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psychology > brain and neruopsychology > Flashcards

brain and neruopsychology Flashcards

paper 2 section C

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1
Q

motor cortex

A

control deliberate movements using motor neurons, active areas have a larger share of cortex e.g. hands

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2
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

control sensory feeling, touch in particular, more sensitive areas have a larger share

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3
Q

visual cortex

A

control vision by receiving information from both eyes through optic nerves

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4
Q

auditory cortex

A

hearing

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5
Q

angular gyrus

A

receive info about written language and interprets it like speech

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6
Q

evaluation of hebb’s theory ++

A

P- scientific basis
E- raises psychologies status as a science, development of cognitive neuroscience
T- high internal

P- application to education
E- experiment on rats, rats raised in a more stimulating environment are able to find their way through a maze
T- high external

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7
Q

tulving’s gold memory study

A

aim = to find a connection between memory and brain activity
method = 6 people injected with a radioactive gold isotope, they then though of old or new episodic and semantic memories then a PET scan was taken
results = episodic memories produce activity in the frontal and temporal lobes, semantic memories in parietal and occipital lobes, recency of memory had no effect

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8
Q

motor neuron

A

( appears as sensory and relay neurons attached)
stimulates muscles for movement by sending messages from the brain to muscle, begins in spinal cord then the long axon leads muscle then dendrites spread and connects to muscle

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9
Q

the fight or flight response

A
  • automatic reaction to threat
  • stimulated by the ANS, maintained by the endocrine system
  • activates body’s energy reserve
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10
Q

divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic = sets off arousal
parasympathetic = stores energy when we are not under threat

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11
Q

sensory neuron

A

(long one)
- carries information from sense organs to the CNS
- dendrites connect to others

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12
Q

physical reactions to fight of flight

A
  • heart rate increase to boost respiration, providing more energy to escape
  • sweating to cool you while running
  • prioritise blood flow to heart and limbs
  • neglecting saliva production leading to dry mouth
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13
Q

synapse

A

tiny gaps between neurons

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

a special chemical released by neurons to pass information

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15
Q

vesicles

A

tiny sacs released by the synaptic knob containing neurotransmitters

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16
Q

james lange theory of emotion

A

event - arousal - interpretation - emotion
1. event activates the sympathetic division
2. release of adrenalin causing arousal
3. brain interprets changes as emotion

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17
Q

how do strokes happen and what are the symptoms

A
  • interruption to brain’s blood supply
  • recovery possible but hard
    symptoms = slurred speech, less functioning of muscles on one side, dragging face muscles
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18
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • coordinate movement
  • thinking
  • memory
  • decision making
  • language
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19
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • autonomic and somatic nervous systems
  • stems throughout the body
  • collects and sends information around the whole body
19
Q

synaptic transmission

A
  1. electric impulses reach the end of axon
  2. vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse
  3. neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bond to receptors on the next neuron
20
Q

human nervous system diagram

A

human nervous system
/ \
central system peripheral system
/ \ / \
brain spinal cord autonomic somatic
/ \
sympathetic parasympathetic

20
Q

hebb’s theory of learning and neuronal growth

A
  • learning creates new connections between neurons
  • repeated connections make neuronal growth
  • group of neurons firing = cell assemblies
  • more we use the cell assemblies, the stronger they get
  • brain is plastic and can adapt, change structure and form connections
21
Q

relay neurons

A

(circular ones)
- pass messages to other neurons in the CNS

22
Q

what is a PET scan

A
  • inject a small amount of radioactive chemical
  • highlight areas of activity
  • active cells use more blood then passive
23
Q

positive and negative of a PET scan

A

+ very useful
- risk of radioactivity

24
Q

penfield’s cortex study

A

aim = investigate conscious minds
method = electric impulses sent to different areas of the cortex
results = when temporal lobe is stimulated, patients hear piano or orchestra playing, visual cortex found seeing a balloon in the sky, sensory area creates the sensation of being touched

25
Q

evaluation of penfield study +-

A

P - support for localisation
E - shows areas have different functions
T- high internal

P - cannot be generalised
E - only epileptic patients severe enough to undergo brain surgery
T - low external

26
Q

function of the occipital lobe

A

all visual info ( colour, shape, dimension )

27
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

automatic functions, balance coordination

28
Q

the autonomic nervous system

A
  • takes info to and from the CNS
  • use info from our internal organs to coordinate functioning
  • respond to stressful / emotional events
  • control involuntary actions
29
Q

how quickly does the ANS respond

A

slowly as there is no myelin sheath

30
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • network of sense receptors
  • nerve fibres pass info from CNS using sensory and motor neurons so we can feel and move
  • control voluntary actions
31
Q

how fast does the SNS respond

A

quickly as there is a myelin sheath

32
Q

what is an fMRI scan

A
  • explores brain activity and cognition
  • water molecules in the brain have tiny magnetic fields, influenced by the strong magnetic field of the scanner
33
Q

positive and negative of an fMRI

A

+ accurate, no x ray or radiation
- expensive, must be 100% still

34
Q

what are the effects of neurological harm

A

injury to spinal cord = paralysis
injury to motor neuron = brain cannot message your muscles
injury to sensory neuron = no feeling in affected area

35
Q

what is a CT scan

A
  • pictures of x ray ‘slices’ to make full brain image
  • show some tissue
  • show distinction of bone and nerve cell bodies and myelinated nerve fibres
36
Q

positive and negative of CT scan

A

+ shows tumours and blood clots
- lots of radiation

37
Q

evaluation james lange theory of emotion –

A

P - not convincing
E - to make the theory convincing, we would have bad to find different arousal for each emotion
T - low internal

P - ignores alternative explanations
E - there is also an aspect of interpreting situations and making a decision
T - low internal

38
Q

knee jerk explanation

A
  1. when the knee is tapped, it stimulates sense receptors that generate electric impulses that are collected by sensory neurons and sent to the CNS
  2. CNS passes impulse to relay neurons, in turn stimulating motor neurons which carry the impulse to the leg muscles making the leg jerk
39
Q

evaluation of tulvings gold memory study +-

A

P - support for localisation
E - he was the first to investigate on live brains
T - high internal

P - sample
E - only 6 participants and only 3 of them showed clear results
T - low population

40
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

controls thought, memory, planning, problem solving, face expressions

41
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

all sensory behaviours, language, basis for complex ideas

42
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

hearing, comprehension of spoken info

43
Q

broca’s area

A
  • frontal lobe
  • speech production
  • if damaged, can develop brocas aphasia = can understand what is said to you but cannot speak back
44
Q

wernickes area

A
  • temporal lobe
  • understanding speech
  • if damaged develop wernickes aphasia = can speak but unable to understand what is said back

psychology (8 decks)

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