Brain protection methods Flashcards
How much does brain weigh?
3-3 1/2 pounds
There is no correlation in weight and intelligence
Brain oxygen consumption
Receives 20% of total oxygen
Due to high metabolic rate as brain contains abundance of mitochondria
Foramen
Tiny holes in skull
Where cranial nerves and blood vessels can pass
Surface area of brain
Folded for greater surface area for neurons
Folds due to rapid growth in fetus
Amount of neurons and neuralgia in brain
Greater than 100 billion neurons and even more neuralgia
Brain protection methods:
1) skull bones
2) meninges
3) cerebrospinal fluid
4) blood brain barrier
5) microglia
5) blood flow correction mechanism
Meninges of brain
Called cranial meninges
Dura mater of brain
Folded into two surfaces
1) meningeal layer
2) periosteal layer
Meningeal layer of dura mater
Closest to arachnoid mater
Periosteal layer of dura mater
Adheres to inside of skull
Space between two dura mater layers known as:
Dural sinus
Cerebrospinal fluid
Clear, yellowish fluid that flows around and through brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid composition
Made mostly of water, ions, salts, amino acids.
May have waste products like urea
How does cerebrospinal fluid protect the brain
Has very specific density that suspends the brain
pH of CSF
pH should not vary
Misbalance can affect breathing rates
Neuralgia that secretes CSF
Ependymal and Schwanns cells
Blood brain barrier
Tiny brain blood vessels known as capillaries have very small holes
Only allow specific molecules to pass
What type of molecules can pass the blood brain barrier?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, and water
Can larger molecules enter the blood brain barrier?
Only on a limited basis. Such as alcohol, lsd and meth
What molecules does the blood brain barrier prevent entrance?
What examples?
Proteins, which prevents viruses and bacteria from entering
Antibiotics
Chemotherapy
What type of neuralgia strengthen the blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes
Microglia
Type of neuralgia that are capable of migrating through CNS tissue
Destroy toxic material
Examples of material that microglia destroy:
Cellular debris, foreign object, bacteria.
Blood flow protection mechanism
Phenomena of chemical reaction.
When oxygen is too low, carbon dioxide increases and reacts with water
Which creates carbonic acid
Carbonic acid production and purpose
Produced by carbon dioxide and and water.
Causes brain’s pH to decrease
What does a reduction of brain pH cause?
Stimulates respiratory centers
Cause an increase in breath rate and depth
Low oxygen levels cause inside neurons:
Lysosomes to rupture and release lysozyme
Lysozymes will?
Destroy neuron causing permanent damage
