Brain Camp Quiz Flashcards
Why neurology:
there is NO
by interacting with the environment the brain allows:
language and speech are ?
sometimes the first or early effects of brain damage are reflected in
cognition, consciousness, learning, knowledge, personality, emotions, thoughts, creative ability, imagination, symbolic communication, attention and sensorimotor functions
two sensitive indicators of brain integrity
speech or language
Paul Broca
localized ?
first to identify aphasia as a ?
speech production to left frontal lobe
disorder/expressive aphasia
Karl Wernicke:
localized?
… aphasia
auditory comprehension of speech to posterior temporal lobe
sensory aphasia
Rise of Neurorehabilitation:
the last?
instead of studying ? now there is a focus on
prior to 1917, 90-96% of soldiers who suffered penetrating head injuries ?
after WWII thousands of brain injured soldiers focus on ?
100 years
brain function and brain lesions/ neurorehabilitation too
died
research and clinical practice to improve cognitive and physical abilities post-brain injury
Benefits of training in neuroscience:
helps to:
understand the?
explain the rationale for
develop familiarity with
recognize
solve
evaluate
follow
participate in
present a
neurological correlates of mental and sensorimotor functions
medical diagnoses
neurological conditions
clinically pertinent signs
neurological problems
therapy efficacy
neurolinguistic literature
team management
broader picture of the CSD field
Central nervous system made up of
peripheral nervous system
made up of
connects ?
brain and spinal cord
inside skull and vertebrae
ganglia outside of brain and spinal cord (cranial and spinal nerves)
CNS to muscles, glands, and organs
Principles of neuroscience:
1.
every part of nervous system is
AND because of this, messages from one area or source can ?
interconnectivity
interconnected
trigger responses from many other regions
Principles of Neuroscience
2.
everything is connected through ?
the brain is the ?
central
CNS
boss - authoritarian but incredibly gifted multitasker
Principles of Neuroscience
3.
the CNS has a defined
the spinal cord at lowest level
the brainstem at
the ? at highest level
top down processing from
bottom up processing from
hierarchal
hierarchal structure
- less complex functions
- midlevel
- cortex = more complex functions
cortex
periphery
Principles of Neuroscience:
4.
.. anatomic symmetry
.. function assymetry
… sensorimotor control:
bilateral: hemispheres near mirror images
unilateral: each hemisphere has different functions
motor and sensory functions are controlled by opposite side of brain
Principles of Neuroscience:
5.
sensory and motor systems have ?
each tract or pathway caries specific ? this is especially advantageous as these specialized cells and their projections can be more
functional networks
specialized cells that carry out each systems function
types of messages/adaptable and faster
Principles of Neuroscience:
6:
cells are arranged in the brain according to
homunculus: a neurological ? of the areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing ?
topographical organization
body’s spatial organization
map/ motor functions or sensory functions for different parts of the body
Principles of neuroscience
7.
the brain changes with
brain cells can actually ?
neuroplasticity
experience (learning)
reorganize their functional capacity
Principles of Neuroscience
8.
brain function unaffected by
culturally neutral
gender or race
brain size, shape or weight
dorsal
ventral
lateral
medial
direction pointing up
direction pointing down
structures away from the midline
structures closer to the midline
Cell types in the nervous system:
neurons:
process
about
glia:
…
what do the do
about .. more glial cells than neurons
information
100 billion neurons
glue
insulate, support, and nourish neurons
10x
Neurons:
also known as
basic
designed to
nerve cells
brain cells
structural functional unit of the nervous system
communicate signals
soma:
neurite ?
dendrites
axon
cell body
think tube extending from a neuronal cell body
receive info
transfer info
Neuron: Cell Body
…
and…
organelles
cytoplasm
Neuron Dendrites: many per receive carry info to dendritic spines are ? -... of learning
neuron information from other neurons to the soma altered - gained and lost by experience neural basis of learning
Axon hillock
axon proper
axon terminal
beginning
middle
end
Neuron: The Axon
single long fiber that conducts ? to ?
can be as long as ? or as short as
myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier
nerve impulses away from the cell body/other parts of the nervous system, glands or muscles
1 meter/micrometers
fatty insulation
gaps in myelin
increase in speed of conduction
Neuron: The Axon
axon terminal: aka ?
axon divides into
at the end of telodendria there is a ?
terminal bouton contains
terminal bouton
a few branches, telondendria
swelling : terminal bouton
synaptic vesicles
Transmission of nerve impulse (action potentials)
speed of transmission related to
diameter of axon (larger=faster)
myelination (more=faster)
length (shorter=faster)
Neuron: Chemical Synapses:
synaptic vesicles: contain
neurotransmitter
neurotransmitters are like ?
receptors are like
if neurotransmitters don’t fit in the receptors the post-synaptic nerve
neurotransmitter
keys
locks
will not fire
Examples of neurotransmitters:
acetylcholine:
norepinephrine:
serotonin
dopamine
GABA
Glutamate
muscle contraction, heart rate
arousal, learning, mood
regulate sleep, mood, eating
regulate movement and pleasure
inhibits firing of neurons
excitatory and strengthens neuronal connections
Arrangement of neurons:
not
arranged in
ganglion
nucleus
nerve
tract
randomly scattered
discrete locations
group of neurons outside of CNS
group of neurons within CNS
group of nerve fibers outside CNS
a group of nerve fibers within the CNS
3 types of neurons:
sensory (afferent): carry sensory info from
motor (efferent) : carry motor info
interneurons: lie within the ? and process
PNS to CNS
from CNS to PNS and cause muscles to contract
CNS/ information carried by both motor and sensory neurons
afferent nerve fibers:
messages sent from ?
… info
what or what
efferent nerve fibers:
messages sent from
… info
what or what
body to brain
sensory info
arriving or ascending
CNS to the muscles
motor info
exiting or descending
gray and white matter:
gray:
white matter: groups of
-.. info
grayish brownish cell bodies
myelinated axons
-white due to myelin sheath
transmit info
Types of white matter fibers:
projection fibers:
association fibers:
commissural fibers:
to and from cortex to brainstem/spinal cord (corona radiata)
to and from regions of same hemisphere (arcuate fasciculus)
from one hemisphere to the other (corpus callosum)
neuoglia: astrocytes
most fill support transport clean up ?
- numerous glial cells
- spaces between neurons
- endothelial cells of blood brain barrier
- nutrients to neurons
- cell debris and involved in scarring after brain damage
Neuroglia: microglia
like ? microglia digest parts of
atrocytes/dead neurons
Neuroglia: Ependymal cells
line
involved in
play a role in
fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord
production of CSF
guiding cell migration during brain development
neuroglia: oligodendrocytes
provide ?
insulation to neurons in the CNS
Neuroglia: Schwann cells
provide the insulation to ?
neurons in the PNS
neuroglia: satellite cells
physical support to neurons in the peripheral nervous system
3 protective coverings
pia mater: inner
arachnoid mater: middle
dura mater: outer
arachnoid mater: adheres to beneath it contains blood vessels
inner surface of dura mater
subarachnoid space
CSF
pass through it
Pia Mater:
.. adheres to
highly ?
thin/surface of brain
vascular - carries arteries and veins to neural tissue
Cerebrospinal Fluid protection- acts like removal of delivers CSF is produced by the CSF is replaced? within 24 hr
cushion
harmful substances
nutrients
3 times
Ventricles:
four ventricles
two lateral ventricles (one in each …)
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
hemisphere
-c-shaped structure that form an arch
-narrow vertical space between two thalami
a space between the pons and cerebellum
Hydrocephalus:
hydro means
cephalus means
caused by the ?
the abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles will
the sustained pressure causes?
water/head
dissociation between production and absorption rate of CSF
increase pressure in brain
enlargement of the ventricles and damage to surrounding cortical tissues
hydrocephalus:
can be present at
can also occur later in life as a result of
can be treated by placing a ?
birth
head injury, brain hemorrhage, infection or brain tumor
CSF shunt system
3 major divisions:
cerebrum: telencephalon and diencephalon
cerebellum: metencephalon
brainstem: mes, met, and myelencephalon
cerebrum:
the largest part of
two
covered by , floats in , and encased in
involved in
brain
cerebral hemispheres
3 membranes (PAD) , fluid, bony skull
sensation, movements, abstract thinking, reasoning, planning, higher mental processes, such as speech and language
cerebral hemisphere:
two large
separated by
look approx. the ? but ?
connected by
halves of cerebrum - right and left
longitudinal fissure
same/differ in function
corpus callosum
cerebrum:
cerebral hemispheres
cortex
subcortical structures
right and left
surface
structures beneath surface
cortex: 4 primary lobes
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
Subcorticla structures
basal ganglia
thalamus
hypothalamus: oversees ?
limbic system:
… are two of the primary structures
motor control and coordination
sensory and motor relay center
- autonomic functions (temp., thirst, hunger, sleep)
- pleasure, mating, feeding, emotions, fear, memory, learning motivation, fight or flight
amygdala and hippocampus
Brainstem:
consists of the
receives ?
motor information from the cortex travels
plays a critical role in
most of the cranial nerve nuclei are found in
midbrain pons and medulla
sensory information from the cortex travels down through the brainstem to the spinal cord
down through brainstem to the spinal cord
life sustaining, autonomic functions (breathing, swallowing, heart rate, consciousness)
the brainstem
Cerebellum aka?
involved in
works as a team with ? to ?
compares the ? with the ? in terms of?
balance and motor learning
motor cortex, basal ganglia, and spinal cord to smooth and correct motor output
efferent commands for intended movements/sensory information/anticipated and ongoing motor programs
insular lobe:
function not fully ?
likely related to
also thought to be part of the ? and involved in
understood
motor speech production
limbic system and involved in emotion
Cerebral Landmarks: Sulci
sulcus =
the ?
three major sulci on the lateral surface of the cerebrum
longitudinal fissure on the superior surface of the cerebrum
a groove or valley
central sulcus (fissure of rolando)
lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)
parieto-occipital sulcus
Gyrus =
ridge or bump
Boundaries between the lobes:
central sulcus:
lateral sulcus:
anterior part separates the
posterior part
parieto-occipital sulcus: boundary between
boundary between frontal lobe and parietal lobe
- frontal and temporal lobe
- temporal lobe and parietal lobe
parietal lobe and occipital lobe
Brodmann’s areas:
a microscopic? published by ?
the map was identified and numbered based on the ?
brain map/korbinian brodman
shapes, types, and function of neurons in that area (cytoarchitecture)
Brocas area
wernickes
primary auditory cortex
primary sensory cortex
primary motor cortex
primary visual cortex
supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus
44 & 45
22
41 and 42
2
4
17
40
39
frontal lobe
… lobe
landmarks of the frontal lobe
largest (1/3 of hemisphere)
primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
premotor cortex
prefrontal cortex
brocas area
primary motor cortex - Broadmann area
just in front of
commander of
initiate and control
premotor cortex: Brodmann area
plan and initiate
4
- central sulcus
- motor movement
- voluntary and skilled movements of skeletal muscles contralaterally
6
complex and skilled movements
Homunculus
the allocation of
the areas assigned to various body parts on the cortex are proportional not to their ? but rather to the
motor function to the motor cortex
size/complexity of movements they can perform
The prefrontal cortex:
related to ?
broca’s area: brodmann area
produces
matches the ?
motor speech center:
personality, cognitive functions (reasoning planning decision making), moderating correct social behavior and speech
44,45
spoken language
sounds of words to the specific mouth tongue and throat movements required to articulate them
planning and organizing speech movements
function of frontal lobe: -initiate -cognitive ? - - -.. and ...
motor movement cognitive functions: abstract thinking, problem solving, planning (impaired cognition) -personality -behavior -speech and language
possible associated symptoms of impaired frontal lobe:
... paralysis -impaired -changed .... social behavior ... ....
contralateral -cognition -personality -inappropriate or uninhibited social behavior broca's aphasia apraxia of speech
temporal lobe landmark the primary auditory cortex -brodmann areas ...gyrus near the processing of ?
41,42
heschl’s gyrus
lateral sulcus
auditory sound info
temporal lobe landmark:
wernickes
brodmann area?
in ? hemisphere
analysis of?
comprehension of ?
storage and retrieval of?
retrieval of?
area
-22
language dominant hemisphere (usually left)
- speech sounds
- spoken language
- mental representations of words and word meanings
- grammatical rules
temporal lobe and associated symptoms: function of temporal lobe: -.. comprehension - -
-.. disturbance
-lost ?
auditory
- memory
- music
- aphasia (wernickes)
- memory disturbance
- lost appreciation of rhythm and music
Parietal lobe landmark
- primary
- aka
- integrate ?
sensory cortex
- postcentral gyrus
- sensory info from various parts of the body
-
related to
angular gyrus (brodmann area 39)
supramarginal gyrus (brodmann area 40)
calculation, reading, writing
Parietal lobe functions and associated symptoms:
function:
possible associated symptoms:
-… loss
-…
-
sensory
some language functions, reading, writing
- contralateral sensory loss
- alexia - reading disorder
- agraphia = writing disorder
- aphasia
occipital lobe landmark:
… lobe
-primary and ?
smallest lobe
-visual cortex (brodmann area 17) /visual association areas
occipital lobe functions and associated symptoms: function
associated symptoms
visual processing
vision impairment
facts about blood-brain barrier:
blood provides brain cells with
blood removes
average of?
about… of the body’s blood and … of its oxygen goes to the brain at any time
without adequate blood supply the brain cannot ? and cell bodies can be ?
nutrition (oxygen and glucose)
waste and carbon dioxide from nerve cells
750 mL of blood is pumped to the brain per minute
20%/25%
function properly/permanently damaged
vascular network:
arteries
capillaries
veins
carry oxygenated blood to the brain
terminal extension of arterial network
return deoxygenated blood back to heart
cerebrovascular supply: blood gets to the brain via -carotid arteries -external carotid: internal carotid: - -
vertebral arteries:
- join to form
- posterior?
goes to face and neck
goes to brain
-anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
-middle cerebral artery (MCA)
BASILAR ARTERY
Posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)
-
-
supplies
many branches including:
common carotid arteries
external carotid arteries
internal carotid arteries
majority of blood to the cerebrum
- anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
- middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Vertebral arterial system
has many branches including
-
-
supplies ? as well as the ?
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
-posterior regions of the cerebrum/ brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
MCA supplies blood to areas of the brain that are mainly responsible for ?
aphasia is usually due to a ?
speech and language production
stroke that affects the MCA in the left hemisphere
circle of willis:
named for 17th century anatomist/physician :
joins the brain’s two ?
allows for ?
thomas willis
arterial sources of blood (anastamoses)
collateral blood flow in the event that an artery is blocked
circle of willis brings together the ?
internal carotid artery (ACA and MCA) and vertebral basilar artery (PCA)
venous drainage of brain
internal veins, venous sinuses, internal jugular veins, heart
blood brain barrier:
prevents ?
consist of ? in the blood vessels and the ?
can be damaged by ?
harmful substances in the blood from getting into brain tissue
endothelial cells / astrocytes immediately surrounding blood vessels
brain injury and some drugs
