Brain and Language Flashcards
Reflexes are
preprogrammed, involuntary, stereotype, responses to specific stimuli
Newborn reflexes
grasping, rooting, sucking, stepping, swimming, moro (startle), babinski (stroke side of feet, toes will fan out), tonic neck (if you turn the babies head that side of their body will extend)
When do newborn reflexes disappear?
By the end of first year (2-6 month range)
What shift in control happens?
Subcortical to cortical structures
What is SIDS?
Unexplained death that occurs from birth to 1 year
When is SIDS at the highest risk?
2 to 6 months
Triple Risk SIDS Model
- Critical period of development when moving to cortical structures 2. Individual underlying vulnerability 3. environmental challenge to breathing
Risk factors for SIDS
stomach sleeping, soft mattresses, cigarette smoke, low birth weight, bed sharing
COL 1. Phonology
phonemes- fundamental units of sound in a given language and rules for combining them
COL 2. Semantics
meanings of individual words and combinations
COL 3. Grammar
rules about language structure, morphology, morpheme- fundamental unit of meaning and rules for combining to build words, syntax- rules for combining words into sentences/phrases
COL 4. Prosody
patterns of intonation, stress, etc, rhythmic aspect of language can convey meaning
COL 5. Pragmatics
social conventions around language use
PS 1. Perception
innate sensitivity to language, newborns prefer speech sounds, young infants “universal listeners”, by 10-12 months specialize
PS 2. Production
6-8 weeks cooing, 3-6 months babbling, 9-10 months speech like babbling
PS 3. Gestures
proto imperative pointing (using a gesture as a command or request), proto declarative (gesture to show/invite interest and attention)
Habituation
gradual decline in response to a repeated stimulus
Dishabituation
recovery of response when stimulus changes
Slower Habituation is seen in
preterm, younger, low birth weight, some brain injury
Classical Conditioning
unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response)
Reinforcement
increases frequency of behavior. positive reinforcement: ADD increases behavior with an added reward, negative reinforcement: REMOVE increases behavior when something negative is taken away
Punishment
decrease frequency of behavior, positive punishment: ADDING something to stop a behavior, negative punishment: REMOVE something to stop a behavior
Imitation
present early in infancy, probably from birth (newborn facial imitation)
Differed imitation
behavior is modeled, stop, then chance to imitate
Excitatory connections
“fire” send it on
Inhibitory connections
“don’t fire”
SSRI’s are
reuptake blockers, more neurotransmitters stay in synapse for longer, more time to take effect (some drugs can block receptors)
10 m/sec without
insulation (unmyelinated axon)
Glial cell
creates fatty insulation, makes neuron process faster
Myelin
fatty insulation
100 m/sec or more with
myelinated axon
proliferation
generating neurons, happening prenatally
Migration
neurons travel to final location in brain
Differentiation
neurons take on specialized form and function
Synaptogenesis
creating connections between neurons prenatal and postnatal
Preterm Birth
<37 weeks gestational age (10% in US)
Preterm Birth Causes and Risks
50% unknown, infection/uterine overdistension/fetal abnormalities, maternal health issues, previous preterm birth, multiples (twins), lack of prenatal care, young or old mothers (17 and under or 35 and older)
One word Stage
12-20 months, familiar people, pets, objects, some actions (give), modifiers (dirty, all gone), social (hi/bye)
Whole Object Bias
referring to whole object or being rather than a part of it
Mutual exclusivity bias
each object has one label
18-20 months
Vocabulary spurt/explosion
One Word Stage Common errors
overextension error- apply label too broadly
Underextension error
Apply label too narrowly
Productive Language
what you can say
Two Word Stage Telegraphic Speech
beyond two words add adjectives, pronouns, conjunctions, questions, verb inflections
Theoretical Perspectives
Language is acquisition, universal, orderly, rapid, effortless, largely untaught, generative
Two word stage common errors
Over regularization- used irregular verbs correctly now apply the regular rule too broadly
Broca’s area
left frontal, near motor cortex, Broca’s/expressive aphasia
Wernicke’s Area
Left temporal, near auditory cortex, wernick’s/receptive aphasia
Linguistic Theory
language learning is modular, language learning module, input: language and environment, processing: language module, output: comprehension
“universal grammer”
basic template for language
