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Brain, Behaviour and Cognition > Brain Evolution > Flashcards

Brain Evolution Flashcards

Lecture 4

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1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Process and change in the genetic coding of a group of organisms from one generation to the next

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2
Q

How does evolution occur?

A

Natural selection - high survival traits are passed on

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3
Q

What did evolution bring to humans?

A

Increased brain size

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4
Q

What is Mendelian genetics?

A

A method to predict genetic inheritance of offspring

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5
Q

Who proposed the theory of evolution and when?

A

Darwin 1859

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6
Q

Define phenotype

A

Observable trait

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7
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic material constituting the observable trait

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8
Q

Define gene

A

An inherited factor

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9
Q

Define Alleles

A

Two genes that control the same feature

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10
Q

Define homozygous

A

An organism that possess two identical alleles

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11
Q

Define heterozygous

A

An organism that possesses two different alleles

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12
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

A threadlike structure found in the nucleus of the cell

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13
Q

How do chromosomes presented?

A

In matched pairs; each pair contains one allele which determines a given trait

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14
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

46 (or a pair of 23)

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15
Q

What is the only exception of identical chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes

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16
Q

What are examples of atypical sex chromosomes?

A

Turner’s syndrome (X0) Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY) - an extra female chromosome

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17
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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18
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double stranded polymer molecule which contains deoxyribose

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19
Q

What does each strand contain?

A

A sequence of : Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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20
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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21
Q

How is RNA different from DNA?

A

RNA is a single stranded chain of polymers

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22
Q

What are the methods of cell division?

A

Mitosis, Meiosis protein synthesis, Genetic mutation

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23
Q

How does mitosis take place?

A

Creation of two identical daughter cells from one parent cell

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24
Q

How does meiosis occur?

A

Cell division across generations

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25
Q

How does protein synthesis take place?

A

Has two steps, 1) Transcription - Transfer of genetic material on the DNA to messenger RNA
2) Translation - The code in the messenger RNA is read and transferred RNA in ribosomes which builds polypeptide chains from amino acids

26
Q

What are genetic mutations?

A

Changes to the DNA sequences that happens during cell division when the cells make copies of themselves

27
Q

How do genetic mutations occur?

A

Can be inherited from a parent or acquired during the life time

28
Q

What is the most common genetic condition?

A

Downs syndrome

29
Q

What causes down syndrome?

A

Born with an extra copy of chromosome 21

30
Q

What is down syndrome associated with?

A

Delay in physical growth, intellectual disability, distinct facial features, poor immune function and increased risk for other conditions

31
Q

What is Proteus syndrome?

A

Mutation in the AKT1 kinase in a mosaic state gene in chromosome 10 or 16. It associated with skin, bone and tissue overgrowth

32
Q

List single gene disorders

A

Huntingtons disease

33
Q

What is huntington’s disease?

A

A neurodegenerative condition which is inherited which mainly effects he coordinated movement and cognitive ability

34
Q

What is translocation known as?

A

De la chapelle syndrome (XX)

35
Q

What is translocation?

A

Male phenotype with female chromosomes

36
Q

How can individual with translocation still have the male phenotype?

A

Role of the Y chromosome in the SRY gene is still included

37
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Tay-sachs disease which causes the destruction of nerve cells in the CNS

38
Q

When is incomplete dominance apparent?

A

6 months

39
Q

What are the symptoms of incomplete dominance?

A

Excessive startle response, losing the ability to crawl, seizures and hearing loss

40
Q

What is genomic imprinting abnormalities caused by?

A

Deletion in chromosomes 15 in the 15q11-q13 region

41
Q

What condition with the branch of genomic imprinting abnormalities?

A

Angelman syndrome and Prader Willi syndrome

42
Q

What causes angelman syndrome?

A

Loss of maternally inherited genes

43
Q

What are the symptoms of angelman’s syndrome?

A

Mental retardation, sexual development deficiencies, hyperphagia obesity, sleep disorders, seizures, ataxia and laughter outbursts

44
Q

What is prader willi syndrome caused by?

A

Loss of paternally inherited genes

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Prader Willi syndrome?

A

Excessive appetite, restricted growth weak muscles, learning difficulties, lack of sexual development and behavioural challenges

46
Q

What is multiple allele inheritance?

A

More than two alleles on the chromosome

47
Q

What are common conditions that arise from multiple allele inheritance?

A

ABO blood type, Breast cancer, Muscular atrophy and Cystic fibrosis

48
Q

What conditions are known as the classics?

A

Schizophrenia, autism and Alzheimer’s

49
Q

Define Schizophrenia

A

A mental health condition where individuals where may see, hear or believe things that are not real it is caused by a genetic vulnerability

50
Q

What genes are implicated in schizophrenia?

A

It is polygenetic (multiple genes involved) 21 ad 23 chromosome pairs implicated and the DISC- 1 gene

51
Q

Define Autism

A

A developmental disability caused by difference in the brain associated with social communication and interaction deficits and restricted or repeated behaviours or interests

52
Q

What genes are implicated in autism?

A

Also polygenetic, evidence is still limited

53
Q

Define Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A progressive neurodegenerative disease where symptoms gradually become more and more severe

54
Q

What functions of the brain does Alzheimer’s impair?

A

Memory in particular

55
Q

What are the genes identified in association with Alzheimer’s?

A

APOE-e4 gene identified as a risk gene

56
Q

How are genetic influences studied in psychology?

A

Twin studies- Mono vs dizygotic

57
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

Began in 1990 as an international project, it aimed to compile a map of 3 million nucleotide bases that comprise the human chromosome

58
Q

What is the goal of the human genome project?

A

Link genome variations to disease and develop treatments

59
Q

What are the limitations of Mendelian genetics?

A

Does not use modern techniques, protein coded genes make up only 1% of DNA

60
Q

What is Epigenetics?

A

Study of all mechanism of inheritance

61
Q

What is eugenics?

A

A set of beliefs and practices that in the past aimed to improve the genetic qualities of a human populations, it strived for racial improvement via planned breeding.

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