Brain Patho

Question 1

Anencephaly

Answer 1

More of a prenatal dx. No brain only portion of skull.

Question 2

Encephalocele

Answer 2

Protruding meninges and/or brain from skull defect. most common in the occipital lobe.

Question 3

Hydranencephaly

Answer 3

no cerebrum, massive fluid in skull.

Question 4

Microcephaly

Answer 4

small head

Question 5

Macrocephaly

Answer 5

large head

Question 6

Holoprosencephaly

Answer 6

Midline defect that varies in severity. failure of brain to divide the way its suppose to.
Alobar= WORSE
Semilobar= usually cleft lip. middle
Lobar= least severe

Question 7

Alobar

Answer 7

complete failure to form any midline structures. sinlge large round ventricle. thalami is fused. NO FALX. usually microcephaly. thalami looks like ball instead of heart shaped.

Question 8

Semilobar

Answer 8

Anteriorly- single centrical still one but as you go posterior you see more dividing.

Question 9

lobar

Answer 9

separate thalami and may have partial corpus callosum.

Question 10

Arnold Chiari II

Answer 10

usually in conduction with myelomeningocele (spina bifida). dilated lateral ventricles, obliterated CM, displaced cerebellum. tear drop shaped third ventricle.

Question 11

Hydrocephalus/ Ventriculomegaly

Answer 11

often used interchangeably, but hydrocephalus implies increased intracranial pressure. atria measures 10-15 mm. Overt
>15mm. “dangling choroid” sign. Communication=non-obstructive.
Non-Communicating=obstructive.

Question 12

Aqueductal Stenosis

Answer 12

Type of non-communicating hydrocephalus. Dilated lateral and third ventricle.

Question 13

Lissencephaly

Answer 13

smooth brain syndrome

Question 14

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum

Answer 14

May be partial or complete. High-riding third ventricle and “Bat Wing” anterior horns. “Sunburst” gyri pattern. Superior to CSP. when you don’t have CC you don’t have CSP.

Question 15

Dandy Walker Variant

Answer 15

instead of a cyst, there is an enlarged cistern magna communicating with 4th ventricle. The vermis may be normal or hypo plastic. there is no posterior fossa cyst. may be associated with a genesis of CC and other abnormalities. Cerebellar Vermis is present

Question 16

Dandy Walker Syndrome

Answer 16

absent cerebellar vermis, posterior fossa cyst communicating with 4th ventricle; assoc with hydrocephalus and may be associated with a genesis or CC and other abnormalities.

Question 17

Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL)

Answer 17

white matter ischemia with infarcts. starts out as increased echogenicity (greater/= to choroid plexus) in parietal lobe (Mst cmmn) and/or frontal lobes. cysts form subsequently, about 6 weeks after ischemic insult. asoc. with premature birth. may appear normal at birth w/in few weeks cyst develop.

Question 18

Grade 1 IVH

Answer 18

also called germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) or germinal matrix-related hemorrhage (GMRH); also called subependymal hemorrhage (SEH). Blood is only found at caudo-tahalamic notch (CTN).

Question 19

Grade 2 IVH

Answer 19

Blood is found in lateral ventricle aside from CTN.

Question 20

Grade 3 IVH

Answer 20

grade 2 with ventriculomegaly

Question 21

Grade 4 IPH

Answer 21

Intraparenchymal. can have grade 4 with out having any of the other grades. Blood in brain parenchyma with our without IVH and/or ventriculomegaly. Most common in the frontal-Parietal region. clot has major effect and could shirt the flax.

Question 22

Porencephaly

Answer 22

cysts formed as result of brain tissue destruction. Assoc with Grade 4 IPH.

Question 23

TORCH

Answer 23

Most frequent congenital infections. Toxoplasma gondii, rubella cirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex type 2. The “O” stands for other, such as syphilis, which may cause acute meningitis.