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Anatomy Practical > Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Lateral Ventricles?

A

Separated by the septum pellucidum.

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2
Q

What is the Third Ventricle?

A

Connects the lateral ventricles and the 4th ventricle.

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3
Q

What is the Fourth Ventricle?

A

Communicates with the subarachnoid space and central spinal canal.

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4
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

A

Transports materials and cushions the brain and spinal cord.

Produced by the choroid plexus and secreted by the ventricles.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Pons?

A

Relays sensory information, located below the cerebellum.

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6
Q

Where is the Medulla Oblongata located?

A

Next to the Pons.

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7
Q

What are Cranial Nerves?

A

Include the olfactory bulb and optic chiasma (the ‘X’).

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8
Q

What are the Meninges?

A

They are what cover the brain and spinal cord, providing a protective outer layer.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Meninges?

A

To provide protection and cushion for the brain and spinal cord.

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of Meninges?

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater.

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11
Q

What is the outermost layer of the Meninges?

A

The Dura Mater.

Thick membrane of dense irregular connective tissue fused to the skull/cranium.

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12
Q

What is the middle layer of the Meninges?

A

The Arachnoid, which looks like a spiderweb and is a delicate layer.

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13
Q

What is the innermost layer of the Meninges?

A

The Pia Mater, which covers the surface of the brain.

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14
Q

What is Meningitis?

A

The inflammation of the meninges, affecting at least one layer or all layers.

5 types: bacterial, fungal, parasitic, amebic, non-infectious, and viral.

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15
Q

What makes up the Forebrain?

A

The Cerebrum, which consists of the cerebral cortex (grey matter).

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16
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

Connects the right and left hemisphere, allowing information flow between them.

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17
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal.

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18
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A

A centrally located relay and processing center for sensory information.
Looks like a circle

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19
Q

What makes up the Midbrain?

A

Connects forebrain to hindbrain and forms part of the brain stem.
Relays audio and visual input, coordinates movement
Superior Colliculi and Inferior Colliculi

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20
Q

What is the function of the Hindbrain?

A

Includes the Cerebellum, which is responsible for fine motor movement.
Composed of the Arbor Vitae = tree of life = white matter

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21
Q

What is the Globe in anatomy of the eye?

A

The eyeball.

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22
Q

What is the Orbit?

A

The bony socket of the eye.

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23
Q

What is the Pupil?

A

The opening that lets light enter the eye.

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24
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

Clear tissue that light enters, very sensitive to foreign objects.

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25
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

A tough layer made of collagen and elastic fibers.

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26
Q

What is the Iris?

A

Controls how much light enters the eye; the colorful part.

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27
Q

What is the Ciliary Body?

A

Attaches to the lens, controls its shape, and produces aqueous humor.

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28
Q

What is the Choroid?

A

Contains blood vessels; some animals have tapetum lucidum.

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29
Q

What is the Retina?

A

Light sensitive and contains photoreceptors.

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30
Q

What are Photoreceptors?

A

Rods for black and white vision and cones for color.

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31
Q

What is the Optic Disk?

A

A blind spot with no photoreceptors.

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32
Q

What is the Nictitating Membrane?

A

A transparent third eyelid that protects and moistens the eye.

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33
Q

What are the Chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior Chamber, Posterior Chamber, Vitreous Chamber.

34
Q

What is the Anterior Chamber?

A

Space between cornea and iris filled with aqueous humor.

35
Q

What is the Posterior Chamber?

A

Space behind iris and front of the suspensory ligaments of the lens.
Contains aqueous humor

36
Q

What is the Vitreous Chamber?

A

Space behind the lens that makes up 80% of the eye volume.
Contains vitreous humor

37
Q

What happens when sniffing?

A

Increases surface time for impulses to reach the brain.

38
Q

What is the Vomeronasal organ?

A

Picks up pheromones and distinct scents.
Allows snakes to taste their environment.

39
Q

What are Taste buds?

A

Detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami flavors.

40
Q

How does taste rely on olfaction?

A

If you can’t smell, you can’t taste.

41
Q

What is unique about the canine tongue?

A

Has a sulcus in the middle with stretch receptors.

42
Q

What is unique about the feline tongue?

A

Contains spiny papillae for scraping meat off bones.

43
Q

What is unique about the avian tongue?

A

Contains a bone and is used for manipulating food.

44
Q

What are the Auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), Stapes (stirrup).

45
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and regulate pH, temperature, and water content.

46
Q

What is Plasma?

A

93% water, with plasma proteins, gases, nutrients, and bilirubin.

47
Q

What is the Buffy Coat?

A

Contains white blood cells and platelets.

48
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

The proportion of red blood cells in blood.

49
Q

What are Red Blood Cells?

A

Erythrocytes that transport gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.

50
Q

What are White Blood Cells?

A

Leukocytes that protect against foreign bodies.

51
Q

What are Thrombocytes?

A

Platelets involved in clotting.

52
Q

What lines blood vessels?

A

Endothelium.

53
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells, allows 60x more oxygen to be transported.

54
Q

What does a decrease in hematocrit indicate?

A

Dehydration, kidney tumors, lung disease, or blood cancer.

55
Q

What does an increase in hematocrit indicate?

A

Anemia, internal bleeding, or deficiencies in iron, folate, or vitamin B-12.

56
Q

What are the main components of the heart?

A

Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, Right atrium, Tricuspid valve, Right ventricle, Pulmonary valve, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary veins, Left atrium, Mitral valve, Left ventricle, Aortic valve, Aorta, Apex.

57
Q

What connects capillaries to veins?

A

Venule.

58
Q

What is a Capillary?

A

One cell thick, links arteries to veins, low pressure, very slow blood flow and has no valves.

59
Q

What is an Arteriole?

A

Connects artery to capillary and is the primary site of vascular resistance.

60
Q

What is a Vein?

A

Thin walls, low pressure, blood flows to heart, slow blood flow, and contains valves to prevent backflow.

61
Q

What is an Artery?

A

Thick walls, high pressure, no valves, fast blood flow, and carries blood away from the heart

62
Q

What are the Primary bronchi?

A

Left and right bronchi that supply each lung.

63
Q

What are Secondary bronchi?

A

Supply each lobe of the lungs.

64
Q

What are Tertiary bronchi?

A

Next branching of bronchi.

65
Q

What are Terminal Bronchi?

A

aka respiratory bronchioles

66
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

3 lobes.

67
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

4 lobes.

68
Q

What is unique about mammal lungs?

A

They are flexible, and air moves bidirectionally.

69
Q

What is unique about avian lungs?

A

They are rigid, and air moves unidirectionally.
Gas exchange occurs in the parabronchi

70
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the Trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

71
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the Bronchi?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

72
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the Bronchioles?

A

Simple ciliated columnar.

73
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the Respiratory bronchioles?

A

Simple cuboidal

74
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the Alveolar duct?

A

Simple squamous.

75
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the Alveoli?

A

Simple squamous.

76
Q

What are Alveoli?

A

Air sacs where gas exchange occurs, surrounded by capillaries.

77
Q

What occurs during gas exchange?

A

INHALATION: Oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into capillaries
EXHALATION: Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli.

78
Q

What is the Diaphragm?

A

A thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

79
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens, enlarging the chest cavity.
Contraction creates vacuum pulling air into lungs

80
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape, forcing air out of the lungs.

81
Q

What is the ridge in the cerebral cortex called?

A

gyrus

82
Q

What is the depression of the cerebral cortex called?

A

sulcus (think sulking = depressed)

Anatomy Practical (1 decks)

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