brain and behaviour Flashcards
where are neurotransmitter molecules most commonly secreted from?
axon terminal
what is another term that could also mean ‘superior’
dorsal
where is the primary auditory cortex located?
temporal cortical lobe
what is a neuron’s charge during its resting potential?
negative
what are the chemical signals released into the synaptic cleft by a neuron called?
neurotransmitters
What is a harmless substance with no physiological effect?
placebo
what is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by the motor axons of the CNS
Acetylcholine
What is the peripheral nervous system comprised of?
the brain and spinal cord
what are big sulci called?
fissures
the spinal gray matter has 4 arms; among those are two:
ventral roots
what are drugs that facilitate the postsynaptic receptor effects called
agonists
what would damage to the basal ganglia produce difficulties in
motor movements
what is parallel to the midline section of the brain is
saggital section
where is CSF produced in
choroid plexus
which system would be active if you had just had an auto-mobile accident
sympathetic division
which lobe of the cortex is the primary visual cortex in
occipital lobe
what are all neurons with an axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma?
multipolar
TRUE OR FALSE:
At rest, a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70mV, it is polarised and has a negative charge
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
once generated, another action potential can occur immediately after
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE:
there is a resting potential of -70mV across the membrane
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
during depolarisation, Na+ ions enter the cell
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Action potentials travel from the axon hillock towards synaptic terminals
TRUE
what does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion assert?
Autonomic arousal and our feelings of emotion occur simultaneously
what type of stressor is the trier test
a psychosocial stressor
what are the required emotional aspects to elicit a conditioned emotional response
autonomic response, behavioural response, endocrine response
which brain structure is the primary source of norepinephrine
locus coeruleus
alexithymia is characterised by:
inability to identify and describe one’s feelings
what is eustress?
distress caused by positive stressors
what is an example of an autonomic symptom of the stress response
increased heart rate
what happens to people with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?
-endorse more nomoral decisions than healthy controls
-endorse more impersonal moral decisions than healthy controls
-endorse more personal moral decision than healthy controls
which region plays a crucial role in the extinction of the conditioned emotional response
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
what is NOT a main hormone of the human APA axis
Thyroxine
which hormones influence emotion recognition
cortisol, oxytocin, testosterone
what is an example of a somatic symptom of the stress response
headache
what is emotional contagion
automatic response to another person’s emotional expressions
which structure is not involved in releasing the main hormones of the human HPA axis
pineal gland
what is the name of Gross’ mode for emotional regulation
process model of emotional regulation
which feeling, that induces a stress response, is most commonly experienced during interviews?
feeling of evaluation
what is autism characterised by?
differences in communication and interactions
repetitive or specific patterns of behaviour, areas of interest, or activities
what are the effects of heroin?
sedation, analgesia, hypothermia
what is the strategy used to hide autistic characteristics?
masking
how can twin studies explain the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors in drug abuse and addiction? what were the main results of these studies? how can genetic variance explain susceptibility to alcoholism?
twin studies we can compare identical and fraternal twins. identical have the same genetic material, which fraternal only have about 50%.
both twins tend to share similar environments growing up in the same family, same school, etc.
if genetics play an important role, then the identical ones will be more similar in terms of drug abuse and addiction compared to the fraternal.
however, if environment plays a more important role, then identical and non-identical twins should be similar in terms of drug addiction.
in a large twin study, it was found that environment played a stronger role in drug use, while genetics play a stronger role in determining whether or not the person becomes addicted. it also showed that the level of heredity for addiction varies between 40-60% depending on the abused substance. (e.g. the level of heredity is higher for opiates compared to cannabis). in alcoholism, different gene varieties can explain the variability of how alcohol is metabolised. different gene varieties can be linked to the differences in brain chemistry.
this means that some people will be more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of drugs compared to others. the more sensitivity to reinforcing effects means more likely to become addicted.
which neurotransmitter is NOT associated with arousal
dopamine
why is autism under diagnosed in women and girls?
girls and women may show a different pattern of autistic features
what does the common aspect of natural reinforcers relate to
the release of dopamine with the nucleus accumbens
when drug-related stimuli elicit cravings in individuals, this is an example of:
classical conditioning
what are some known causes of insomnia?
epilepsy medication, shift work patterns, being old
TRUE OR FALSE:
intellectual disability is more prevalent among autistic girls and women
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
intellectual disability and autistic features overlap
FALSE
which of the factors is not implicated in the control of sleep?
-hydrostatic
-circadian
-allostatic
-homeostatic
hydrostatic
TRUE OR FALSE:
half of autistic people also have a diagnosis of intellectual disability
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE:
intellectual disability is a defining feature of autism
FALSE
