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PSYCH 230 > Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

meninges

A

surround the entire CNS

three layers; dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

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2
Q

dura mater

A

tough, outermost layer

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3
Q

arachnoid

A

layer of blood vessels

connected to spine

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4
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, innermost layer that encloses the brain

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5
Q

ventricles

A

spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid
types: lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
ALL OF THEM ARE INTERCONNECTED

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6
Q

lateral ventricles

A

located at the front and topic of the brain on both hemispheres

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7
Q

third venticle

A

located at the center in the deep forebrain

has an aquaduct down to the fourth ventricle

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8
Q

fourth ventricle

A

located at the center and top of the brain in the brainstem

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9
Q

planes of view of the brain

A

sagittal
coronal
horizontal

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10
Q

sagittal view

A

sideways view
anterior to posterior
dorsal to ventral

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11
Q

coronal view

A

front or back view

medial (middle) to lateral (sides

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12
Q

horizontal view

A

top to bottom

can also see sagittal and coronal sections from this view

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13
Q

corpus callosum

A

joins the left and right hemispheres of the brain

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14
Q

major divisions of the brain

A

rhombencephalon
mesencephalon
diencephalon
telencephalon

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15
Q

rhombencephalon

A

major structures: pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, reticular system, raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus
houses the cranial nerve nucleus for each cranial nerve
has massive fiber tracts running up and down

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16
Q

reticular system

A

loose network important in sleep and arousal

spread out throughout the pons and medulla

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17
Q

raphe nucleus

A

source of serotonin

is anterior to the locus coeruleus

18
Q

locus coeruleus

A

source of norepinephrine

19
Q

mesencephalon

A

major structures: superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra, tegmentum, red nucleus

20
Q

superior colliculus

A

aka optic tectum

involved in vison

21
Q

inferior colliculus

A

aka torus semicircularis

involved in hearing

22
Q

tegmentum

A

bottom half of the midbrain

important in reward and motivation

23
Q

diencephalon

A

major structures: thalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus

24
Q

thalamus

A

primary sensory processor in the brain

involved in sensory relay (sends sensory info to the cortex)

25
Q

pineal gland

A

involved in sleeping & waking, and circadian rhythms

26
Q

hypothalamus

A

involved in motivation

27
Q

telencephalon

A

major structures: hippocampus, striatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, septum, cortex

28
Q

hippocampus

A

involved in learning and memory

29
Q

striatum

A

involved in action patterns

parts: caudate, putamen, globus, pallidus

30
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

involved in motivation, reward, and emotion

is the main target of mesolimbic dopamine

31
Q

amygdala

A

involved in fear and other emotions; and motivation

32
Q

septum

A

involved in motivation

located in the center of the telencephalon, and divides the left and right centers of it

33
Q

cortex

A

folded sheet containing sulci and gyri
has 6 layers; neural connections between these layers form a column
divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

34
Q

cingulate cortex

A

considers a ‘5th lobe’ of the cortex

involved in emotion, motivation, and cognition

35
Q

what are the causes of brain evolution

A

encephalization and increase in brain size

36
Q

encephalization

A

growth of anterior structures of the brain over evolutionary time
elaborated the striatum, hippocampus, and pyriform cortex

37
Q

brain size

A

generally increases with body weight
mammals have a large brain/body weight ratio
the human brain had a massive increase in size in the last 1.5 million years

38
Q

encephalization quotient

A

comparison of actual brain size to growth equivalent

humans have a high one

39
Q

consequence of encephalization

A

invasion of functions by rostral structures, which leads to loss of lower autonomy

40
Q

effects of decortication

A

humans have lost subcortical autonomy; rats can recover for decortication
largest form of cortical damage

PSYCH 230 (7 decks)

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