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Behavioral Neuroscience > Brain vocab words > Flashcards

Brain vocab words Flashcards

1
Q

anterior/posterior

A

front/back

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2
Q

rostral/caudal

A

front/back, aka towards the beak/towards the tail

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3
Q

medial/lateral

A

towards the middle/towards the side

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4
Q

dorsal/ventral

A

top/bottom on CNS of a quadruped

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5
Q

nerve anatomy - dorsal root

A

sensory info from body to spinal cord

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6
Q

nerve anatomy - ventral root

A

sensory information from the spinal cord to the muscles

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7
Q

dermatome

A

distinct area of the body that corresponds to a specific spinal cord segment

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8
Q

superior/inferior

A

on top of/underneath

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9
Q

Central Nervous System

A

-brain and spinal cord
-encased in bone
-has meninges
-part of nervous system

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10
Q

meninges

A

three laters of tissue covering brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer of meninge

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12
Q

arachnoid

A

intermediate layer of meninge tissue (where meningitis happens)

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13
Q

pia mater

A

innermost meninge layer

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14
Q

5 basic regions in brain, front to back

A

5 - telencephalon
4 - diencephalon
3 - mesencephalon
2 - metencephalon
1 - mylencephalon
mneumonic: (in reverse: miles met mes die tell)

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15
Q

features of the mylencephalon

A
  • medulla
  • (most caudal, hindbrain, part of brainstem)
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16
Q

features of the metencephalon

A

cerebellum and pons

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17
Q

cerebellum

A
  • “little brain”, not part of brainstem
  • FUNCTION: coordination, and learning and memory
  • connected to pons via 3 peduncles
  • receives practically all info the cerebral cortex gets
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18
Q

pons

A
  • part of brainstem
  • bridge between cerebellum and cerebral cortex
  • contains locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus
    -locus makes norepinephrine and raphe makes serotonin
  • FUNCTION: sleep and wake, mood disorders
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19
Q

five research perspectives

A
  • description (structural and functional)
  • ontogeny (development)
  • mechanisms
  • applications
  • evolutions
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20
Q

somatic intervention

A

to alter a structure or function of the brain or body to see how it affects behavior

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21
Q

behavioral intervention

A

to intervene in behavior to see change in body structure or function

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22
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability of nervous system to change in response to the environment

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23
Q

levels of analysis

A
  • the scope of experimental approaches
  • understand behavior by monitoring molecules, nerve cells, brain regions, social environments or a combo of these
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24
Q

neuron_and_composition

A
  • aka nerve cells
  • basic unit of the nervous system
  • composed of cell body, receptive extension (dendrite(s)), and a transmitting extension (axon)
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25
Q

glial cells

A

(aka glia or neuroglia)
-nonneural brain cells that provide support that is structural, nutritional, etc

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26
Q

cell body

A

(aka soma)
- region of a neuron defined by presence of the cell nucleus

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27
Q

synapse

A

gap between neurons, passes information

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28
Q

presynaptic

A

part of synapse that releases neurotransmitter

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29
Q

axon terminal

A

(aka synaptic bouton)
-end of axon, forms synapse

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30
Q

axon

A

single extension from nerve cell, carries action potentials to other neurons

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31
Q

dendrite

A

extension of cell body through which synaptic inputs are received

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32
Q

ribosomes

A

structures in cell body where genetic information is translated to proteins

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33
Q

receptor

A

protein that binds and reacts to molecules

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34
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical released from presynaptic axon terminal
– basis of communication

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35
Q

postsynaptic

A

part of synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter

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36
Q

myelin

A
  • fatty insulation around an axon
  • glial cells
  • speeds conduction of axon potentials
  • multiple sclerosis happens with depletion of the myelin
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37
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

part of nervous system included nerves and neurons outside brain and spinal cord

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38
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of peripheral nervous system
–neural connections to muscles

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39
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • part of peripheral nervous system
  • neural connections to glands and organs
    -includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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40
Q

nerve anatomy_in_the_spine

A

fusion of two branches - dorsal and ventral roots

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41
Q

what does DAVE stand for

A

dorsal afferent ventral efferent

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42
Q

number of spinal nerves

A

31

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43
Q

abducens

A

number 6:
- underneath the oculomotor, trochlear, and trigeminal
- the two stem nerve things in the bottom of the brain looks like a cockroach
- has to do with eye movement

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44
Q

trigeminal

A

number 5:
- very end with numbers 3 and 4
- the tubes like a tree with a trunk and branches
- face, sinuses, teeth

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45
Q

trochlear

A

number 4:
next to 3, nerve at the ends of the rows
function: moves eyes

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46
Q

oculomotor

A

number 3:
nerves under the chiasm and the mammary thingy
goes with number 4
function: moves the eyes
in the middle, right above the abducens

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47
Q

optic nerve

A

number 2:
vision, goes through chiasm and becomes the optic tract
the x thingy in the middle you know what it looks like

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48
Q

olfactory

A

number 1:
smell, two long things near the top, there are two

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49
Q

neurons and axons in the PNS

A

bundle of neurons - ganglia
bundle of axons - nerves

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50
Q

neurons and axons in the CNS

A

bundle of neurons - nucleus
bundle of axons - tract

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51
Q

postganglionic neurons

A

runs from the automatic ganglia to targets in the body

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52
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

runs from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia

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53
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

spans central and peripheral nervous systems

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54
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

groups of neurons located outside the central nervous system

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55
Q

function of the parasympathetic nervous system and what chemical

A
  • acetylcholine
  • store energy
  • rest and relaxation
  • anabolic storage system
  • major source of info is the vagus or cranial nerve (which is number 10)
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56
Q

function of the sympathetic nervous system and what chemical

A
  • fight or flight
  • energy resources
  • thoraco-lumbar system
  • norepinephrine
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57
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic differentiated by what

A

anatomy, chemistry, and function

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58
Q

chemistry of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

s - release norepinephrine at postganglionic synapse
p - release acetylcholine at postganglionic synapse

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59
Q

anatomy of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

S - short preganglionic, long postganglionic
P - long pregang, short postgang
S —>——–>
P ——–>—>

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60
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
–life support - involuntary functions

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61
Q

efferent vs afferent

A

efferent is - messages (or conductions) going out
afferent is - messages (or conductions) coming in

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62
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • body sensations
  • skeletal muscle movements
  • efferent and afferent messages
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63
Q

mid-sagital section

A

bisects the brain into symmetrical halves

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64
Q

sagital section

A

parallel to medial/lateral axis

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65
Q

horizontal section

A

parallel to dorsal/ventral axis

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66
Q

frontal or coronal section

A

parallel to rostral/caudal axis

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67
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

right and left halves of the forebrain

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68
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres that consists largely of neuronal call bodies and their branches

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69
Q

frontal lobe

A

the most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex

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70
Q

parietal lobe

A

large region of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes of each cerebral hemisphere

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71
Q

temporal lobe

A

large lateral cortical region of each cerebral hemisphere, continuous with the parietal lobe posteriorly and separated from the frontal lobe by the Sylvian fissure

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72
Q

occipital lobe

A

large region of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere

73
Q

sylvian fissure

A

aka lateral sulcus
- deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe
- runs under the frontal and parietal lobe and over the temporal

74
Q

central sulcus

A

a fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

75
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

the strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, the receives somatosensory information from the entire body

76
Q

precentral gyrus

A

the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control

77
Q

corpus callosum

A

the main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

78
Q

gray matter

A

areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin

79
Q

white matter

A

a pale colored layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths

80
Q

neural tube

A

an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

81
Q

forebrain

A

aka prosencephalon
- the anterior division of the brain, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus

82
Q

midbrain

A

aka mesencephalon
- middle division of the brain

83
Q

hindbrain

A

aka rhombencephalon
- the rear division of the brain, which in the mature vertebrate contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla

84
Q

telencephalon

A

the frontal subdivision of the forebrain that includes the cerebral hemispheres when fully developed

85
Q

diencephalon

A

the posterior part of the forebrain, including the thalamus and hypothalamus

86
Q

metencephalon

A

a subdivision of the hindbrain that includes the cerebellum and the pons

87
Q

cerebellum

A

a structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement

88
Q

pons

A

a portion of the metencephalon, part of the brainstem connecting midbrain to medulla
-looks like it is on the spinal cord but just above; the thicker part

89
Q

medulla

A

aka mylencephalon
- the posterior part of the hindbrain, continuous with the spinal cord

90
Q

brainstem contains:

A

region of the brain that consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla

91
Q

pyramidal cell

A

a type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid shaped cell body; found in the cerebral cortex

92
Q

cortical column

A

one of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the neocortex

93
Q

basal ganglia

A

a group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen
- found deep within the cerebral hemispheres
pink is thalamus, purple is putamen and globus pallidus (middle cause circle idk)

94
Q

caudate nucleus

A

one of the basal ganglia
- has a long extension or tail

95
Q

putamen

A

one of the basal ganglia

96
Q

globus pallidus

A

one of the basal ganglia

97
Q

substantia nigra

A

a brainstem structure in humans that innervates the basal ganglia and is named for its dark pigmentation

98
Q

limbic system

A

a loosely defined, wide-spread network of brain nuclei that are implicated in emotional processes

99
Q

amygdala

A

a group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
fear, emotional responses, memory

100
Q

mammillary bodies

A

pair of nuclei at the base of the brain
looks like boobs, right under the optic chiasm

101
Q

hippocampus

A

a medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory

102
Q

fornix

A

a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body

103
Q

septal nuclei

A

a collection of gray matter structures lying medially below the corpus callosum, implicated in the perception of reward

104
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

a cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline
cuddles the corpus callosum(ccc)

105
Q

olfactory bulb

A

an anterior projection of the brain that terminates above the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skill, provides receptors for smell

106
Q

stria terminalis

A

a limbic axonal pathway connecting the amygdala and hypothalamus

107
Q

thalamus

A

the brain regions that surround the third ventricle

108
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus

109
Q

tectum

A

the dorsal portion of the midbrain, including the inferior and superior colliculi

110
Q

superior colliculi

A

paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive visual information
sort of above cerebellum and to the left or right depending on view

111
Q

inferior colliculi

A

paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive auditory information

112
Q

red nucleus

A

a brainstem structure related to motor control

113
Q

reticular formation

A

an extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the midbrain to the medulla)

114
Q

purkinje cell

A

a type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex

115
Q

granule cell

A

a type of small nerve cell

116
Q

parallel fiber

A

one of the axons of the granule cells that form the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex

117
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

the fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles

118
Q

meningitis

A

an acute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial inflection

119
Q

meningiomas

A

several classes of noncancerous tumors arising from the meninges

120
Q

ventricular system

A

a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain

121
Q

lateral ventricle

A

a complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain

122
Q

choroid plexus

A

a highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

123
Q

third ventricle

A

the midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricle to the fourth ventricle

124
Q

fourth ventricle

A

the passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord

125
Q

hydrocephalus

A

a ballooning of the ventricles, at the expense of the surrounding brain, which may occur when the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked

126
Q

carotid arteries

A

the major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of the neck to the brain, supplying blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

127
Q

glymphatic system

A

a lymphatic system in the brain that participates in removal of wastes and the movement of nutrients and signaling compounds

128
Q

neurophysiology

A

the study of electrical and chemical processes in neurons

129
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule that has acquired an electrical charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons

130
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion, such as a protein or chloride ion

131
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion, such as a potassium or sodium ion

132
Q

intracellular fluid

A

aka cytoplasm
the watery solution found within cells

133
Q

extracellular fluid

A

the fluid in the spaces between cells (interstitial fluid) and in the vascular system

134
Q

cell membrane

A

the lipid bilayer that ensheathes a cell

135
Q

lipid bilayer

A

the structure of the neuronal cell membrane, which consists of two layers of lipid molecules

136
Q

microelectrode

A

an especially small electrode used to record electrical potentials from cells

137
Q

resting membrane potential

A

a difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a nerve cell during an inactive period

138
Q

negative polarity

A

a negative electrical-potential difference relative to a reference electrode

139
Q

diffusion

A

the spontaneous spread of molecules of one substance among molecules of another substance until a uniform concentration is achieved

140
Q

concentration gradient

A

variation of the concentration of a substance within a region

141
Q

ion channel

A

a pore in the cell membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane when the channel is open

142
Q

potassium ion (K+)

A

a potassium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron

143
Q

selective permeability

A

the property of a membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others

144
Q

equilibrium

A

here, the state in which the number of ion crossing a membrane in one direction is matched by the number crossing in the opposite direction

145
Q

sodium ion (Na+)

A

a sodium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron

146
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

the energetically expensive mechanism that pushes sodium ions out of a cell, and potassium ions in
three sodium ions out for every two potassium in

147
Q

electrostatic pressure

A

the propensity of charged molecules or ions to move toward areas with the opposite charge

148
Q

Nernst equation

A

an equation predicting the equilibrium potential for a given ion based on the concentrations of the ion on opposite sides of a permeable membrane

149
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in membrane potential - interior of the membrane becomes even more negative relative to the outside

150
Q

depolarization

A

decrease in membrane potential - interior of the membrane becomes even less negative relative to the outside

if this is wrong its just the opposite of hyperpolarization

like its what the word means, it becomes less polarized

151
Q

afterpotenials

A

changes in membrane potential after action potentials

152
Q

refractory period

A

only some stimuli can produce an action potential during this period

153
Q

absolute refractory phase

A

there is no action potential at all

154
Q

relative refractory phase

A

only strong stimulation can produce an action potential

155
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

small gaps on the insulating myelin sheath

156
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon

157
Q

sequence of synaptic transmission

A
  • action potential arrives at axon terminal
  • voltage -gated calcium channels open and Ca2+ ions enter
  • synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release transmitter into the cleft
  • transmitter crosses the cleft and binds to postsynaptic receptors which opens ion channels
  • Ion flow creates local EPSP or IPSP into the postsynaptic neuron
  • transmitter is inactivated by enzymes or removed by transporters so transmission is brief
  • transmitter may activate presynaptic autoreceptors, decreasing its release
158
Q

Exocytosis

A

“Neurotransmitter is stored inside small sacs called synaptic vesicles, and is released into the synaptic cleft of the synapse when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane. This process, which is known as exocytosis, can release neurotransmitter in less than a millisecond.”

159
Q

mesencephalon parts

A

tectum and tegmentum

160
Q

tectum

A

superior and inferior colliculli
visual and auditory reflexes

161
Q

tegmentum parts

A

-PAG (periaquaductal grey)
-substantia nigra
-ventral-tegmental area

162
Q

diencephalon components

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus

163
Q

thalamus

A

processes sensory inputs
-two lobes, base of cerebral hemisphere

164
Q

hypothalamus

A

ventral to thalamus
body temp, hunger, thirst
controls ANS

165
Q

telencephalon features

A

limbic system
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex

166
Q

limbic system parts

A

hippocampus
amygdala

167
Q

basal ganglia nuclei

A

caudate
globus paladus
putamen

168
Q

basal ganglia nuclei

A

caudate
globus paladus
putamen

169
Q

cerebral cortex

A

surface grey matter, inner white matter

170
Q

what do the multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons look like?

A
171
Q

ion equilibrium process

A

1) sodium potassium pump
2) membrane permeability to ions
3) equilibrium potential

172
Q

what is dopamine’s cell body

A

VTA (ventral tegmental area)

173
Q

monoamines

A

dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, melatonin, etc

174
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

175
Q

indolamines

A

serotonin, melatonin

176
Q

location of serotonin

A

raphe nucleus

177
Q

where is norepinephrine made

A

locus coeruleus

178
Q
A
179
Q

septum pellucidum

A

under the corpus callosum, above the fornix

Behavioral Neuroscience (2 decks)

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