Brain stem & cranial nerves

Question 1

What structures form the brainstem?

Answer 1

Medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

Question 2

Which foramen does the brainstem traverse out of the cranium?

Answer 2

Foramen magnum

Question 3

What structure is the midbrain continuous with, rostrally?

Answer 3

Diencephalon

Question 4

Which cranial nerves are contained within the brainstem?

Answer 4

Nerves 3-12, except XI

Question 5

How is the cerebellum connected to the brain?

Answer 5

3 cerebellar peduncles

Question 6

What is the term for roof to the brainstem?

Answer 6

Tectum

Question 7

What is the term referring to the central grey matter region on either side of the cerebral aqueduct?

Answer 7

Tegmentum

Question 8

Which midbrain anterior structure contains the descending and ascending tracts?

Answer 8

Cerebral peduncles

Question 9

How are the cerebral peduncles separated?

Answer 9

Substantia nigra

Question 10

Where are the superior and inferior colliculi located?

Answer 10

Posterior midbrain

Question 11

Which two cranial nerve emerges from the midbrain?

Answer 11

Cranial nerve (III) = Oculomotor 
Cranial nerve (IV) = Trochlear

Question 12

Which cranial nerve emerges from the anterior aspect of the midbrain?

Answer 12

Oculomotor nerve (III)

Question 13

Which cranial nerve emerges from the posterior aspect of the midbrain?

Answer 13

Trochlear cranial nerve (IV)

Question 14

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 14

Posterior midbrain

Question 15

Where is the optic chiasm located in the midbrain?

Answer 15

Anterior aspect

Question 16

Where is the mammillary body located along the brainstem?

Answer 16

Superoanterior aspect of the brain.

Question 17

Where along the brainstem is the ventricular system more defined?

Answer 17

Defined within the pons, opening into the fourth ventricle, posteriorly.

Question 18

Which structure does the pons open up into?

Answer 18

Fourth ventricle

Question 19

What connects the cerebellum to the pons?

Answer 19

The middle cerebellar peduncles

Question 20

Which cranial nerves emerge from the pontine nuclei?

Answer 20

5-8

Trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

Question 21

Where do the major descending tracts traverse through?

Answer 21

Cerebral peduncles

Question 22

What are the two medullary sections?

Answer 22

Open (upper)

Closed (Lower)

Question 23

Which ventricle is exposed in the open medulla?

Answer 23

Fourth ventricle

Question 24

Which cranial nucleus is present in the open medulla?

Answer 24

Inferior olivary nucleus

Question 25

Which cranial nerves emerge from the upper medulla?

Answer 25

glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Hypoglossal (XII)

Question 26

Which posterior tracts do the dorsal columns pass through?

Answer 26

Gracile and cuneate tracts

Question 27

Where do second order neurones decussate to the contralateral side

Answer 27

Medullary pyramids

Question 28

Where do second order neurones terminate?

Answer 28

Thalamus

Question 29

Where are the medullary pyramids located within the medulla?

Answer 29

Anterior surface

Question 30

Which tracts traverse through the anterior medullary pyramids?

Answer 30

Descending motor tracts | Corticobulbar, corticospinal

Question 31

What structure characterises the lower closed medulla?

Answer 31

The central canal

Question 32

Which blood vessels supply the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 32

Derives fro the internal carotid system | Circle of Willis

Question 33

Which blood supply arises posteriorly?

Answer 33

Emanates from the vertebral basilar arteries

Question 34

Which two blood systems does the Circle of Willis connect?

Answer 34

Internal carotid Vesterbro-basilar systems

Question 35

Which two distinct branches bifurcate from the right and left internal carotid arteries?

Answer 35

Anterior and middle cerebral artery

Question 36

How are the anterior cerebral arteries connected?

Answer 36

Anterior communicating artery

Question 37

Where is the vertebrobasilar system located?

Answer 37

Located posteriorly, including the paired vertebral arteries than conform into the basilar artery

Question 38

What is a cranial nucleus?

Answer 38

Collection of cell bodies (grey matter) in the brainstem. | Axons transmit information to and from the crania nerves from a synapse

Question 39

Which nucleus contains cell bodies for oculomotor nerve?

Answer 39

Edinger-Westphal

Question 40

What is the function of CN(III)?

Answer 40

``` Motor function to levator palpebral superiors, Superior rectus Medial rectus Inferior rectus Inferior oblique papillary reflex ```

Question 41

What are the parasympathetic functions of the oculomotor nerve?

Answer 41

Motor to sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscles for accommodation

Question 42

What are the motor functions of the trochlear nerve?

Answer 42

Motor to superior oblique.

Question 43

Which 4 nuclei contain the cell bodies of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 43

Mesencephalic Chief Spinal Motor

Question 44

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 44

Proprioception from muscles of mastication Discriminative touch and vibration from head Pain and temperature from the head Motor to muscles of mastication

Question 45

What is the function of the abducens nerve?

Answer 45

Motor to lateral rectus

Question 46

What is the function of the facial nerve?

Answer 46

Motor to muscles of facial expression Sensory from auditory meatus and skin posterior to ear Parasympathetic motor to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands, and mucous glands, glands of mouth and nose Taste from anterior 2/3 tongue

Question 47

What is the function of the vesitbulocochlear nerve?

Answer 47

Balance and hearing

Question 48

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Answer 48

General sensation from posterior 1/3 tongue, tonsil, skin of external, internal surface of tympanic membrane, pharynx Chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in the carotid body, visceral afferent information from tongue and pharynx (gag) Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue Motor to stylopharyngeus Parasympathetic to parotid gland

Question 49

What is the function of the Vagus nerve?

Answer 49

Sensory from posterior meninges, external acoustic meatus, and skin posterior to the ear Sensory from the larynx, trachea, oesophagus, thoracic, abdominal viscera, stretch receptors in aortic arch, chemoreceptors in aortic bodies adjacent arch Sensory from taste buds in epiglottis Motor to pharyngeal muscles and intrinsic muscles of the larynx Parasympathetic to smooth muscles and glands of the pharynx, larynx, and thoracic and abdominal viscera. Cardiac muscles

Question 50

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

Answer 50

Hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus and all intrinsic muscles of the tongue.