brain injury Flashcards
Contusion?
closed-head in-juries
damage to the ce-rebral circulatory system. internal hemorrhaging
hematoma?
localised collection of clotted blood
closed head injuries?
brain skull
injury in subdural space
duramater and arachnoid space
contracoup
injury on opposite side to blow
brain infection
invasion by microorganisms
bacterial (meningitis) and viral
concussion
once thought temporary - now accumulative damage
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTe) is the dementia (general intellectual deterioration)
Two types of Viral?
affinity for neural tissue (rabies)
attack neural tissue but no greater affinity than for other tissues.
nervous system neurotoxins
via gastro lungs skin
toxic psychosis
tardive dyskinesia
ischemic cascade
apoptosis and necrosis diff?
Apoptosis programmed cell destruction, adaptive, slow, minimal inflammation, damaged cell packed into vesicles,
epilepsy
eeg high amp spikes
epileptic seizures inhibitory synapses or inflammation
focal seizures
simple partial - sensory/motor symptoms
complex partial - temporal lobes, compulsive repetitive behaviour
general seizures
whole brain
tonic clonic
absence - EEG ,bilaterally symmetrical 3-per-second spike-and-wave discharge
parkinsons degeneration in brain?
particularly severe in the substan-tia nigra—midbrain nucleus neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia
Lewy bodies
protein clumps surviving dopamine neurons in substantia nigra
deep brain stimulation?
electrical simulation of subthalamic nucleus (connects to basal ganglia)
huntingtons disease?
loss of motor control/ severe dementia
inherited
accumulation of abnormal clumps of protein
Multiple sclerosis?
attacks myelin sheaths in axons
autoimmune
visual disturbance, muscle weakness, tremors, ataxia
higher in females, people from cold climates (Vit D?)
Alzheimer’s?
Most common cause of dementia
decline in memory, attention, and personality changes; then
confusion, irritability, anxiety, and deterioration of speech
Defining Alzheimer’s?
neurofibrillary tangles
neuron loss
amyloid plaques (scar tissue/dead neurosn/protein -
where are amyloid plaques?
medial temporal lobes structures assoc with memory)
inferior temporal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and prefrontal cortex—com-plex cognitive functions
