Brain Physiology

Question 1

1. Wernikes speech area
2. Brocas speech area
3. Supramarginal anglular gyrus
4. Exners area

Answer 1

1. Recognition of speech (fluent aphasia)
2. Pronouncing words (non-fluent aphasia)
3. Reading and writing (records meaning behind words and what they look like)
4. Next to muscles of hand - writing, records the way you use muscles in hand

Question 2

Effects of injury to left vs right side of brain

Answer 2

Left side - (speech, reading and writing - impairments)

Right side - (body language) speech lacks emotion, loss of musical appreciation

Question 3

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal parts of brain involved in

Answer 3

Frontal - memory, intelligence, behaviour, cognitive function 
Temporal - intelligence, memory, mood
Parietal - 3D recognition
-spatial skills 
Occipital - vision

Question 4

Dissociated vs associated sensory loss

Answer 4

Dissociated - spinal cord lesion

Associated - brain lesion

Question 5

T10, T4/5, C4, L1

Answer 5

umbilicus
nipple line
neck
inguinal ligament

Question 6

Parkinsons disease
What causes this?
Symptoms
Treatment?

Answer 6

What causes this
-loss of dopamine cells from substantia nigra (results in decrease in dopamine in striatum, resulting to inhibition of fibers in thalamus telling primary motor cortex to produce a movement)

Symptoms

• hypokinesea - slowness of movement
• resting tremour
• mood - emotionally flat

Treatment

• L-dopa - precursor to form dopamine, reduces tremour
• thalotomy (in thalamus) (put lesions in thalamus to stop inhibition)
• Pallidotony - easier to access GP , block these neurons which inhibit inhibitory neurons goign to SUT)

Question 7

Huntingtons Disease
What
How it is caused
Symptoms
Treatment

Answer 7

What
Dominant inherited gene - more CAG repeats, worse off
-This causes a mutation which leads to a bad protein which causes cell death in the striatum
-Output nuerons from striatum are destroyed
-loss of GABA, cells in GP will not be inhibted and will fire faster
-leads to increase in impulses to exitatory neuorns to get upper motor nuerons to work

Symptoms
Hyperkensia
involuntary movements

Treatment
-none yet, maybe genetic modification

Question 8

What happens when disease in neocerebellum

Question 9

What are each part of the cerebellum involved in? where are their inputs, and outputs

Answer 9

Archicerebellum - Balance

• inputs - vestibular nuclei, outputs - vestibular nuclei - (vestibulo spinal tract) to lower motor neurons
• tells you where you are in space so can walk upright

Paleocerebellum - Muscle tone

• Muslce spindles in dorsal spinocerebellar tract and golgi tendons in vetnral sponocereberllar tracts tell the brain where your limbs are at a certain time
• output - down into reticulospinal tract - controls the state of lower motor neurons so they are ready to do movements at any time

Neocerebellum (Rate, timing, force)

• inputs - cerebral cortex - get info going down spinal cord but letting it know here (pontine nuclei)
• Outputs - thalamus - excitatory glutamate - can help influence upper motor neurons

Question 10

What are symptoms, signs, causes of cerebellar disease

Answer 10

• incoordinated movement (limbs, clumsness, problems sitting, gait unsteadiness)
• Dyarthria - slurred speech
• Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing

Signs

• abnormal eye movements - nystagmus
• Dysarthria - slurr

Ataxia - incordination
-intention tremour (neocerebellum)

No differnece in tone, reflexes, sensation

Cause

• metabolic disorders e.g alcohol
• tumours, infection ect.