Brain Damage And Neuroplasticity

Question 0

Mass of cells that grow independently of the rest of the body.

Answer 0

Tumor (neoplasm)

Question 1

What are the six causes of brain damage?

Answer 1

1. Tumors
2. Cerebrovascular disorders
3. Closed head injuries
4. Infections
5. Neurotoxins
6. Genetic factors

Question 2

What percentage of tumors are meningiomas (tumors encased in the meninges)?

Answer 2

20%

Question 3

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 3

Meninges

Question 4

True or False: meningiomas are usually malignant and cannot be removed.

Answer 4

False meningiomas are usually BENIGN and surgically REMOVABLE

Question 5

True of False: tumors can only influence function of the brain by the pressure they exert on surrounding tissue.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

True or False: most brain tumors are not infiltrating.

Answer 6

False, most brain tumors ARE infiltrating

Question 7

True or False: brain tumors are benign and easy to remove or destroy.

Answer 7

False, brain tumors are MALIGNANT and DIFFICULT to remove or destroy

Question 8

What percentage of brain tumors are metastatic and originate elsewhere, usually the lung?

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

Sudden onset cerebrovascular disorder that can cause brain damage.

Answer 9

Stroke

Question 10

In the U.S, strokes are the ___ leading cause of death and most common cause of disability.

Answer 10

3rd

Question 11

Name the three common consequences if strokes.

Answer 11

1. Amnesia
2. Aphasia
3. Coma

Question 12

Name the two types of stoke.

Answer 12

1. Cerebral hemorrhage

2. Cerebral ischemia

Question 13

This occurs when a blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into surrounding neural tissue and damages it.

Answer 13

Cerebral hemorrhage

Question 14

This is a pathological ballon-like dilation that forms in the wall of a blood vessel at a point where the elasticity of the wall is defective.

Answer 14

Aneurysm

Question 15

This is a disruption of blood supply to the brain.

Answer 15

Cerebral ischemia

Question 16

This is a plug that blocks blood flow at the site of formation.

Answer 16

Thrombosis

Question 17

This is a plug that forms elsewhere and is carried by blood from a larger vessel to a smaller one where it is lodged.

Answer 17

Embolism

Question 18

True or False: damage due to cerebral ischemia develops immediately.

Answer 18

False, it does NOT develop immediately, it takes a day or two to develop

Question 19

True or False: most damage due to cerebral ischemia is a consequence of excess release of neurotransmitters, especially glutamate.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Blood deprived neurons become overactive and release _______.

Answer 20

Glutamate

Question 21

Glutamate over stimulate its receptors, especially ________ leading to an influx of Na+ and Ca++

Answer 21

NMDA

Question 22

True or False: the influx of Na+ and Ca++ triggers the release of more glutamate and a further sequence of internal reactions that ultimately kill the neuron.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False: ischemia induced brain damage occurs equally in all parts of the brain.

Answer 23

False, ischemia induced brain damage does NOT occur equally in all parts of the brain and neurons in certain parts of the hippocampus are particularly susceptible.

Question 24

This occurs when when the walls of blood vessels thicken, usually due to fat deposits.

Answer 24

Arteriosclerosis

Question 25

This is a brain injury in which the brain collides with the skull due to a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull.

Answer 25

Closed-head injury

Question 26

This is a type of closed-head injury that involves damage to the cerebral circulatory system.

Answer 26

Contusion

Question 27

This is a localized collection of dotted blood in an organ of tissue (a bruise).

Answer 27

Hematoma

Question 28

This occurs when the contusion is often on the opposite side of the blow.

Answer 28

Contrecoup

Question 29

This occurs when there is a disturbance in consciousness following a blow to the head with no evidence of structural damage

Answer 29

Concussion

Question 30

True or False: the incidence of MS is increased in those who spend childhood in a cool climate.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

True or False: MS is common amongst Africans and Asians.

Answer 31

False, MS is RARE amongst Africans and Asians.

Question 32

True or False: there is a strong genetic predisposition to MS and many genes are involved.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

MS is a(an) ____________ disorder.

Answer 33

Autoimmune

Question 34

True or False: there is a cure for MS.

Answer 34

False, there is NO CURE for MS, although there are drugs that may retard the progression or block symptoms

Question 35

This is the most common cause of dementia and the likelihood of developing it increases with age.

Answer 35

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 36

These are threadlike tangles of protein in the neural cytoplasm.

Answer 36

Neurofibrillary tangles

Question 37

These are clumps of scar tissue composed of degenerating neurons and a protein called amyloid.

Answer 37

Amyloid plaques

Question 38

A prevalent amount of tangles and plaques occur in medial temporal lobe structures such as __________, _________ and _________ which are involved in memory.

Answer 38

Entorhinal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus