BRAIN STRUCTURES AND FUNCITONS

Question 1

Width of the neuron

Answer 1

10 microns 10x10^6m

Question 2

Volume of the human brain

Answer 2

1300cm3

Question 3

Structure of the neuron

Answer 3

Dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheets, nodes of ranvier, nucleus, presinaptic terminals.

Question 4

Cranial nerve I

Answer 4

Olfactory nerve: smell projects directly to the cortex. Sensory nerve, afferent nerve.
Olfactory hallucinations and anosmia

Question 5

Cranial nerve II

Answer 5

Opctic Nerve: Vision, sensory
Glaucoma

Question 6

Cranial nerve III

Answer 6

Oculto motor nerve: Movement of eyes, pupillary constriction and accommodation. Motor. Efferent
Diplopia, pupil mydriasis, upper eyelid ptosis

Question 7

Cranial nerve IV

Answer 7

Trochlear nerve: Vertical eye movements
Vertical Diplopia

Question 8

Cranial nerve V

Answer 8

Trigeminal Nerve: Muscles of mastication, eardrum tension, general sensations from anterior half of the head. Afferent and Efferent. Sensory and Motor
Shingles, atrophy in the jaw, loss of nostrils sensitivity, loss of sensations.

Question 9

Cranial nerve VI

Answer 9

Abducens: Horizontal eye movement, motor nerve. Efferent.
Horizontal Diplopia

Question 10

Cranial nerve VII

Answer 10

Facial Nerve: Controls the muscles of the face, facial expression, tension on ear bones, lacrimation and salivation.
Bell’s palsy, lost of taste on anterior 2/3 of the tonge.

Question 11

Cranial nerve VIII

Answer 11

Vestibulococlear nerve: Hearing and equilibrium.
Nystagmus, hearing loss

Question 12

Cranial nerve IX

Answer 12

Glossopharyngeal: Swallowing, salivation, taste, visceral sensory and laryngeal control.
Posterior 1/3 of the tonge, controls gag reflex. Sensory and motor

Question 13

Cranial nerve X

Answer 13

Vagus: afferent and efferent/sensory and motor: heart, lungs, palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea.
Tachycardia, hiccups, gastro-paralysis

Question 14

Cranial nerve XI

Answer 14

Accessory nerve: movements of shoulders and head
Can’t shrug shoulders, voice affected, chin opposite side, can’t lift arm. Mixed

Question 15

Cranial nerve XII

Answer 15

Hypoglossal nerve: movement of tonge, efferent.
Deviates to the lateral side, hypoglossal palsy

Question 16

Corpus callosum

Answer 16

Inferior of cingulate, superior to the fornix. Bundle of fibres that connects the two hemispheres

Question 17

Medulla

Answer 17

Life support system, integrates and transmit sensory information

Question 18

Components of the meninges

Answer 18

Dura matter, arachnoid, pia matter

Question 19

Ventricles:

Answer 19

Lateral ventricle (left and right), 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle, connected by the mesencephalic aqueduct.

Question 20

Frontal lobe functions:

Answer 20

Voluntary movement, expressive language, managing higher level executive functions.

Question 21

Frontal lobe Damage Symptoms

Answer 21

Weakness on one side of the body, falling, reduced creativity

Question 22

Parietal lobe functions

Answer 22

Integration and awareness of body image and body boundary

Question 23

Parietal lobe Damage:

Answer 23

Anesthesia on the contralateral side of the body

Question 24

Temporal lobe functions:

Answer 24

Language (reception), hearing, vestibular functions

Question 25

Temporal lobe damage

Answer 25

Difficulty understanding spoken words (receptive aphasia), disturbance with selective attention to what we see and hear, difficulty with identification and categorization of objects.

Question 26

Occipital lobe functions:

Answer 26

Visual recognition and visual processing

Question 27

Occipital lobe damage:

Answer 27

Difficulty with locating objects in environment, colour agnosia, production of hallucinations.

Question 28

Anterior cerebral artery:

Answer 28

Altered mental status, abulia, mutism, decreased verbal fluency, aphasia and urinary incontinence.

Question 29

Middle cerebral artery symptoms

Answer 29

Unilateral weakness, numbness, facial droop and speech deficits. Dysarthria, aphasia, global aphasia.

Question 30

Posterior cerebral artery symptoms

Answer 30

Headache, visual changes, vision loss, Diplopia, inability to see half of the view or difficulty reading, perceiving Color’s, or recognizing familiar faces

Question 31

Contralateral deficit

Answer 31

A loss of normal function on the opposite of the body as a brain lesion or brain damage

Question 32

Ipsilateral deficits

Answer 32

A loss of normal function on the same side of the body as a brain lesion or brain damage

Question 33

Parkinson’s desease:

Answer 33

Dopamine cell loss within the substancia nigra (pars compacta)

Question 34

Amygdala Function:

Answer 34

Processing fearful and threatening stimuli, memory information, emotional sensitivity, learning and remembering

Question 35

Hippocampus location:

Answer 35

Medial part of the temporal lobe

Question 36

Hippocampus function:

Answer 36

It has a role in regulating learning, memory, encoding, memory consolidation, and spatial navigation

Question 37

Function of the pineal body

Answer 37

Receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment. Produce and secrete the hormone melatonin.

Question 38

Function of the hypothalamus:

Answer 38

Keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis

Question 39

Anterior Hypothalamic Nuclei (supraopctic)

Answer 39

Thermoragulation, vasopressin release, oxytocin release, thropropin and corticotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, panting, sweating, circadian rhythms

Question 40

Middle Hypothalamic Nuclei

Answer 40

Blood pressure, heart rate, satiety, neuroendocrine control, growth hormone, feeling, Dopamine

Question 41

Posterior Hypothalamic Nuclei

Answer 41

Memory, increase blood pressure, pupillary dilation, shriveling, vasopressin release, arousal, feeding and energy balance, learning, sleep.

Question 42

General function of the thalamus

Answer 42

All information processed through your thalamus before being sent. Information relay station

Question 43

Role of medial temporal lobe system in personality:

Answer 43

Widening of affect, philosophical/mystical interests, sense of the personal, hyper graphic, existential anxiety, viscosity, auditory-vestibular factors, use of intuition rather than logic and alterations in sexual behaviour.

Question 44

What are vascular anomalies:

Answer 44

Birthmarks made up of blood vessels that have developed incorrectly

Question 45

What are neoplasm anomalies:

Answer 45

Abnormal growths of tissue, called also tumours.

Question 46

Wernicke aphasia

Answer 46

Impaired language comprehension, others can’t understand

Question 47

Broca aphasia

Answer 47

Leaves you with limited language