Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Aphasia and related disorders > Brain Camp Quiz > Flashcards

Brain Camp Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Why neurology:
there is NO

by interacting with the environment the brain allows:

language and speech are ?

sometimes the first or early effects of brain damage are reflected in

A

cognition, consciousness, learning, knowledge, personality, emotions, thoughts, creative ability, imagination, symbolic communication, attention and sensorimotor functions

two sensitive indicators of brain integrity

speech or language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Paul Broca
localized ?

first to identify aphasia as a ?

A

speech production to left frontal lobe

disorder/expressive aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Karl Wernicke:

localized?

… aphasia

A

auditory comprehension of speech to posterior temporal lobe

sensory aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rise of Neurorehabilitation:
the last?

instead of studying ? now there is a focus on

prior to 1917, 90-96% of soldiers who suffered penetrating head injuries ?

after WWII thousands of brain injured soldiers focus on ?

A

100 years

brain function and brain lesions/ neurorehabilitation too

died

research and clinical practice to improve cognitive and physical abilities post-brain injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benefits of training in neuroscience:

helps to:

understand the?

explain the rationale for

develop familiarity with

recognize

solve

evaluate

follow

participate in

present a

A

neurological correlates of mental and sensorimotor functions

medical diagnoses

neurological conditions

clinically pertinent signs

neurological problems

therapy efficacy

neurolinguistic literature

team management

broader picture of the CSD field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Central nervous system made up of

peripheral nervous system
made up of
connects ?

A

brain and spinal cord
inside skull and vertebrae

ganglia outside of brain and spinal cord (cranial and spinal nerves)

CNS to muscles, glands, and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Principles of neuroscience:
1.

every part of nervous system is
AND because of this, messages from one area or source can ?

A

interconnectivity

interconnected

trigger responses from many other regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Principles of Neuroscience
2.

everything is connected through ?

the brain is the ?

A

central

CNS

boss - authoritarian but incredibly gifted multitasker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Principles of Neuroscience
3.

the CNS has a defined
the spinal cord at lowest level
the brainstem at
the ? at highest level

top down processing from

bottom up processing from

A

hierarchal

hierarchal structure

  • less complex functions
  • midlevel
  • cortex = more complex functions

cortex

periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Principles of Neuroscience:
4.

.. anatomic symmetry
.. function assymetry
… sensorimotor control:

A

bilateral: hemispheres near mirror images
unilateral: each hemisphere has different functions

motor and sensory functions are controlled by opposite side of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Principles of Neuroscience:
5.

sensory and motor systems have ?

each tract or pathway caries specific ? this is especially advantageous as these specialized cells and their projections can be more

A

functional networks

specialized cells that carry out each systems function

types of messages/adaptable and faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Principles of Neuroscience:
6:

cells are arranged in the brain according to

homunculus: a neurological ? of the areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing ?

A

topographical organization

body’s spatial organization

map/ motor functions or sensory functions for different parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Principles of neuroscience
7.

the brain changes with

brain cells can actually ?

A

neuroplasticity

experience (learning)

reorganize their functional capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Principles of Neuroscience
8.

brain function unaffected by

A

culturally neutral

gender or race
brain size, shape or weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

dorsal

ventral

lateral

medial

A

direction pointing up

direction pointing down

structures away from the midline

structures closer to the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell types in the nervous system:

neurons:
process
about

glia:
…
what do the do
about .. more glial cells than neurons

A

information
100 billion neurons

glue
insulate, support, and nourish neurons
10x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neurons:
also known as

basic

designed to

A

nerve cells
brain cells

structural functional unit of the nervous system

communicate signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

soma:

neurite ?

dendrites

axon

A

cell body

think tube extending from a neuronal cell body

receive info

transfer info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neuron: Cell Body

…

and…

A

organelles

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q 
Neuron Dendrites: 
many per 
receive 
carry info to 
dendritic spines are ?
-... of learning
A 
neuron 
information from other neurons 
to the soma 
altered - gained and lost by experience
neural basis of learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Axon hillock

axon proper

axon terminal

A

beginning

middle

end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neuron: The Axon

single long fiber that conducts ? to ?

can be as long as ? or as short as

myelin sheath

nodes of ranvier

A

nerve impulses away from the cell body/other parts of the nervous system, glands or muscles

1 meter/micrometers

fatty insulation

gaps in myelin
increase in speed of conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neuron: The Axon

axon terminal: aka ?
axon divides into

at the end of telodendria there is a ?

terminal bouton contains

A

terminal bouton
a few branches, telondendria

swelling : terminal bouton

synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transmission of nerve impulse (action potentials)

speed of transmission related to

A

diameter of axon (larger=faster)

myelination (more=faster)

length (shorter=faster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Neuron: Chemical Synapses: synaptic vesicles: contain neurotransmitter neurotransmitters are like ? receptors are like if neurotransmitters don't fit in the receptors the post-synaptic nerve
neurotransmitter keys locks will not fire
26
Examples of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine: norepinephrine: serotonin dopamine GABA Glutamate
muscle contraction, heart rate arousal, learning, mood regulate sleep, mood, eating regulate movement and pleasure inhibits firing of neurons excitatory and strengthens neuronal connections
27
Arrangement of neurons: not arranged in ganglion nucleus nerve tract
randomly scattered discrete locations group of neurons outside of CNS group of neurons within CNS group of nerve fibers outside CNS a group of nerve fibers within the CNS
28
3 types of neurons: sensory (afferent): carry sensory info from motor (efferent) : carry motor info interneurons: lie within the ? and process
PNS to CNS from CNS to PNS and cause muscles to contract CNS/ information carried by both motor and sensory neurons
29
afferent nerve fibers: messages sent from ? ... info what or what efferent nerve fibers: messages sent from ... info what or what
body to brain sensory info arriving or ascending CNS to the muscles motor info exiting or descending
30
gray and white matter: gray: white matter: groups of -.. info
grayish brownish cell bodies myelinated axons -white due to myelin sheath transmit info
31
Types of white matter fibers: projection fibers: association fibers: commissural fibers:
to and from cortex to brainstem/spinal cord (corona radiata) to and from regions of same hemisphere (arcuate fasciculus) from one hemisphere to the other (corpus callosum)
32
neuoglia: astrocytes ``` most fill support transport clean up ? ```
- numerous glial cells - spaces between neurons - endothelial cells of blood brain barrier - nutrients to neurons - cell debris and involved in scarring after brain damage
33
Neuroglia: microglia | like ? microglia digest parts of
atrocytes/dead neurons
34
Neuroglia: Ependymal cells line involved in play a role in
fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord production of CSF guiding cell migration during brain development
35
neuroglia: oligodendrocytes provide ?
insulation to neurons in the CNS
36
Neuroglia: Schwann cells provide the insulation to ?
neurons in the PNS
37
neuroglia: satellite cells
physical support to neurons in the peripheral nervous system
38
3 protective coverings
pia mater: inner arachnoid mater: middle dura mater: outer
39
``` arachnoid mater: adheres to beneath it contains blood vessels ```
inner surface of dura mater subarachnoid space CSF pass through it
40
Pia Mater: .. adheres to highly ?
thin/surface of brain vascular - carries arteries and veins to neural tissue
41
``` Cerebrospinal Fluid protection- acts like removal of delivers CSF is produced by the CSF is replaced? within 24 hr ```
cushion harmful substances nutrients 3 times
42
Ventricles: four ventricles two lateral ventricles (one in each ...) third ventricle fourth ventricle
hemisphere -c-shaped structure that form an arch -narrow vertical space between two thalami a space between the pons and cerebellum
43
Hydrocephalus: hydro means cephalus means caused by the ? the abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles will the sustained pressure causes?
water/head dissociation between production and absorption rate of CSF increase pressure in brain enlargement of the ventricles and damage to surrounding cortical tissues
44
hydrocephalus: can be present at can also occur later in life as a result of can be treated by placing a ?
birth head injury, brain hemorrhage, infection or brain tumor CSF shunt system
45
3 major divisions:
cerebrum: telencephalon and diencephalon cerebellum: metencephalon brainstem: mes, met, and myelencephalon
46
cerebrum: the largest part of two covered by , floats in , and encased in involved in
brain cerebral hemispheres 3 membranes (PAD) , fluid, bony skull sensation, movements, abstract thinking, reasoning, planning, higher mental processes, such as speech and language
47
cerebral hemisphere: two large separated by look approx. the ? but ? connected by
halves of cerebrum - right and left longitudinal fissure same/differ in function corpus callosum
48
cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres cortex subcortical structures
right and left surface structures beneath surface
49
cortex: 4 primary lobes
frontal temporal parietal occipital
50
Subcorticla structures basal ganglia thalamus hypothalamus: oversees ? limbic system: ... are two of the primary structures
motor control and coordination sensory and motor relay center - autonomic functions (temp., thirst, hunger, sleep) - pleasure, mating, feeding, emotions, fear, memory, learning motivation, fight or flight amygdala and hippocampus
51
Brainstem: consists of the receives ? motor information from the cortex travels plays a critical role in most of the cranial nerve nuclei are found in
midbrain pons and medulla sensory information from the cortex travels down through the brainstem to the spinal cord down through brainstem to the spinal cord life sustaining, autonomic functions (breathing, swallowing, heart rate, consciousness) the brainstem
52
Cerebellum aka? involved in works as a team with ? to ? compares the ? with the ? in terms of?
balance and motor learning motor cortex, basal ganglia, and spinal cord to smooth and correct motor output efferent commands for intended movements/sensory information/anticipated and ongoing motor programs
53
insular lobe: function not fully ? likely related to also thought to be part of the ? and involved in
understood motor speech production limbic system and involved in emotion
54
Cerebral Landmarks: Sulci sulcus = the ? three major sulci on the lateral surface of the cerebrum
longitudinal fissure on the superior surface of the cerebrum a groove or valley central sulcus (fissure of rolando) lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) parieto-occipital sulcus
55
Gyrus =
ridge or bump
56
Boundaries between the lobes: central sulcus: lateral sulcus: anterior part separates the posterior part parieto-occipital sulcus: boundary between
boundary between frontal lobe and parietal lobe - frontal and temporal lobe - temporal lobe and parietal lobe parietal lobe and occipital lobe
57
Brodmann's areas: a microscopic? published by ? the map was identified and numbered based on the ?
brain map/korbinian brodman shapes, types, and function of neurons in that area (cytoarchitecture)
58
Brocas area wernickes primary auditory cortex primary sensory cortex primary motor cortex primary visual cortex supramarginal gyrus angular gyrus
44 & 45 22 41 and 42 2 4 17 40 39
59
frontal lobe ... lobe landmarks of the frontal lobe
largest (1/3 of hemisphere) primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) premotor cortex prefrontal cortex brocas area
60
primary motor cortex - Broadmann area just in front of commander of initiate and control premotor cortex: Brodmann area plan and initiate
4 - central sulcus - motor movement - voluntary and skilled movements of skeletal muscles contralaterally 6 complex and skilled movements
61
Homunculus the allocation of the areas assigned to various body parts on the cortex are proportional not to their ? but rather to the
motor function to the motor cortex size/complexity of movements they can perform
62
The prefrontal cortex: related to ? broca's area: brodmann area produces matches the ? motor speech center:
personality, cognitive functions (reasoning planning decision making), moderating correct social behavior and speech 44,45 spoken language sounds of words to the specific mouth tongue and throat movements required to articulate them planning and organizing speech movements
63
``` function of frontal lobe: -initiate -cognitive ? - - -.. and ... ```
``` motor movement cognitive functions: abstract thinking, problem solving, planning (impaired cognition) -personality -behavior -speech and language ```
64
possible associated symptoms of impaired frontal lobe: ``` ... paralysis -impaired -changed .... social behavior ... .... ```
``` contralateral -cognition -personality -inappropriate or uninhibited social behavior broca's aphasia apraxia of speech ```
65
``` temporal lobe landmark the primary auditory cortex -brodmann areas ...gyrus near the processing of ? ```
41,42 heschl's gyrus lateral sulcus auditory sound info
66
temporal lobe landmark: wernickes brodmann area? in ? hemisphere analysis of? comprehension of ? storage and retrieval of? retrieval of?
area -22 language dominant hemisphere (usually left) - speech sounds - spoken language - mental representations of words and word meanings - grammatical rules
67
``` temporal lobe and associated symptoms: function of temporal lobe: -.. comprehension - - ``` possible associated symptoms: - -.. disturbance -lost ?
auditory - memory - music - aphasia (wernickes) - memory disturbance - lost appreciation of rhythm and music
68
Parietal lobe landmark - primary - aka - integrate ?
sensory cortex - postcentral gyrus - sensory info from various parts of the body
69
parietal lobe landmarks: - - related to
angular gyrus (brodmann area 39) supramarginal gyrus (brodmann area 40) calculation, reading, writing
70
Parietal lobe functions and associated symptoms: function: possible associated symptoms: -... loss -... -
sensory some language functions, reading, writing - contralateral sensory loss - alexia - reading disorder - agraphia = writing disorder - aphasia
71
occipital lobe landmark: ... lobe -primary and ?
smallest lobe | -visual cortex (brodmann area 17) /visual association areas
72
``` occipital lobe functions and associated symptoms: function ``` associated symptoms
visual processing vision impairment
73
facts about blood-brain barrier: blood provides brain cells with blood removes average of? about... of the body's blood and ... of its oxygen goes to the brain at any time without adequate blood supply the brain cannot ? and cell bodies can be ?
nutrition (oxygen and glucose) waste and carbon dioxide from nerve cells 750 mL of blood is pumped to the brain per minute 20%/25% function properly/permanently damaged
74
vascular network: arteries capillaries veins
carry oxygenated blood to the brain terminal extension of arterial network return deoxygenated blood back to heart
75
``` cerebrovascular supply: blood gets to the brain via -carotid arteries -external carotid: internal carotid: - - ``` vertebral arteries: - join to form - posterior?
goes to face and neck goes to brain -anterior cerebral artery (ACA) -middle cerebral artery (MCA) BASILAR ARTERY Posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)
76
Carotid system: - - - supplies many branches including:
common carotid arteries external carotid arteries internal carotid arteries majority of blood to the cerebrum - anterior cerebral artery (ACA) - middle cerebral artery (MCA)
77
Vertebral arterial system has many branches including - - supplies ? as well as the ?
basilar artery posterior cerebral artery (PCA) -posterior regions of the cerebrum/ brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
78
MCA supplies blood to areas of the brain that are mainly responsible for ? aphasia is usually due to a ?
speech and language production stroke that affects the MCA in the left hemisphere
79
circle of willis: named for 17th century anatomist/physician : joins the brain's two ? allows for ?
thomas willis arterial sources of blood (anastamoses) collateral blood flow in the event that an artery is blocked
80
circle of willis brings together the ?
internal carotid artery (ACA and MCA) and vertebral basilar artery (PCA)
81
venous drainage of brain
internal veins, venous sinuses, internal jugular veins, heart
82
blood brain barrier: prevents ? consist of ? in the blood vessels and the ? can be damaged by ?
harmful substances in the blood from getting into brain tissue endothelial cells / astrocytes immediately surrounding blood vessels brain injury and some drugs

Aphasia and related disorders (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions