Brain protection methods

Question 1

How much does brain weigh?

Answer 1

3-3 1/2 pounds

There is no correlation in weight and intelligence

Question 2

Brain oxygen consumption

Answer 2

Receives 20% of total oxygen

Due to high metabolic rate as brain contains abundance of mitochondria

Question 3

Foramen

Answer 3

Tiny holes in skull

Where cranial nerves and blood vessels can pass

Question 4

Surface area of brain

Answer 4

Folded for greater surface area for neurons

Folds due to rapid growth in fetus

Question 5

Amount of neurons and neuralgia in brain

Answer 5

Greater than 100 billion neurons and even more neuralgia

Question 6

Brain protection methods:

Answer 6

1) skull bones
2) meninges
3) cerebrospinal fluid
4) blood brain barrier
5) microglia
5) blood flow correction mechanism

Question 7

Meninges of brain

Answer 7

Called cranial meninges

Question 8

Dura mater of brain

Answer 8

Folded into two surfaces

1) meningeal layer
2) periosteal layer

Question 9

Meningeal layer of dura mater

Answer 9

Closest to arachnoid mater

Question 10

Periosteal layer of dura mater

Answer 10

Adheres to inside of skull

Question 11

Space between two dura mater layers known as:

Answer 11

Dural sinus

Question 12

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 12

Clear, yellowish fluid that flows around and through brain and spinal cord

Question 13

Cerebrospinal fluid composition

Answer 13

Made mostly of water, ions, salts, amino acids.

May have waste products like urea

Question 14

How does cerebrospinal fluid protect the brain

Answer 14

Has very specific density that suspends the brain

Question 15

pH of CSF

Answer 15

pH should not vary

Misbalance can affect breathing rates

Question 16

Neuralgia that secretes CSF

Answer 16

Ependymal and Schwanns cells

Question 17

Blood brain barrier

Answer 17

Tiny brain blood vessels known as capillaries have very small holes

Only allow specific molecules to pass

Question 18

What type of molecules can pass the blood brain barrier?

Answer 18

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, and water

Question 19

Can larger molecules enter the blood brain barrier?

Answer 19

Only on a limited basis. Such as alcohol, lsd and meth

Question 20

What molecules does the blood brain barrier prevent entrance?

What examples?

Answer 20

Proteins, which prevents viruses and bacteria from entering

Antibiotics

Chemotherapy

Question 21

What type of neuralgia strengthen the blood brain barrier?

Answer 21

Astrocytes

Question 22

Microglia

Answer 22

Type of neuralgia that are capable of migrating through CNS tissue

Destroy toxic material

Question 23

Examples of material that microglia destroy:

Answer 23

Cellular debris, foreign object, bacteria.

Question 24

Blood flow protection mechanism

Answer 24

Phenomena of chemical reaction.

When oxygen is too low, carbon dioxide increases and reacts with water

Which creates carbonic acid

Question 25

Carbonic acid production and purpose

Answer 25

Produced by carbon dioxide and and water.

Causes brain’s pH to decrease

Question 26

What does a reduction of brain pH cause?

Answer 26

Stimulates respiratory centers

Cause an increase in breath rate and depth

Question 27

Low oxygen levels cause inside neurons:

Answer 27

Lysosomes to rupture and release lysozyme

Question 28

Lysozymes will?

Answer 28

Destroy neuron causing permanent damage