
(aka soma)
- region of a neuron defined by presence of the cell nucleus
synapse
gap between neurons, passes information
presynaptic
part of synapse that releases neurotransmitter
axon terminal
(aka synaptic bouton)
-end of axon, forms synapse
axon
single extension from nerve cell, carries action potentials to other neurons
dendrite
extension of cell body through which synaptic inputs are received
ribosomes
structures in cell body where genetic information is translated to proteins
receptor
protein that binds and reacts to molecules
neurotransmitter
chemical released from presynaptic axon terminal
– basis of communication
postsynaptic
part of synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter
myelin
- fatty insulation around an axon
- glial cells
- speeds conduction of axon potentials
- multiple sclerosis happens with depletion of the myelin
peripheral nervous system
part of nervous system included nerves and neurons outside brain and spinal cord
somatic nervous system
part of peripheral nervous system
–neural connections to muscles
autonomic nervous system
- part of peripheral nervous system
- neural connections to glands and organs
-includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
nerve anatomy_in_the_spine
fusion of two branches - dorsal and ventral roots
what does DAVE stand for
dorsal afferent ventral efferent
number of spinal nerves
31
abducens
number 6:
- underneath the oculomotor, trochlear, and trigeminal
- the two stem nerve things in the bottom of the brain looks like a cockroach
- has to do with eye movement
trigeminal
number 5:
- very end with numbers 3 and 4
- the tubes like a tree with a trunk and branches
- face, sinuses, teeth
trochlear
number 4:
next to 3, nerve at the ends of the rows
function: moves eyes
oculomotor
number 3:
nerves under the chiasm and the mammary thingy
goes with number 4
function: moves the eyes
in the middle, right above the abducens
optic nerve
number 2:
vision, goes through chiasm and becomes the optic tract
the x thingy in the middle you know what it looks like
olfactory
number 1:
smell, two long things near the top, there are two
neurons and axons in the PNS
bundle of neurons - ganglia
bundle of axons - nerves
neurons and axons in the CNS
bundle of neurons - nucleus
bundle of axons - tract
postganglionic neurons
runs from the automatic ganglia to targets in the body
preganglionic neurons
runs from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia
autonomic nervous system
spans central and peripheral nervous systems
autonomic ganglia
groups of neurons located outside the central nervous system
function of the parasympathetic nervous system and what chemical
- acetylcholine
- store energy
- rest and relaxation
- anabolic storage system
- major source of info is the vagus or cranial nerve (which is number 10)
function of the sympathetic nervous system and what chemical
- fight or flight
- energy resources
- thoraco-lumbar system
- norepinephrine
sympathetic and parasympathetic differentiated by what
anatomy, chemistry, and function
chemistry of sympathetic and parasympathetic
s - release norepinephrine at postganglionic synapse
p - release acetylcholine at postganglionic synapse
anatomy of sympathetic and parasympathetic
S - short preganglionic, long postganglionic
P - long pregang, short postgang
S —>——–>
P ——–>—>
autonomic nervous system
contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
–life support - involuntary functions
efferent vs afferent
efferent is - messages (or conductions) going out
afferent is - messages (or conductions) coming in
somatic nervous system
- body sensations
- skeletal muscle movements
- efferent and afferent messages
mid-sagital section
bisects the brain into symmetrical halves
sagital section
parallel to medial/lateral axis
horizontal section
parallel to dorsal/ventral axis
frontal or coronal section
parallel to rostral/caudal axis
cerebral hemispheres
right and left halves of the forebrain
cerebral cortex
the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres that consists largely of neuronal call bodies and their branches
frontal lobe
the most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex
parietal lobe
large region of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
temporal lobe
large lateral cortical region of each cerebral hemisphere, continuous with the parietal lobe posteriorly and separated from the frontal lobe by the Sylvian fissure
occipital lobe
large region of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere
sylvian fissure
aka lateral sulcus
- deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe
- runs under the frontal and parietal lobe and over the temporal
central sulcus
a fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
postcentral gyrus
the strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, the receives somatosensory information from the entire body
precentral gyrus
the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control
corpus callosum
the main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
gray matter
areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin
white matter
a pale colored layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths
neural tube
an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
forebrain
aka prosencephalon
- the anterior division of the brain, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus
midbrain
aka mesencephalon
- middle division of the brain
hindbrain
aka rhombencephalon
- the rear division of the brain, which in the mature vertebrate contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla
telencephalon
the frontal subdivision of the forebrain that includes the cerebral hemispheres when fully developed
diencephalon
the posterior part of the forebrain, including the thalamus and hypothalamus
metencephalon
a subdivision of the hindbrain that includes the cerebellum and the pons
cerebellum
a structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement
pons
a portion of the metencephalon, part of the brainstem connecting midbrain to medulla
-looks like it is on the spinal cord but just above; the thicker part
medulla
aka mylencephalon
- the posterior part of the hindbrain, continuous with the spinal cord
brainstem contains:
region of the brain that consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla
pyramidal cell
a type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid shaped cell body; found in the cerebral cortex
cortical column
one of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the neocortex
basal ganglia
a group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen
- found deep within the cerebral hemispheres
pink is thalamus, purple is putamen and globus pallidus (middle cause circle idk)
caudate nucleus
one of the basal ganglia
- has a long extension or tail
putamen
one of the basal ganglia
globus pallidus
one of the basal ganglia
substantia nigra
a brainstem structure in humans that innervates the basal ganglia and is named for its dark pigmentation
limbic system
a loosely defined, wide-spread network of brain nuclei that are implicated in emotional processes
amygdala
a group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
fear, emotional responses, memory
mammillary bodies
pair of nuclei at the base of the brain
looks like boobs, right under the optic chiasm
hippocampus
a medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory
fornix
a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body
septal nuclei
a collection of gray matter structures lying medially below the corpus callosum, implicated in the perception of reward
cingulate gyrus
a cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline
cuddles the corpus callosum(ccc)
olfactory bulb
an anterior projection of the brain that terminates above the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skill, provides receptors for smell
stria terminalis
a limbic axonal pathway connecting the amygdala and hypothalamus
thalamus
the brain regions that surround the third ventricle
hypothalamus
part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus
tectum
the dorsal portion of the midbrain, including the inferior and superior colliculi
superior colliculi
paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive visual information
sort of above cerebellum and to the left or right depending on view
inferior colliculi
paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive auditory information
red nucleus
a brainstem structure related to motor control
reticular formation
an extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the midbrain to the medulla)
purkinje cell
a type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex
granule cell
a type of small nerve cell
parallel fiber
one of the axons of the granule cells that form the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
the fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles
meningitis
an acute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial inflection
meningiomas
several classes of noncancerous tumors arising from the meninges
ventricular system
a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain
lateral ventricle
a complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain
choroid plexus
a highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid
third ventricle
the midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricle to the fourth ventricle
fourth ventricle
the passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord
hydrocephalus
a ballooning of the ventricles, at the expense of the surrounding brain, which may occur when the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked
carotid arteries
the major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of the neck to the brain, supplying blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
glymphatic system
a lymphatic system in the brain that participates in removal of wastes and the movement of nutrients and signaling compounds
neurophysiology
the study of electrical and chemical processes in neurons
ion
an atom or molecule that has acquired an electrical charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons
anion
a negatively charged ion, such as a protein or chloride ion
cation
a positively charged ion, such as a potassium or sodium ion
intracellular fluid
aka cytoplasm
the watery solution found within cells
extracellular fluid
the fluid in the spaces between cells (interstitial fluid) and in the vascular system
cell membrane
the lipid bilayer that ensheathes a cell
lipid bilayer
the structure of the neuronal cell membrane, which consists of two layers of lipid molecules
microelectrode
an especially small electrode used to record electrical potentials from cells
resting membrane potential
a difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a nerve cell during an inactive period
negative polarity
a negative electrical-potential difference relative to a reference electrode
diffusion
the spontaneous spread of molecules of one substance among molecules of another substance until a uniform concentration is achieved
concentration gradient
variation of the concentration of a substance within a region
ion channel
a pore in the cell membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane when the channel is open
potassium ion (K+)
a potassium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron
selective permeability
the property of a membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others
equilibrium
here, the state in which the number of ion crossing a membrane in one direction is matched by the number crossing in the opposite direction
sodium ion (Na+)
a sodium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron
sodium-potassium pump
the energetically expensive mechanism that pushes sodium ions out of a cell, and potassium ions in
three sodium ions out for every two potassium in
electrostatic pressure
the propensity of charged molecules or ions to move toward areas with the opposite charge
Nernst equation
an equation predicting the equilibrium potential for a given ion based on the concentrations of the ion on opposite sides of a permeable membrane
hyperpolarization
increase in membrane potential - interior of the membrane becomes even more negative relative to the outside
depolarization
decrease in membrane potential - interior of the membrane becomes even less negative relative to the outside
if this is wrong its just the opposite of hyperpolarization
like its what the word means, it becomes less polarized
afterpotenials
changes in membrane potential after action potentials
refractory period
only some stimuli can produce an action potential during this period
absolute refractory phase
there is no action potential at all
relative refractory phase
only strong stimulation can produce an action potential
nodes of ranvier
small gaps on the insulating myelin sheath
saltatory conduction
the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon
sequence of synaptic transmission
- action potential arrives at axon terminal
- voltage -gated calcium channels open and Ca2+ ions enter
- synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release transmitter into the cleft
- transmitter crosses the cleft and binds to postsynaptic receptors which opens ion channels
- Ion flow creates local EPSP or IPSP into the postsynaptic neuron
- transmitter is inactivated by enzymes or removed by transporters so transmission is brief
- transmitter may activate presynaptic autoreceptors, decreasing its release
Exocytosis
“Neurotransmitter is stored inside small sacs called synaptic vesicles, and is released into the synaptic cleft of the synapse when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane. This process, which is known as exocytosis, can release neurotransmitter in less than a millisecond.”
mesencephalon parts
tectum and tegmentum
tectum
superior and inferior colliculli
visual and auditory reflexes
tegmentum parts
-PAG (periaquaductal grey)
-substantia nigra
-ventral-tegmental area
diencephalon components
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
thalamus
processes sensory inputs
-two lobes, base of cerebral hemisphere
hypothalamus
ventral to thalamus
body temp, hunger, thirst
controls ANS
telencephalon features
limbic system
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
limbic system parts
hippocampus
amygdala
basal ganglia nuclei
caudate
globus paladus
putamen
basal ganglia nuclei
caudate
globus paladus
putamen
cerebral cortex
surface grey matter, inner white matter
what do the multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons look like?
ion equilibrium process
1) sodium potassium pump
2) membrane permeability to ions
3) equilibrium potential
what is dopamine’s cell body
VTA (ventral tegmental area)
monoamines
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, melatonin, etc
catecholamines
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
indolamines
serotonin, melatonin
location of serotonin
raphe nucleus
where is norepinephrine made
locus coeruleus
septum pellucidum
under the corpus callosum, above the fornix
