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Y3 CLASP Anatomy & Radiology > Brain Imaging > Flashcards

Brain Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first line brain imaging modality?

A

CT

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2
Q

When would MRI be used?

A

High res soft tissue required, takes longer so used in non-emergency, detailed specialist investigations

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3
Q

How are ischaemic strokes categorised?

A

By the teritory affected or mechanism

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4
Q

Interruption of blood flow through an intercranial artery results in deprivation of oxygen and what else?

A

Glucose

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5
Q

What are the three vascualr teritories of the brain?

A

Anterior (ACA)

Middle (MCA)

Posterior (PCA)

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6
Q

Learn the circle of willis, dumfuk

A
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7
Q

Also learn the somatosensory and motor cortex homunculus, dumfuk

A
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8
Q

The frontal lobe is responsble for what fucntions?

A

Executive function, inteligence, behaviour control, personality

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9
Q

The temporal lobe is responsible for what functions?

A

Memory, understanding, hearing

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10
Q

What lobe is brocas area in and what is it responsible for?

A

It’s in the frontal lobe and it is responsible for speech production

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11
Q

What lobe is wernickes area in and what is it responsible for?

A

It is in the temporal/parietal lobes and it is responsible for speech comprehension

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12
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Sensation and taste

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13
Q

What is the earliest sign of stroke on CT?

A

A hyperdense segment of a vessel

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14
Q

What other signs can be seen on an early stroke ct?

A

Cortical hypodenseity (looks a bit darker), cant differentiate beteen white and grey matter as easily

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What happens with time after a stroke has occured?

A

Increase in swelling and hypoattenuation and eventually gliosis (low desnity, loss in volume)

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17
Q

What colour does acute blood appear on an unhanced scan?

A

White

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18
Q

What is an intra-axial haemorrhage?

A

Haemorrhage within the brain substance

19
Q

What is an extra axial haemorrhage and what are the three types?

A

Haemorrhage outwith brain parenchyma but within the skull.

  • Extra dural
  • Sub dural
  • Sub arachnoid
20
Q

How would you describe this? When is this a typical presentation?

A

Acute haematoma in the right basal ganglia (thalamus). This is typical in hypertensive bleeding

21
Q

What does an extra-dural haemorrhage look like?

A

BICONVEX shape w/ mass effect

22
Q

What does a subdural haemorrhage look like?

A

Semi-lunar, crosses sutures, mass effect

23
Q

What is the difference between subacute subdural haematoma and chronic?

A

Subacute is ISODENSE (can see the mass effect). Chronic becomes HYPODENSE.

24
Q

What is acute-on-chronic subdural haematoma?

A

New (white) blood can be seen in a chronic (hypodesne) subdural haematoma

25
Q
A
26
Q

Describe a sub-arachnoid haemorrhage

A

Haemorrhage in the sub-arachnoid space meaning it ‘follows’ the folds of the brain

27
Q

Where is the most common site of sub arachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Circle of Willis

28
Q

What is the most common cause of sub-arachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Berry aneurysm

29
Q

What structures can blood infiltrate in a sub-arachnoid haemorrhage?

A
  1. Suprasellar cistern
  2. Sylvian fissures
  3. Sulci
30
Q

Once subarachnoid blood is found, what investigation is done and why?

A

CT angiogram to look for berry aneurysm

31
Q

What are some complications of sub arachnoid blood?

A

Hydrocephalus

Vasospasm

Infarction

32
Q

Are the majority of intracranial tumours primary or metastatic?

A

Metastatic

33
Q

What are common cancers which metastasise to the brain?

A
  • Lung
  • Breast
  • Melanoma
  • Renal cell
  • colorectal
34
Q

Does contrast enhance intracranial tumours?

A

Depends - can make them more inconspicuous, depends on integrity of blood brain barrier

35
Q

Are brain mets usually mutiple or solitary?

A

Multiple

36
Q

In primary brain tumours, what does the degree of oedma and mass effect depend on?

A

GRADE of tumour

37
Q

What can result from mass effect?

A

Brain herniation

38
Q

Desribe tonsilar herniation (coning)

A

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum

39
Q

What is a potentially fatal complication of coning?

A

brainstem is compressed resulting in respiratory or caaridac failure

40
Q

how does blood in the sub arachnoid space affect the CSF?

A

The CSF cannot be resorbed - results in hydrocephalus

41
Q

Is spinal cord compression an emergency?

A

take a wild fucking guess

42
Q

What needs to be done asap rocky in spinal cord compression?

A

Surgical decompression (to prevent permanent neurological damage)

43
Q

What is it called when the spinal roots below the conus medullaris are compresed?

A

Cauda equina syndrome

44
Q

Why wont CT suffice when looking for cauda equina syndrome?

A

You cannot see the spinal cord or conus

Y3 CLASP Anatomy & Radiology (5 decks)

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