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brain and behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

where are neurotransmitter molecules most commonly secreted from?

A

axon terminal

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2
Q

what is another term that could also mean ‘superior’

A

dorsal

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3
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

temporal cortical lobe

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4
Q

what is a neuron’s charge during its resting potential?

A

negative

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5
Q

what are the chemical signals released into the synaptic cleft by a neuron called?

A

neurotransmitters

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6
Q

What is a harmless substance with no physiological effect?

A

placebo

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7
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by the motor axons of the CNS

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system comprised of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

what are big sulci called?

A

fissures

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10
Q

the spinal gray matter has 4 arms; among those are two:

A

ventral roots

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11
Q

what are drugs that facilitate the postsynaptic receptor effects called

A

agonists

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12
Q

what would damage to the basal ganglia produce difficulties in

A

motor movements

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13
Q

what is parallel to the midline section of the brain is

A

saggital section

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14
Q

where is CSF produced in

A

choroid plexus

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15
Q

which system would be active if you had just had an auto-mobile accident

A

sympathetic division

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16
Q

which lobe of the cortex is the primary visual cortex in

A

occipital lobe

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17
Q

what are all neurons with an axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma?

A

multipolar

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
At rest, a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70mV, it is polarised and has a negative charge

A

TRUE

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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
once generated, another action potential can occur immediately after

A

FALSE

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
there is a resting potential of -70mV across the membrane

A

TRUE

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
during depolarisation, Na+ ions enter the cell

A

TRUE

22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Action potentials travel from the axon hillock towards synaptic terminals

A

TRUE

23
Q

what does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion assert?

A

Autonomic arousal and our feelings of emotion occur simultaneously

24
Q

what type of stressor is the trier test

A

a psychosocial stressor

25
Q

what are the required emotional aspects to elicit a conditioned emotional response

A

autonomic response, behavioural response, endocrine response

26
Q

which brain structure is the primary source of norepinephrine

A

locus coeruleus

27
Q

alexithymia is characterised by:

A

inability to identify and describe one’s feelings

28
Q

what is eustress?

A

distress caused by positive stressors

29
Q

what is an example of an autonomic symptom of the stress response

A

increased heart rate

30
Q

what happens to people with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

A

-endorse more nomoral decisions than healthy controls
-endorse more impersonal moral decisions than healthy controls
-endorse more personal moral decision than healthy controls

31
Q

which region plays a crucial role in the extinction of the conditioned emotional response

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

32
Q

what is NOT a main hormone of the human APA axis

A

Thyroxine

33
Q

which hormones influence emotion recognition

A

cortisol, oxytocin, testosterone

34
Q

what is an example of a somatic symptom of the stress response

A

headache

35
Q

what is emotional contagion

A

automatic response to another person’s emotional expressions

36
Q

which structure is not involved in releasing the main hormones of the human HPA axis

A

pineal gland

37
Q

what is the name of Gross’ mode for emotional regulation

A

process model of emotional regulation

38
Q

which feeling, that induces a stress response, is most commonly experienced during interviews?

A

feeling of evaluation

39
Q

what is autism characterised by?

A

differences in communication and interactions
repetitive or specific patterns of behaviour, areas of interest, or activities

40
Q

what are the effects of heroin?

A

sedation, analgesia, hypothermia

41
Q

what is the strategy used to hide autistic characteristics?

A

masking

42
Q

how can twin studies explain the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors in drug abuse and addiction? what were the main results of these studies? how can genetic variance explain susceptibility to alcoholism?

A

twin studies we can compare identical and fraternal twins. identical have the same genetic material, which fraternal only have about 50%.

both twins tend to share similar environments growing up in the same family, same school, etc.
if genetics play an important role, then the identical ones will be more similar in terms of drug abuse and addiction compared to the fraternal.
however, if environment plays a more important role, then identical and non-identical twins should be similar in terms of drug addiction.

in a large twin study, it was found that environment played a stronger role in drug use, while genetics play a stronger role in determining whether or not the person becomes addicted. it also showed that the level of heredity for addiction varies between 40-60% depending on the abused substance. (e.g. the level of heredity is higher for opiates compared to cannabis). in alcoholism, different gene varieties can explain the variability of how alcohol is metabolised. different gene varieties can be linked to the differences in brain chemistry.

this means that some people will be more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of drugs compared to others. the more sensitivity to reinforcing effects means more likely to become addicted.

43
Q

which neurotransmitter is NOT associated with arousal

A

dopamine

44
Q

why is autism under diagnosed in women and girls?

A

girls and women may show a different pattern of autistic features

45
Q

what does the common aspect of natural reinforcers relate to

A

the release of dopamine with the nucleus accumbens

46
Q

when drug-related stimuli elicit cravings in individuals, this is an example of:

A

classical conditioning

47
Q

what are some known causes of insomnia?

A

epilepsy medication, shift work patterns, being old

48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
intellectual disability is more prevalent among autistic girls and women

A

TRUE

49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
intellectual disability and autistic features overlap

A

FALSE

50
Q

which of the factors is not implicated in the control of sleep?

-hydrostatic
-circadian
-allostatic
-homeostatic

A

hydrostatic

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
half of autistic people also have a diagnosis of intellectual disability

A

FALSE

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
intellectual disability is a defining feature of autism

A

FALSE

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