Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Honors Biology Topics > Brain and Senses > Flashcards

Brain and Senses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Do you use only 10% of your brain?

A

No, each different activity might use 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is your brain fixed for life once you’re an adult?

A

No, changes are constant and continuous because stem cells are present; mature neurons do not divide, but stem cells have been found in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are neurons the only nervous system cells?

A

No, glia/glial cells can trigger neuron activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is the brain gray?

A

No, the brain is red, black, white, and gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does listening to Mozart make you smarter?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is it true that once your brain is full, you can’t fit anymore information in it?

A

Not true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is it true that you only have one learning style?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Should you study in the same quiet space?

A

No, your brain makes more connections around sights and sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many neurons are in the brain?

A

86 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many connections do you have in your brain?

A

10-100 trillion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are neurons connected?

A

In densely packed groups, in which the groups are connected to help form thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cell body/soma of a nerve cell?

A

Contains the neuron’s nucleus and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are dendrites?

A

The connections of the nerve cell that bring body information to the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an axon?

A

A long extension of a nerve cell that takes information away from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is myelin?

A

Coating/insulation of the axon that increases the transmission speed along the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Summarize nerve cell impulses:

A

An electrical current that travels along dendrites or axons due to ions moving through voltage-gages channels in the neuron’s plasma membrane. Uses active transport and sodium potassium pumps to sends signals. Exterior of cell is positive; interior has a negative charge —> resting potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Are all neurons electrically excitable (difference of charge across their membrane)?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 speeds of nerve cells?

A

Gray and white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Collections of nerve cells that do not have myelin (slower transfer, about 20 mph, at much shorter distances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is white matter?

A

Collections of nerve cells that have myelin (faster signal transfer at 200 mph to 300 mph)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neurons are specialized to send messages to what type of cells?

A

Target cells (messages pass at a synapse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Close associations that allow nerve cells to send electrical or chemical messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A typical neuron has about how many synapses?

A

About 1,000 to 10,000 synapses with other neurons, muscle cells, glands, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who has the most basic nervous systems?

A

Cnidarians (jellyfish, hydra, etc) with no brains and planaria because they have parallel nerve cords that extend to the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 parts of the vertebrate brain?

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the hindbrain do?

A

Coordinates incoming sensory info and outgoing motor instructions. It contains centers that regulate breathing and blood circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the main part of the hindbrain?

A

The cerebellum – important for motor control (coordination)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, alertness, and temp. regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the parts of the forebrain?

A

Cerebral cortex, thalamus/hypothalamus, and hippocampus/amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Movement and smell

31
Q

What does the parietal lobe control?

A

Somatic sensation

32
Q

What does the occipital lobe control?

A

Vision

33
Q

What does the temporal lobe control?

A

Hearing and formation of memory (hippocampus)

34
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A long, bundle of specialized nerve fibers that run from the brain to the tail

35
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Sends motor information ad receives information from the senses

36
Q

What directly stimulates muscle contraction – somatic nerve (control muscles)?

A

Motor neurons

37
Q

What does the spinal cord also control?

A

Automatic functions and involuntary activities (heart rate, digestion, and respiration)

38
Q

How does the brain process?

A

Priming and context

39
Q

Sensation and perception involved three steps by the sense cells and are:

A

Transduction, transmission, and integration

40
Q

What is transduction?

A

Change the energy of the stimulus into electrical signals

41
Q

What is transmission?

A

Moving the message from the receptor cell to the CNS

42
Q

What is integration?

A

Forming mental images of the world from the sense messages (brain)

43
Q

What is sound?

A

Pulsations of air molecules — waves of pressure

44
Q

Best human ears hear around how many different tones?

A

340,000

45
Q

What is the mammalian ear?

A

3 chambers – the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear

46
Q

What does the outer ear do?

A

Collects sound waves and channels them through the auditory canal to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and the eardrum vibrates

47
Q

What does the middle ear do?

A

It’s filled with air, which enters through the Eustachian tubes from the throat

48
Q

What opens the Eustachian tubes to allow air pressure to equalize?

A

Swallowing, chewing, and yawning

49
Q

What does the inner ear do?

A

Three small bones (malleus incus, and stapes) transmit the movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. In the inner ear, sound is transferred to the cochlea and hair cells detect the motion of the fluid in the cochlea

50
Q

What are other functions of hair cells?

A

Fish and frogs hair cells detect changes in water movements and humans’ semicircular canals determines the position of the head (moves with gravity)

51
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Specialized light-sensitive cells that convert the light image into electrical signals that the brain can interpret

52
Q

What is an eye cup?

A

Vision in planaria that can detect light and dark but no image is formed

53
Q

What is a compound eye?

A

Found in insects with a collection of thousands of individual eyes that detect many images

54
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The part of the eye tissue that is transparent and lets light enter

55
Q

What is the iris?

A

Muscular donut-shaped disk that gives eye color, surrounds pupil, and controls the amount of light that enters the eye

56
Q

What is the retina?

A

Inner layer that has photoreceptors; photographic film

57
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The focusing of objects at different distances. Light travels through the pupil and is focused by the lens. Images are transduced by the retina

58
Q

The elastic lens is altered based on the distance the object is from the eye in what type of organism?

A

Mammals; as we age, the lens is less able to adjust (presbyopia)

59
Q

What are rod cells?

A

Most dense around the retina’s edge and are extremely light-sensitive and produce colorless poorly defined images

60
Q

What are cone cells?

A

Photoreceptors that are made for full-color vision in bright light and are concentrated in the central portion of the retina (the macula and fovea)

61
Q

Each cone can detect how many hues?

A

100

62
Q

Trichromats can see how many colors?

A

1,000,000 colors

63
Q

Genes for cones come on the …

A

X chromosome

64
Q

What is colorblindness?

A

Lacking one of the cone pigments usually in males. Inherit two red cones and a blue cone OR two green cones and a blue cone. Can see 10,000 colors with red-green being the most common colorblindness

65
Q

What is tetrachromats?

A

These people have extra cones usually women that inherit and turn on two different red cones and green and blue that can see 100 million colors

66
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Cloudy spots that form in the lens and can obscure vision and lead to blindness

67
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Results from too much pressure in the eye

68
Q

How do we detect taste?

A

Taste receptors bind to small molecules and taste sensation depends on taste buds on the tongue and in the digestive tract. One taste bud is 50 modified epithelial cells. Some respond to dissolved chemicals while others provide support

69
Q

How is taste classified?

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and UMAMI (savory)

70
Q

A single taste bud can detect …

A

all 5 tastes (buds in different locations can be more sensitive to some tastes)

71
Q

How do we detect smells?

A

Olfaction — more sensitive than taste. Human noses can distinguish between 1 trillion diff. odors. There are 100 to 1,000 distinct types of odor receptors, which lie in the olfactory epithelium of the nose and connect to the brain’s olfactory bulb

72
Q

Somatic sensory systems report on information from 3 sources:

A
  1. external world
  2. positions of body parts
  3. interior of body
73
Q

What are the 5 receptors?

A

Touch, position, temp., pain, and itch

74
Q

What is the homunculus?

A

Image of how the brain sees the body relative to nerve density (fingertips have more nerves than the back)

Honors Biology Topics (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions