Brain and behaviour Flashcards
What are the neural correlates of memory?
Episodic memory: involves the medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus and the parahippocampal cortex
Name and define each of the stages of the memory process.
Registration– input from senses into the memory system Encoding – processing and combining of received information Storage – holding of that input in the memory system Retrieval – recovering stored information from the memory system (remembering)
What is the misinformation effect?
Distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information
What is the difference between the recall of a victim compared to an onlooker?
Fear improves recall Victims remember everything better than onlookers
State two strategies for enhancing memory.
By assimilation – linking words with previous knowledge/giving words a meaning Learn by mnemonics
What are the two types of long-term memory?
Non-declarative (implicit)– familiarity with something, knowledge of how to interact with object or in situation without thinking about it Called procedural memory for actions and behaviours Complex activities can be carried out without thinking Declarative– store of our knowledge
What are the two types of declarative memory?
Episodic– memory related to personal experience (e.g. knowing what you did last night) Semantic– memory for facts and what we think of as general knowledge (e.g. knowing the capital of France)
What are the types of non-declarative memory?
Procedural Priming Conditioning Non-associative learning
What areas of the brain are mainly associated with language?
95% of right-handed people have left-hemisphere dominance for language 18.8% of left-handed people have right-hemisphere dominance for language function. Additionally, 19.8% of the left-handed have bilateral language functions.
What are the main types of aphasia?
Broca’s (expressive) Aphasia Wernicke’s (receptive) Aphasia
What are the characteristics of Broca’s aphasia?
Non-fluent speech Impaired repetition Poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences Intact comprehension
What are the characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia?
Problems in comprehending speech (input or reception of language) Fluent meaningless speech Paraphasias – errors in producing specific words Semantic paraphasias – substituting words similar in meaning (“barn” –“house”) Phonemic paraphasias – substituting words similar in sound (“house” –“mouse”) Neologisms – non words (“galump”) Poor repetition Impairment in writing
What is the language circuit?
- Primary auditory cortex 2. Wernicke’s area 3. Arcuate fasciculus 4. Broca’s area 5. Motor cortex
What is executive functioning
•Executive functioning skills are the mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully.
What is dysexecutive syndrome?
•Dysexecutive syndrome involves the disruption of executive function and is closely related to frontal lobe damage
