Brain anatomy Part 1 Flashcards
-Be familiar with the major divisions of the brain -Be able to describe the gross anatomy of the cortex -Describe the structure and function of the neural material of the cortex within each of the four lobes: 1) Frontal lobe 2) Parietal Lobe 3)Temporal Lobe 4) Occipital Lobe
Anterior (rostral)
Front Part
Posterior (Caudal)
Back Part
Dorsal
Top/ Back Surface
Ventral
Front/ Ground Facing Surface
Lateral
Towards the Sides
Medial
Towards the Middle
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the brain/ body
Contralateral
Opposite side of the brain/body
Two divisions of the Nervous System
1) Central Nervous System (CNS)
2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous System
(PNS)
-Nerves that convey messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from CNS to muscles and glands
-Controls movement of the skeletal muscles
-Communicates through the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
(PNS)
- has neutrons that control vital organs
- 2 Major subdivisions
10 Sympathetic Nervous System
2) Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
(SNS)
-Collection of Nerve Cells - Ganglia
- Located to the left and right of the spinal Column
Extends to Vital Organs
- Prepares body for fight or flight
- Increases heart rate/ breathing
- decreases digestive activity
Parasympathetic Nervous System
(ANS)
-Controls fluctuations in non-emergency situations
- Works in oppositions to the sympathetic nervous system
- Decreases heart and breathing rate
- Increases digestion
- “rest’ and ‘digest”
Spinal Cord
(CNS)
- Communicates with sense organs and muscles from head downwards
- has 31 segments
- Each segment contains sensory and motor nerves which enter and exit through small holes in the spinal column
> Sensory Nerves: Enter cord from back
> Motor Nerves : Enter from front
PARTS OF DERMANTOMES
1) CERVICAL
2) THORACIC
3) LUMBAR
4) SACRAL
Meninges
- Connective tissue that protects brain & spinal cord
- has 3 layers:
1) Dura mater- outer layer (flexible)
2) Arachnoid Membrane -Soft and Spongy Middle
3) Pia Mater -Lower Layer (attached to the skull and spine)
4) Subarachnoid space- Gap between Pia mater and arachnoid membrane
VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
- has cerebrospinal fluid
- Protects brain from damage
- Provides buoyancy, hormones and nutrition
- flows from lateral to third then fourth ventricles
- Some enter the spinal canal, most flow in subarachnoid space
- Reabsorbed blood vessels
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BRAIN
1) FOREBRAIN
2)MIDBRAIN
3)HINDBRAIN
FOREBRAIN
- LARGEST PART
- CONTAINS 2 DIVISIONS:
1) TELNCEPHALON
2) DIENCEPHALON
Cerebral Cortex
Cortex means bark - 3mm thick
surrounds hemispheres
recent part of brain to evolve is neocortex
Responsible for processing sensory and motor information and controlling higher mental processes
2 different regions of cortex perform specialised functions
1) Anterior Regions - involved on movement- related activities- planning and executing behaviours
2) Posterior Regions; Involved in vision Sensation & keeping us alert
THE CEREBRAL CORTEX IS CONVOLUTED
THESE CONVOLUTIONS TAKE 3 FORMS
1)SULCI- SMALL GROOVES
2) FISSURES- LARGE GROOVES
A) Central Fissure- between frontal and parietal lobes
B) Lateral Fissure- between parietal and temporal lobes (over ears)
Gyri- bulges between the adjacent sulk and fissures
CONVOLUTIONS PT 2
NOTES
- INCREASE SURFACE OF THE BRAIN, COMPARED WITH A SMOOTH SURFACE
-TWO THIRDS OF THE SURFACE OF THE CORTEX IS HIDDEN IN GROOVE, SO GYRI AND SULCI TRIPLE THE AREA OF THE CORTEX
- NEURONAL CELL BODIES MAKE UP THE MAJORITY OF THE CORTEX WHICH GIVE IT A GREYISH APPEARANCE- HENCE THE NAME “GREY MATTER”
- HEMISPHERES CONNECTED BY A BAND OF NERVE FIBRES CALLED CORPUS CALLOSUM
CORTEX LOBES
FRONTAL - FRONT OF CENTRAL SULCUS
PARIETAL- LOCATED BY THE SIDE OF THE HEMISPHERE, JUST BEHIND THE CENTRAL SULCUS, BEHIND THE FRONTAL LOBE
TEMPORAL: BY THE TEMPLES- BELOW THE FRONTAL OR PARIETAL LOBES
OCCIPITAL: LIES IN THE VERY BACK OF THE BRAIN, BEHIND THE PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL LOBES
FRONTAL LOBE PARTS
FRONTAL ASSOCIATION AREA
SPEECH
MOTOR CORTEXT
TEMPORAL LOBE
SMELL
HEARING
AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA
OCCIPITAL LOBE
VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA
VISION
PARIETAL LOBE
SPEECH
TASTE
SOMATOSENSORY CORTEXT
SOMOATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA
READING
FRONTAL LOBE INFO
PMC - INVOLVED IN PLANNING AND EXECUTING VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
PRE-MOTOR CORTEXT- INVOLVED IN DIRECT CONTROL OF CERTAIN MUSCLES IN THE TRUNK AND THE FINE MOTOR COORDINATION
PREFRONTAL COREX - INVOLVED IN THE PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF COMPLEX INFO, PROCESSING AND BEHAVIOUR
(THINKING, DECISION MAKING)
PHINEAS GAGE
“REFERRED TO AS THE MAN WHO BEGAN NEUROSCIENCE”
-HE EXPERIENCED TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY WHEN AN IRON ROD WAS DRIVEN THROUGH HIS SKULL
-FIRST EXAMPLE OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE INDICATING THAT DAMAGE TO THE FRONTAL LOBES MAY ALTER PERSONALITY, EMOTIONS AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
- DAMAGE ONLY LIMITED TO THE LEFT FRONTAL LOBE, DID NOT EXTEND TO THE RIGHT SIDE, AND DID NOT AFFECT THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM OF
