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Anatomy 1 - Test 3 > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Name the protective coverings of the brain.
A
  1. Meninges - specifically dura mater arachnoid pia mater
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2
Q
  1. Name and locate the brain ventricles. (What is a ventricle?)
A
  1. Ventricles are cavities in the brain. The cerebrum has the lateral ventricles the diencephalon has the third ventricles and the brainstem has the fourth ventricle
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3
Q
  1. Describe how these ventricles interconnect.
A
  1. The lateral and third ventricles connect through the interventricular foramen the third and fourth ventricles connect through the cerebral aqueduct.
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4
Q
  1. Explain the formation of CSF and describe its circulation.
A
  1. Formed from blood in the choroid plexus which line the ventricles - especially in the lateral ventricles. It circulates as described in number 3 and then in the subarachnoid space of brain & spinal cord.
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5
Q
  1. Describe the function of CSF.
A
  1. Cushion nourishment and transport of nutrients/waste
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6
Q
  1. Name the 4 main parts of the brain.
A
  1. Cerebrum cerebellum brainstem and diencephalon
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7
Q
  1. Name the 3 parts of the brain stem and describe their locations.
A
  1. Medulla oblongata is most inferior pons is just above it and mesencephalon is above the pons
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8
Q
  1. Which cranial nerves originate from the brain stem?
A
  1. III-XII
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9
Q
  1. Explain why the right cerebrum controls left muscular movements of the body.
A
  1. At the pyramids the pathways (both motor and sensory) cross to the other side of the body.
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10
Q
  1. Describe the functions of the medulla oblongata.
A
  1. Connects brain and spinal cord vital functions are controlled here such as breathing blood pressure and heart functions houses the reticular activating system which causes you to be awake when stimulated and coordinates other reflexes such as swallowing vomiting…
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11
Q
  1. Describe the function of the reticular formations (Reticular Activating System).
A
  1. Controls consciousness and sleep.
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12
Q
  1. Describe the function of the pons.
A
  1. Bridges the parts of the brain - e.g. cerebellum and medulla. Also helps regulate breathing.
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13
Q
  1. Describe the function of all of the parts of the mesencephalon.
A
  1. Cerebral peduncles are important centers for descending motor pathways. Superior colliculi are responsible for visual reflexes and inferior colliculi are responsible for auditory reflexes.
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14
Q
  1. Name the 2 main components of the diencephalon. Describe their locations and functions.
A
  1. Thalamus is superior to mesencephalon and is the main sensory relay center. All sensory information passes through the thalamus except smell. Thalamus send the important sensory information along to the cerebrum but stops unimportant sensory information. The hypothalamus is just below the thalamus. It is the center for homeostasis activities such as hunger thirst temperature it regulates the autonomic nervous system is responsible for emotions such as rage and makes some important hormones.
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15
Q
  1. Name the largest portion of the human brain.
A
  1. Cerebrum
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16
Q
  1. Define cerebral cortex.
A
  1. Gray matter (outer cerebrum) of cerebrum.
17
Q
  1. Define gyrus convolution sulcus and fissure as they relate to the cerebrum.
A
  1. A gyrus or a convolution is the bump or fold of the cerebrum. The sulcus is the dip between the convolutions and a fissure is a big dip.
18
Q
  1. Name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum.
A
  1. Temporal Frontal Parietal and Occipital
19
Q
  1. Name the 3 fiber tracts in the white matter of the cerebrum. Describe their general functions.
A
  1. Commissural fibers (primarily the corpus callosum) go from one hemisphere to the other; association fibers interconnect within a lobe of the cerebrum and projection fibers are the ascending sensory pathways and the descending motor pathways.
20
Q
  1. Name the furrow that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres. How are these hemispheres internally connected?
A
  1. Longitudinal fissure. They are internally connected by the corpus callosum.
21
Q
  1. Name the surface layer of gray matter of the cerebrum. Name the gray matter just deep to this.
A
  1. Cerebral cortex Basal nuclei which “fine tunes” motor activity.
22
Q
  1. Name the 9 main functional areas of the cerebral cortex. Describe the basic functions of each area and their general location (i.e. lobe).
A
  1. Motor (voluntary movement) Premotor (repetitive stereotyped movement) motor speech area (talking) are in the frontal lobe. General sensory taste are in the parietal lobe. Hearing and Olfaction are in the temporal lobe. Vision is in the occipital lobe. Association areas responsible for intelligence and thought are throughout all lobes.
23
Q
  1. Describe the general function of the basal nuclei.
A
  1. Smoothing out motor activity
24
Q
  1. Describe the location and function of the limbic system.
A
  1. Cerebrum and diencephalon. Responsible for emotions related to survival such as finding sex pleasurable relates to the survival of humans.
25
Q
  1. Contrast functions of the left vs right hemispheres of the brain.
A
  1. Generally left brain controls right hand speech and analytical skills; right brain controls artistic abilities thinking in 3-D and left hand.
26
Q
  1. Describe the location and function of the cerebellum. Name the furrow that divides the cerebellum from the cerebrum.
A
  1. Location is inferior & posterior brain and it is control of coordination and equilibrium. The transverse fissure separates it from cerebrum.
27
Q
  1. Define cranial and mixed nerve.
A
  1. Nerve going to or from brain mixed contains both sensory and motor info. They are all mixed except I II VIII.
28
Q
  1. Name the cranial nerves their function whether they are mixed and through which foramen/foramina each travels.
A
  1. See cranial nerve page.
29
Q
  1. Describe the sensory pathways to the brain.
A
  1. Ascending and crosses to the other side at the pyramids.
30
Q
  1. Describe the motor pathways away from the brain.
A
  1. Descending. If it goes through the pyramids it crosses to the other side of the body and consists of two neurons the UMN in the CNS and then the neuron going to the effector in the PNS the LMN. This pathway is known as the corticospinal pathway. If it does not go through the pyramids it is an ipsilateral polysynaptic pathway involved more with posture rather than voluntary movement.
31
Q
  1. Define UMN (upper motor neuron) and LMN (lower motor neuron).
A
  1. UMN is motor neuron in CNS and LMN is motor neuron in PNS
32
Q
  1. Describe some possible mechanisms of memory.
A
  1. Anatomical changes synapse changes more synaptic pathways more neurotransmitter.

Anatomy 1 - Test 3 (3 decks)

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