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Aphasia and related disorders > Brain Camp Quiz > Flashcards

Brain Camp Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Why neurology:
there is NO

by interacting with the environment the brain allows:

language and speech are ?

sometimes the first or early effects of brain damage are reflected in

A

cognition, consciousness, learning, knowledge, personality, emotions, thoughts, creative ability, imagination, symbolic communication, attention and sensorimotor functions

two sensitive indicators of brain integrity

speech or language

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2
Q

Paul Broca
localized ?

first to identify aphasia as a ?

A

speech production to left frontal lobe

disorder/expressive aphasia

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3
Q

Karl Wernicke:

localized?

… aphasia

A

auditory comprehension of speech to posterior temporal lobe

sensory aphasia

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4
Q

Rise of Neurorehabilitation:
the last?

instead of studying ? now there is a focus on

prior to 1917, 90-96% of soldiers who suffered penetrating head injuries ?

after WWII thousands of brain injured soldiers focus on ?

A

100 years

brain function and brain lesions/ neurorehabilitation too

died

research and clinical practice to improve cognitive and physical abilities post-brain injury

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5
Q

Benefits of training in neuroscience:

helps to:

understand the?

explain the rationale for

develop familiarity with

recognize

solve

evaluate

follow

participate in

present a

A

neurological correlates of mental and sensorimotor functions

medical diagnoses

neurological conditions

clinically pertinent signs

neurological problems

therapy efficacy

neurolinguistic literature

team management

broader picture of the CSD field

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6
Q

Central nervous system made up of

peripheral nervous system
made up of
connects ?

A

brain and spinal cord
inside skull and vertebrae

ganglia outside of brain and spinal cord (cranial and spinal nerves)

CNS to muscles, glands, and organs

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7
Q

Principles of neuroscience:
1.

every part of nervous system is
AND because of this, messages from one area or source can ?

A

interconnectivity

interconnected

trigger responses from many other regions

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8
Q

Principles of Neuroscience
2.

everything is connected through ?

the brain is the ?

A

central

CNS

boss - authoritarian but incredibly gifted multitasker

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9
Q

Principles of Neuroscience
3.

the CNS has a defined
the spinal cord at lowest level
the brainstem at
the ? at highest level

top down processing from

bottom up processing from

A

hierarchal

hierarchal structure

  • less complex functions
  • midlevel
  • cortex = more complex functions

cortex

periphery

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10
Q

Principles of Neuroscience:
4.

.. anatomic symmetry
.. function assymetry
… sensorimotor control:

A

bilateral: hemispheres near mirror images
unilateral: each hemisphere has different functions

motor and sensory functions are controlled by opposite side of brain

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11
Q

Principles of Neuroscience:
5.

sensory and motor systems have ?

each tract or pathway caries specific ? this is especially advantageous as these specialized cells and their projections can be more

A

functional networks

specialized cells that carry out each systems function

types of messages/adaptable and faster

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12
Q

Principles of Neuroscience:
6:

cells are arranged in the brain according to

homunculus: a neurological ? of the areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing ?

A

topographical organization

body’s spatial organization

map/ motor functions or sensory functions for different parts of the body

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13
Q

Principles of neuroscience
7.

the brain changes with

brain cells can actually ?

A

neuroplasticity

experience (learning)

reorganize their functional capacity

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14
Q

Principles of Neuroscience
8.

brain function unaffected by

A

culturally neutral

gender or race
brain size, shape or weight

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15
Q

dorsal

ventral

lateral

medial

A

direction pointing up

direction pointing down

structures away from the midline

structures closer to the midline

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16
Q

Cell types in the nervous system:

neurons:
process
about

glia:
…
what do the do
about .. more glial cells than neurons

A

information
100 billion neurons

glue
insulate, support, and nourish neurons
10x

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17
Q

Neurons:
also known as

basic

designed to

A

nerve cells
brain cells

structural functional unit of the nervous system

communicate signals

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18
Q

soma:

neurite ?

dendrites

axon

A

cell body

think tube extending from a neuronal cell body

receive info

transfer info

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19
Q

Neuron: Cell Body

…

and…

A

organelles

cytoplasm

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20
Q 
Neuron Dendrites: 
many per 
receive 
carry info to 
dendritic spines are ?
-... of learning
A 
neuron 
information from other neurons 
to the soma 
altered - gained and lost by experience
neural basis of learning
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21
Q

Axon hillock

axon proper

axon terminal

A

beginning

middle

end

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22
Q

Neuron: The Axon

single long fiber that conducts ? to ?

can be as long as ? or as short as

myelin sheath

nodes of ranvier

A

nerve impulses away from the cell body/other parts of the nervous system, glands or muscles

1 meter/micrometers

fatty insulation

gaps in myelin
increase in speed of conduction

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23
Q

Neuron: The Axon

axon terminal: aka ?
axon divides into

at the end of telodendria there is a ?

terminal bouton contains

A

terminal bouton
a few branches, telondendria

swelling : terminal bouton

synaptic vesicles

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24
Q

Transmission of nerve impulse (action potentials)

speed of transmission related to

A

diameter of axon (larger=faster)

myelination (more=faster)

length (shorter=faster)

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25
Q

Neuron: Chemical Synapses:

synaptic vesicles: contain

neurotransmitter

neurotransmitters are like ?

receptors are like

if neurotransmitters don’t fit in the receptors the post-synaptic nerve

A

neurotransmitter

keys

locks

will not fire

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26
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters:

acetylcholine:

norepinephrine:

serotonin

dopamine

GABA

Glutamate

A

muscle contraction, heart rate

arousal, learning, mood

regulate sleep, mood, eating

regulate movement and pleasure

inhibits firing of neurons

excitatory and strengthens neuronal connections

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27
Q

Arrangement of neurons:

not

arranged in

ganglion

nucleus

nerve

tract

A

randomly scattered

discrete locations

group of neurons outside of CNS

group of neurons within CNS

group of nerve fibers outside CNS

a group of nerve fibers within the CNS

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28
Q

3 types of neurons:

sensory (afferent): carry sensory info from

motor (efferent) : carry motor info

interneurons: lie within the ? and process

A

PNS to CNS

from CNS to PNS and cause muscles to contract

CNS/ information carried by both motor and sensory neurons

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29
Q

afferent nerve fibers:
messages sent from ?
… info
what or what

efferent nerve fibers:
messages sent from
… info
what or what

A

body to brain
sensory info
arriving or ascending

CNS to the muscles
motor info
exiting or descending

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30
Q

gray and white matter:
gray:

white matter: groups of
-.. info

A

grayish brownish cell bodies

myelinated axons
-white due to myelin sheath
transmit info

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31
Q

Types of white matter fibers:
projection fibers:

association fibers:

commissural fibers:

A

to and from cortex to brainstem/spinal cord (corona radiata)

to and from regions of same hemisphere (arcuate fasciculus)

from one hemisphere to the other (corpus callosum)

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32
Q

neuoglia: astrocytes

most
fill
support
transport
clean up ?
A
  • numerous glial cells
  • spaces between neurons
  • endothelial cells of blood brain barrier
  • nutrients to neurons
  • cell debris and involved in scarring after brain damage
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33
Q

Neuroglia: microglia

like ? microglia digest parts of

A

atrocytes/dead neurons

34
Q

Neuroglia: Ependymal cells

line
involved in
play a role in

A

fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord

production of CSF

guiding cell migration during brain development

35
Q

neuroglia: oligodendrocytes

provide ?

A

insulation to neurons in the CNS

36
Q

Neuroglia: Schwann cells

provide the insulation to ?

A

neurons in the PNS

37
Q

neuroglia: satellite cells

A

physical support to neurons in the peripheral nervous system

38
Q

3 protective coverings

A

pia mater: inner
arachnoid mater: middle
dura mater: outer

39
Q 
arachnoid mater: 
adheres to 
beneath it 
contains 
blood vessels
A

inner surface of dura mater
subarachnoid space
CSF
pass through it

40
Q

Pia Mater:
.. adheres to
highly ?

A

thin/surface of brain

vascular - carries arteries and veins to neural tissue

41
Q 
Cerebrospinal Fluid 
protection- acts like 
removal of 
delivers 
CSF is produced by the 
CSF is replaced? within 24 hr
A

cushion
harmful substances
nutrients

3 times

42
Q

Ventricles:
four ventricles

two lateral ventricles (one in each …)

third ventricle

fourth ventricle

A

hemisphere
-c-shaped structure that form an arch

-narrow vertical space between two thalami

a space between the pons and cerebellum

43
Q

Hydrocephalus:
hydro means
cephalus means

caused by the ?

the abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles will

the sustained pressure causes?

A

water/head

dissociation between production and absorption rate of CSF

increase pressure in brain

enlargement of the ventricles and damage to surrounding cortical tissues

44
Q

hydrocephalus:
can be present at

can also occur later in life as a result of

can be treated by placing a ?

A

birth

head injury, brain hemorrhage, infection or brain tumor

CSF shunt system

45
Q

3 major divisions:

A

cerebrum: telencephalon and diencephalon
cerebellum: metencephalon
brainstem: mes, met, and myelencephalon

46
Q

cerebrum:
the largest part of

two

covered by , floats in , and encased in

involved in

A

brain

cerebral hemispheres

3 membranes (PAD) , fluid, bony skull

sensation, movements, abstract thinking, reasoning, planning, higher mental processes, such as speech and language

47
Q

cerebral hemisphere:

two large

separated by

look approx. the ? but ?

connected by

A

halves of cerebrum - right and left

longitudinal fissure

same/differ in function

corpus callosum

48
Q

cerebrum:

cerebral hemispheres

cortex

subcortical structures

A

right and left

surface

structures beneath surface

49
Q

cortex: 4 primary lobes

A

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

50
Q

Subcorticla structures

basal ganglia

thalamus

hypothalamus: oversees ?

limbic system:

… are two of the primary structures

A

motor control and coordination

sensory and motor relay center

  • autonomic functions (temp., thirst, hunger, sleep)
  • pleasure, mating, feeding, emotions, fear, memory, learning motivation, fight or flight

amygdala and hippocampus

51
Q

Brainstem:
consists of the

receives ?

motor information from the cortex travels

plays a critical role in

most of the cranial nerve nuclei are found in

A

midbrain pons and medulla

sensory information from the cortex travels down through the brainstem to the spinal cord

down through brainstem to the spinal cord

life sustaining, autonomic functions (breathing, swallowing, heart rate, consciousness)

the brainstem

52
Q

Cerebellum aka?

involved in

works as a team with ? to ?

compares the ? with the ? in terms of?

A

balance and motor learning

motor cortex, basal ganglia, and spinal cord to smooth and correct motor output

efferent commands for intended movements/sensory information/anticipated and ongoing motor programs

53
Q

insular lobe:
function not fully ?
likely related to
also thought to be part of the ? and involved in

A

understood
motor speech production
limbic system and involved in emotion

54
Q

Cerebral Landmarks: Sulci

sulcus =

the ?
three major sulci on the lateral surface of the cerebrum

A

longitudinal fissure on the superior surface of the cerebrum

a groove or valley

central sulcus (fissure of rolando)

lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)

parieto-occipital sulcus

55
Q

Gyrus =

A

ridge or bump

56
Q

Boundaries between the lobes:

central sulcus:

lateral sulcus:
anterior part separates the
posterior part

parieto-occipital sulcus: boundary between

A

boundary between frontal lobe and parietal lobe

  • frontal and temporal lobe
  • temporal lobe and parietal lobe

parietal lobe and occipital lobe

57
Q

Brodmann’s areas:
a microscopic? published by ?

the map was identified and numbered based on the ?

A

brain map/korbinian brodman

shapes, types, and function of neurons in that area (cytoarchitecture)

58
Q

Brocas area

wernickes

primary auditory cortex

primary sensory cortex

primary motor cortex

primary visual cortex

supramarginal gyrus

angular gyrus

A

44 & 45

22

41 and 42

2

4

17

40

39

59
Q

frontal lobe

… lobe

landmarks of the frontal lobe

A

largest (1/3 of hemisphere)

primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
premotor cortex
prefrontal cortex
brocas area

60
Q

primary motor cortex - Broadmann area

just in front of
commander of
initiate and control

premotor cortex: Brodmann area
plan and initiate

A

4

  • central sulcus
  • motor movement
  • voluntary and skilled movements of skeletal muscles contralaterally

6
complex and skilled movements

61
Q

Homunculus

the allocation of

the areas assigned to various body parts on the cortex are proportional not to their ? but rather to the

A

motor function to the motor cortex

size/complexity of movements they can perform

62
Q

The prefrontal cortex:
related to ?

broca’s area: brodmann area

produces
matches the ?
motor speech center:

A

personality, cognitive functions (reasoning planning decision making), moderating correct social behavior and speech

44,45

spoken language
sounds of words to the specific mouth tongue and throat movements required to articulate them

planning and organizing speech movements

63
Q 
function of frontal lobe: 
-initiate 
-cognitive ?
-
-
-.. and ...
A 
motor movement 
cognitive functions: abstract thinking, problem solving, planning (impaired cognition) 
-personality
-behavior 
-speech and language
64
Q

possible associated symptoms of impaired frontal lobe:

... paralysis 
-impaired
-changed 
.... social behavior 
... 
....
A 
contralateral 
-cognition 
-personality 
-inappropriate or uninhibited social behavior
broca's aphasia 
apraxia of speech
65
Q 
temporal lobe landmark
the primary auditory cortex
-brodmann areas
...gyrus 
near the 
processing of ?
A

41,42
heschl’s gyrus
lateral sulcus
auditory sound info

66
Q

temporal lobe landmark:

wernickes
brodmann area?
in ? hemisphere

analysis of?
comprehension of ?
storage and retrieval of?
retrieval of?

A

area
-22
language dominant hemisphere (usually left)

  • speech sounds
  • spoken language
  • mental representations of words and word meanings
  • grammatical rules
67
Q 
temporal lobe and associated symptoms: 
function of temporal lobe:
-.. comprehension
-
-

-.. disturbance
-lost ?

A

auditory

  • memory
  • music
  • aphasia (wernickes)
  • memory disturbance
  • lost appreciation of rhythm and music
68
Q

Parietal lobe landmark

  • primary
  • aka
  • integrate ?
A

sensory cortex

  • postcentral gyrus
  • sensory info from various parts of the body
69
Q

-

related to

A

angular gyrus (brodmann area 39)

supramarginal gyrus (brodmann area 40)

calculation, reading, writing

70
Q

Parietal lobe functions and associated symptoms:

function:

possible associated symptoms:
-… loss
-…
-

A

sensory
some language functions, reading, writing

  • contralateral sensory loss
  • alexia - reading disorder
  • agraphia = writing disorder
  • aphasia
71
Q

occipital lobe landmark:
… lobe
-primary and ?

A

smallest lobe

-visual cortex (brodmann area 17) /visual association areas

72
Q 
occipital lobe functions and associated symptoms: 
function

associated symptoms

A

visual processing

vision impairment

73
Q

facts about blood-brain barrier:
blood provides brain cells with

blood removes

average of?

about… of the body’s blood and … of its oxygen goes to the brain at any time

without adequate blood supply the brain cannot ? and cell bodies can be ?

A

nutrition (oxygen and glucose)

waste and carbon dioxide from nerve cells

750 mL of blood is pumped to the brain per minute

20%/25%

function properly/permanently damaged

74
Q

vascular network:
arteries

capillaries

veins

A

carry oxygenated blood to the brain

terminal extension of arterial network

return deoxygenated blood back to heart

75
Q 
cerebrovascular supply:
blood gets to the brain via
-carotid arteries
-external carotid:
internal carotid: 
-
-

vertebral arteries:

  • join to form
  • posterior?
A

goes to face and neck
goes to brain
-anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
-middle cerebral artery (MCA)

BASILAR ARTERY
Posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)

76
Q

-
-

supplies
many branches including:

A

common carotid arteries
external carotid arteries
internal carotid arteries

majority of blood to the cerebrum

  • anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
  • middle cerebral artery (MCA)
77
Q

Vertebral arterial system
has many branches including
-
-

supplies ? as well as the ?

A

basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

-posterior regions of the cerebrum/ brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

78
Q

MCA supplies blood to areas of the brain that are mainly responsible for ?

aphasia is usually due to a ?

A

speech and language production

stroke that affects the MCA in the left hemisphere

79
Q

circle of willis:
named for 17th century anatomist/physician :

joins the brain’s two ?

allows for ?

A

thomas willis

arterial sources of blood (anastamoses)

collateral blood flow in the event that an artery is blocked

80
Q

circle of willis brings together the ?

A

internal carotid artery (ACA and MCA) and vertebral basilar artery (PCA)

81
Q

venous drainage of brain

A

internal veins, venous sinuses, internal jugular veins, heart

82
Q

blood brain barrier:

prevents ?

consist of ? in the blood vessels and the ?

can be damaged by ?

A

harmful substances in the blood from getting into brain tissue

endothelial cells / astrocytes immediately surrounding blood vessels

brain injury and some drugs

Aphasia and related disorders (1 decks)

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