Brain/Cranium Flashcards
Carotid canal
Internal carotid artery, sympathetic fibers
Anterior cranial fossa
Frontal lobe of brain
Cribriform foramina in cribriform plate
Axons of olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerve (CN I)
Middle cranial fossa
Temporal lobes of brain
Optic canals
Optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries
Superior orbital fissure
Ophthalmic veins, ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV) and abducens nerve (CN VI), and sympathetic fibers
Foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
Foramen ovale
Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery/vein
Foramen lacerum
Nothing passes through but opening is traversed by internal carotid artery
Posterior cranial fossa
Cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata
Foramen magnum
Spinal cord and meninges, vertebral arteries, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), spinal accessory nerve (CN XI); internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
Hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Internal auditory meatus
Facial (CN VII) and Vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII)
When does Metopic suture closes
3-9 months
When does coronal suture closes
Full fusion around age 24
When does sagittal suture closes
Being 29 — completely close by 35
When does lambdoid suture closes
Full fusion may never occur, but typically between ages 30-40
Olfactory
Nerve#, component, main action, cranial exit, assessment
Nerve# 1
Component: Special sensory(Olfaction)
Main action: Smell from nasal mucosa
Cranial exit: Foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Assessment: Smell coffee grounds/mint etc 10cm away
Optic
Nerve#, component, main action, cranial exit, assessment
Nerve# 2 Component: special sensory (vision) Main action: vision from retina Cranial exit: Optic canal Assessment: Snellen chart; examine visual fields by wiggling fingers 1 foot from pt’s ear, asking which one they see move
Oculomotor
Nerve#, component, main action, cranial exit, assessment
Nerve# 3
component: Somatic motor
main action: All eye muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus
Cranial exit: superior orbital fissure
Assessment: 6 cardinal points of eye movements, convergence by moving finger towards bridge of pt’s nose.
component: Visceral motor
main action: parasympathetic to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles in eye -> constricts pupil and accommodates lens of eye(ciliary gaglion)
cranial exit: Superior orbital fissure
assessment: Pupillary light reaction
Trochlear
Nerve#, component, main action, cranial exit, assessment
Nerve# 4
component: somatic motor
main action: superior oblique muscle of eye
cranial exit: superior orbital fissure
assessment: 6 cardinal points of eye movement, convergence by moving finger towards bridge of pt’s nose
Ophthalmic
Nerve#, component, main action, cranial exit, assessment
Nerve# V1
component: General somatic sensory
main action: Sensation from cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose and mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
cranial exit: superior orbital fissure
assessment: corneal reflex; facial sensation on forehead;
Maxillary
Nerve#, component, main action, cranial exit, assessment
Nerve# V2
-component: General somatic sensory
- main action: sensation from skin of face over maxilla, upper lip, maxillary teeth, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses, palate, nasopharynx
- cranial exit: foramen rotundum
- assessment: Facial sensation on cheek
Mandibular
Nerve#, component, main action, cranial exit, assessment
Nerve# V3
-component: General somatic sensory
- main action: Sensation from skin over mandible, lower lip, side of head, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth, anterior 2/3 of tongue
- cranial exit: Foramen ovale
- assessment: Facial sensation on jaw
- component: somatic motor
- main action: muscles of mastication
- cranial exit: foramen ovale
- assessment: Motor-pt opens mouth, clenches teeth (pterygoids) — palpate temporal, masseter muscles as they clench.
Abducent
Nerve#, component, main action, cranial exit, assessment
Nerve# VI
component: somatic motor
main action: lateral rectus muscle of eye
cranial exit: superior orbital fissure
assessment: 6 cardinal points of eye movements, convergence by moving finger towards bridge of pt’s nose
Facial
Nerve#, component, main action, cranial exit, assessment
Nerve# VII
component: somatic motor
main action: muscles of facial expression, stapedius of middle ear, stylohyoid and digastirc muscles of neck
cranial exit: Internal acoustic meatus; facial canal; stylomastoid foramen
assessment: Inspect facial droop or asymmetry. Facial expression muscles: Wrinkle forehead, shuts eyes tightly, fins, frown, show teeth, puff out cheeks.
component: Special sensory
main action: Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue and palate
cranial exit: Internal acoustic meatus; facial canal; stylomastoid foramen
assessment: Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue
component: General somatic sensory
main action: Sensation from skin of external acoustic meatus
cranial exit: Internal acoustic meatus; facial canal; stylomastoid foramen
assessment: Sharp/dull object to external acoustic meatus with care
component: Visceral motor
main action: Parasympathetic innervation to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, and glands of nose and palate (pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion)
cranial exit: Internal acoustic meauts; facial canal; stylomastoid foramen
assessment: complaints of consistant dry/cotton mouth/eyes?
Geniculate ganglion
Sensory component of CN VII
Optic nerve CN II vision from ?
Retina
Oculomotor nerve CN III Sympathetic or parasympathetic? path?
Parasympathetic
Innervated to sphincter pupillae and cillary muscles in eyes
Presynaptic fibers synapse in the cillary ganglion
Postsynaptic fibers pass to the eyeball via short ciliary nerves
Constricts pupil and accommodates lens of eyes (lens becomes more rounded) for near vision
CN IV injury causes what?
Diplopia when looking down
CN VI causes what when damaged?
Inability to abduct the eye on the affected side
Symapathetic innervation of the eye path
T1-T3 —> superior cervical ganglion/travel with internal carotid artery —> ciliary ganglion —> short ciliary nerves
What nerve is used for somatic motor to muscles of mastication?
Trigeminal Nerve CN V—mandibular CN V3
CN VII exits through?
Stylomastoid foramen via internal acoustic meatus
Name two ganglion of Facial Nerve CN VII
Pterygopalatine ganglion— lacrimimal, nasal, pharyngeal and palatine glands.
And
Submandibular gagnlion—-sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
Parasympathetic pathway of CN VII
Via submandibular ganglion
And pterygopalatine ganglion
Special sensory of Facial nerve
Transmits taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue and soft palate
Vestibulocochlear nerve
CN VIII
- **Vestibular
- Exits via Internal acoustic meatus
- Special sensory for balance and equilibrium from semicircular ducts
- **Cochlear
- Exits via internal acoutic meatus
- Special sensory of hearing from the spiral organ
Glossopharyngeal nerve
CN IX
Exits via Jugular foramen
Somatic motor— motor to stylopharyngeus to assist with swallowing
Visceral motor— parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland(otic ganglion)
Special sensory(taste) — taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
General somatic sensory — external ear, pharynx, middle ear, oropharynx
Visceral sensory —- carotid body and sinus
Vagus
CN X
Somatic motor— motor to constrictor muscles of pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx, muscles of palate (Except tensor veli palatini), and striated muscle in superior 2/3 of esophagus
Visceral motor — parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract and cardiac muscle of heart
Visceral sensory — visceral sensation from base of tongue laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach and intestine
Special sensory — taste from epiglottis and palate
General somatic sensory — sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus and dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
Spinal accessory
CN XI
Exits jugular foramen
Somatic motor—motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Hypoglossal
CN XII
Exits hypoglossal canal
Somatic motor—intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (Expect palatoglossus)
Parasympathetic route of facial CN VII
Greater petrosal nerve —> pterygopalatine gagnlia —> zygomaticotemp—oral nerve joints the lacrimal nerve of V1
(Parasympathetic: lacrimal gland and glands of palate)
Chorda tympani nerve joins lingual nerve joins lingual nerve of CN V3 —> submandibular ganglia —> continues to sublingual and submandibular glands
Glossopharyngeal IX
Lesser petrosal nerve —> otic ganglion —> auriculotemporal nerve
Parasympathetic pathway of CN VII
Name two pathways and their pathways
**Pterygopalatine
Facial nerve—> greater petrosal nerve —> pteygopalatine ganglion —> lacrimal nerve Of v 1—> lacriminal gland —> increase tears production
***SUbmandibular
Facial nerve —> chorda tympani —> lingual nerve V3 —> submandibular ganglion —> submandibular gland —> promotes secretion of saliva
