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Neuroanatomy and neurodegenerative disorders > Brain pathways > Flashcards

Brain pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Label the neuroanatomical axes 1 and 2

A

1 - rostral 2 - caudal

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2
Q

Label the neuroanatomical planes 1-3

A

1 - horizontal/axial 2 - coronal 3 - sagittal

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3
Q

Label the subdivisions of the CNS 1-5

A

1 - diencephalon 2 - midbrain 3 - pons 4 - medulla 5 - cerebellum

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4
Q

Label the features of the brain 1-5

A

1 - precentral gyrus 2 - central sulcus 3 - postcentral gyrus 4 - lateral (Sylvian fissure) 5 - superior tempiral gyrus

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5
Q

What are some of the basic functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Movement, rational thought, decision making and planning

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6
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex found within the brain?

A

Pre-central gyrus

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7
Q

What are some of the basic functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Processes auditory signals, involved in learning and memory

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8
Q

What are some of the basic functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Processes sensory information, involved in attention and spatial awareness

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9
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

A

Post-central gyrus

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10
Q

What are some of the basic functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual processing (the primary visual cortex is found here)

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11
Q

Label these medial structures of the brain 1-3

A

1 - optic chiasm 2 - fornix 3 - corpus callosum

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12
Q

Label these medial structures of the brain 1-3

A

1 - olfactory bulb 2 - cingulate gyrus 3 - calcacrine fissure

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13
Q

Label these medial structures of the brain 1-3

A

1 - hypothalamus 2 - thalamus 3 - pineal body

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14
Q

What is the overall basic function of the thalamus?

A

It relays all sensory information (except olfactory information) before passing it onto the appropriate area of the cortex

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15
Q

Label the thalamic nuclei 1-4

A

1 - anterior nucleus

2 - lateral posterior nucleus

3 - pulvinar nucleus

4 - reticular nucleus

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16
Q

Label the thalamic nuclei 1-5

A

1 - dorsomedial nucleus

2 - medial geniculate nucleus

3 - lateral geniculate nucleus

4 - ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus

5 - ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus

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17
Q

What is the function of the anterior nucleus?

A

It is connected to the hippocampus so is thought to be involved in memory

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18
Q

What is the function of the dorsomedial nucleus?

A

Emotional behaviour

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19
Q

What is the function of the ventral anterior and ventrolateral nuclei?

A

Involved in motor function

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20
Q

What is the function of the ventral posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei?

A

They act as relay nuclei for sending somatosensory information to the somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

What is the function of the lateral posterior nucleus?

A

Integrates sensory input with cognitive functions

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22
Q

What is the function of the pulvinar nucleus?

A

Processes visual stimuli

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23
Q

What is the function of the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

Relays auditory information

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24
Q

What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Relays visual information

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25
Q

What is the function of the reticular nucleus?

A

Forms a sheath over the thalamus

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26
Q

What is the function of the centromedian nucleus?

A

Attention and arousal

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27
Q

Label the part of the brain 1 and 2

A

1 - amygdala 2 - hippocampus

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28
Q

Label the parts of the brain 1-3

A

1 - hypothalamus 2 - mammillary body 3 - midbrain

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29
Q

How many cortical layers are there?

A

Six (I-VI)

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30
Q

Which Brodmann areas are associated with the visual cortex?

A

Areas 17, 18, 19

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31
Q

Which Brodmann areas are associated with the primary motor cortex?

A

Area 4

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32
Q

Which Brodmann areas are associated with the somatosensory cortex?

A

Areas 1, 2, 3

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33
Q

Which Brodmann areas are associated with the auditory cortex?

A

Areas 41, 42

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34
Q

Which Brodmann areas are associated with the premotor area (PMA)?

A

Area 6

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35
Q

Which Brodmann areas are associated with the supplementary motor area?

A

Area 6

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36
Q

Which Brodmann areas are associated with the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Areas 5, 7

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37
Q

Which Brodmann areas are associated with the inferotemporal cortex?

A

Areas 20, 21, 37

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38
Q

What part of the brain is associated with the dorsal visual stream and what is its function?

A

Primary visual cortex -> posterior parietal cortex Involved in spatial perception

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39
Q

What part of the brain is associated with the ventral visual stream and what is its function?

A

Primary visual cortex -> inferotemporal cortex Involved in object recognition

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40
Q

What is the role of the anterior temporal lobe in memory?

A

Involved in semantic memory (common knowledge) i.e. names of colours, capital cities, etc.

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41
Q

What is the function of the lateral prefrontal cortex?

A

Executive function, planning and working memory Might provide a transient buffer linking memory representations from different cortical regions

42
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial/orbitofrontal segments of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Social cognition/decision making

43
Q

What is the function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

Reward-based learning and social cognition

44
Q

Which area of the brain is shaped like a seahorse?

A

Hippocampus

45
Q

Label areas 1-5

A

1 - hippocampus 2 - parahippocampal cortex 3 - perirhinal cortex 4 - rhinal sulcus 5 - entorhinal cortex

46
Q

Label areas 1-3

A

1 - perirhinal cortex 2 - entorhinal cortex 3 - parahippocampal cortex

47
Q

Label areas 1-4

A

1 - dentate gyrus 2 - CA3 3 - CA1 4 - subiculum

48
Q

Fill in the blanks in this diagram of hierarchial processing in the MTL memory system

A

1 - hippocampus 2 - perirhinal cortex 3 - parahippocampal cortex

49
Q

Label areas 1-6

A

1 - hippocampus 2 - caudate nucleus 3 - lateral geniculate nucleus 4 - thalamus 5 - putamen 6 - superior temporal gyrus

50
Q

Brifely describe the parts of the brain involved in the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit

A

Entorhinal cortex -> dentate gyrus -> CA3 -> CA1 -> subiculum and then loops back to the entorhinal cortex

51
Q

Which layer of entorhinal neurons provide the main input to the dentate gyrus and CA3? bonus - in what disease is there damage to these neurons?

A

Layer II entorhinal neurons bonus - Alzheimer’s

52
Q

What role is the hippocampus best known for?

A

Memory

53
Q

What forms the hippocampal formation?

A

Hippocampus. parahippocampal gyrus and dentate gyrus

54
Q

Name the parts of the parahippocampal gyrus

A

Entorhinal cortex and subiculum

55
Q

What is the main pathway by which the hippocampus receives information from the rest of the brain?

A

Perforant pathway

56
Q

Describe the parts involved in the perforant pathway

A

Originates in the entorhinal cortex and projects to the dentate gyrus. Fibres then leave the dentate gyrus and project to neurons in the CA3 region then the CA1 region and finally project to neurons in the subiculum

57
Q

What is the main output region of the hippocampal formation?

A

Subiculum

58
Q

What does the fornix connect the hippocampus to?

A

Mammillary bodies then the thalamus and hypothalamus

59
Q

What does the Papez circuit have a role in?

A

Emotional expression

60
Q

Describe the neural pathways involved in the Papex circuit

A

Subiculum -> fornix -> mammillary body -> anterior thalamic nucleus -> cingulate gyrus -> entorhinal cortex -> subiculum

61
Q

What is the limbic system most frequently linked to (in terms of function)?

A

Emotion

62
Q

Name the structures of the limbic system

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, fornix, mammillary body, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex

63
Q

What emotions are the amygdala associated with?

A

Fear and anxiety

64
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus involved in?

A

Memory and emotion

65
Q

What emotions are the septal nuclei involved in?

A

Pleasure, reward and reinforcement

66
Q

What role do the mamillary bodies have in the limbic system?

A

Memory

67
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Plays a key role in homeostasis

68
Q

Label areas of the brain 1-6

A

1 - caudate nucleus 2 - cingulate gyrus 3 - ventricle 4 - amygdala 5 - putamen 6 - globus pallidus

69
Q

Label areas of the brain 1-7

A

1 - thalamus 2 - caudate nucleus 3 - putamen 4 - globus pallidus (external segment) 5 - globus pallidus (internal segment) 6 - subthalamic nucleus 7 - substantia nigra

70
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

71
Q

Label areas of the brain 1-5

A

1 - caudate nucleus 2 - putamen 3 - globus pallidus 4 - subthalamic nucleus 5 - substantia nigra

72
Q

What structures are included in the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

73
Q

What is the main role of the basal ganglia?

A

Facilitating movement

74
Q

What are the main input nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

75
Q

What are the main output nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Globus pallidus and substantia nigra

76
Q

Where does information that the basal ganglia receive usually come from and travel to?

A

Usually comes from the cerebral cortex and travels to the caudate nucleus or putamen

77
Q

The main output of the basal ganglia is inhibitory. What structures are involved in this output?

A

Neurons in the globus pallidus are constantly inhibiting the thalamus to prevent unwanted movements

78
Q

What happens when a signal to initiate movement is sent from the cortex to the basal ganglia?

A

It follows the direct pathway

79
Q

Describe the direct pathway

A

Silencing of neurons in the globus pallidus frees the thalamus and allows movement to occur

80
Q

Describe the indirect pathway

A

Involves the subthalamic nucleus and leads to increased suppression of unwanted movements

81
Q

How does smooth movement occur via the basal ganglia?

A

A balance between the direct and indirect pathways

82
Q

What does the hyperdirect pathway do?

A

Inhibits movement by suppressing unwanted movements

83
Q

Are glutamatergic inputs from the cortex and thalamus to medium spiny neurons (MSNs) inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Excitatory

84
Q

Are dopaminergic inputs from the substantia nigra to the MSNs inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Inhibitory or excitatory

85
Q

Are inputs from GABA-ergic interneurons to MSNs inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Inhibitory

86
Q

What is the overall output of MSNs?

A

Inhibitory

87
Q

What is one of the main functions of the substantia nigra?

A

Movement

88
Q

Name the 2 distinct regions of the substantia nigra

A

Pars compacta and pars reticulata

89
Q

Why is the substantia nigra dark in colour?

A

Due to large numbers of dopamine neurons in the pars compacta which express high levels of neuromelanin

90
Q

Most of the dopamine producing neurons of the brain are found in the substantia nigra or?

A

The ventral tegmental area (VTA)

91
Q

What type of neuron occupies most of the pars reticulata?

A

GABA neurons

92
Q

What are the components of the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Dopamine neurons from the pars compacta project to the caudate nucleus and putamen (striatum). These dopamine neurons make up a large bundle of fibres called the nigrostriatal pathway

93
Q

What happens to the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra which leads to patients displaying severe movement deficits

94
Q

D1 dopamine receptors are excitatory and D2 receptors are inhibitory. True or false?

A

True

95
Q

What are corticospinal projections?

A

A direct route from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord

96
Q

What do Betz cells do and what layer are they found in?

A

Found in layer V and project down to the spinal cord

97
Q

What does the anterior corticospinal tract do?

A

Controls movements of the proximal musculature e.g. torso

98
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract do?

A

Controls movement of distal musculature e.g. fingers

99
Q

Describe the route taken by the corticospinal tract

A

Originates in the motor cortex then descends to the brain stem, entering the midbrain through the cerebral peduncles. The tract continues into the medulla where the fibres form 2 bundles called the pyramids. The lateral tract will decussate here which makes up about 90% of the fibre. The other 10% (anterior tract) will travel down the same side of the body and decussate at the spinal level where they synapse with a LMN

100
Q

What happens when there is damage to the UMNs?

A

Weakness, paralysis, hyperactive reflexes, abnormal muscle tone. Patients may regain ability to make crude movements but fine movements will remain impaired

Neuroanatomy and neurodegenerative disorders (7 decks)

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