Brain Anatomy Flashcards
What are the Lateral Ventricles?
Separated by the septum pellucidum.
What is the Third Ventricle?
Connects the lateral ventricles and the 4th ventricle.
What is the Fourth Ventricle?
Communicates with the subarachnoid space and central spinal canal.
What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
Transports materials and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
Produced by the choroid plexus and secreted by the ventricles.
What is the function of the Pons?
Relays sensory information, located below the cerebellum.
Where is the Medulla Oblongata located?
Next to the Pons.
What are Cranial Nerves?
Include the olfactory bulb and optic chiasma (the ‘X’).
What are the Meninges?
They are what cover the brain and spinal cord, providing a protective outer layer.
What is the purpose of the Meninges?
To provide protection and cushion for the brain and spinal cord.
What are the 3 types of Meninges?
Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater.
What is the outermost layer of the Meninges?
The Dura Mater.
Thick membrane of dense irregular connective tissue fused to the skull/cranium.
What is the middle layer of the Meninges?
The Arachnoid, which looks like a spiderweb and is a delicate layer.
What is the innermost layer of the Meninges?
The Pia Mater, which covers the surface of the brain.
What is Meningitis?
The inflammation of the meninges, affecting at least one layer or all layers.
5 types: bacterial, fungal, parasitic, amebic, non-infectious, and viral.
What makes up the Forebrain?
The Cerebrum, which consists of the cerebral cortex (grey matter).
What is the Corpus Callosum?
Connects the right and left hemisphere, allowing information flow between them.
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal.
What is the Thalamus?
A centrally located relay and processing center for sensory information.
Looks like a circle
What makes up the Midbrain?
Connects forebrain to hindbrain and forms part of the brain stem.
Relays audio and visual input, coordinates movement
Superior Colliculi and Inferior Colliculi
What is the function of the Hindbrain?
Includes the Cerebellum, which is responsible for fine motor movement.
Composed of the Arbor Vitae = tree of life = white matter
What is the Globe in anatomy of the eye?
The eyeball.
What is the Orbit?
The bony socket of the eye.
What is the Pupil?
The opening that lets light enter the eye.
What is the Cornea?
Clear tissue that light enters, very sensitive to foreign objects.
What is the Sclera?
A tough layer made of collagen and elastic fibers.
What is the Iris?
Controls how much light enters the eye; the colorful part.
What is the Ciliary Body?
Attaches to the lens, controls its shape, and produces aqueous humor.
What is the Choroid?
Contains blood vessels; some animals have tapetum lucidum.
What is the Retina?
Light sensitive and contains photoreceptors.
What are Photoreceptors?
Rods for black and white vision and cones for color.
What is the Optic Disk?
A blind spot with no photoreceptors.
What is the Nictitating Membrane?
A transparent third eyelid that protects and moistens the eye.
What are the Chambers of the eye?
Anterior Chamber, Posterior Chamber, Vitreous Chamber.
What is the Anterior Chamber?
Space between cornea and iris filled with aqueous humor.
What is the Posterior Chamber?
Space behind iris and front of the suspensory ligaments of the lens.
Contains aqueous humor
What is the Vitreous Chamber?
Space behind the lens that makes up 80% of the eye volume.
Contains vitreous humor
What happens when sniffing?
Increases surface time for impulses to reach the brain.
What is the Vomeronasal organ?
Picks up pheromones and distinct scents.
Allows snakes to taste their environment.
What are Taste buds?
Detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami flavors.
How does taste rely on olfaction?
If you can’t smell, you can’t taste.
What is unique about the canine tongue?
Has a sulcus in the middle with stretch receptors.
What is unique about the feline tongue?
Contains spiny papillae for scraping meat off bones.
What is unique about the avian tongue?
Contains a bone and is used for manipulating food.
What are the Auditory ossicles?
Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), Stapes (stirrup).
What are the functions of blood?
Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and regulate pH, temperature, and water content.
What is Plasma?
93% water, with plasma proteins, gases, nutrients, and bilirubin.
What is the Buffy Coat?
Contains white blood cells and platelets.
What is Hematocrit?
The proportion of red blood cells in blood.
What are Red Blood Cells?
Erythrocytes that transport gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What are White Blood Cells?
Leukocytes that protect against foreign bodies.
What are Thrombocytes?
Platelets involved in clotting.
What lines blood vessels?
Endothelium.
What is Hemoglobin?
An iron-containing protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells, allows 60x more oxygen to be transported.
What does a decrease in hematocrit indicate?
Dehydration, kidney tumors, lung disease, or blood cancer.
What does an increase in hematocrit indicate?
Anemia, internal bleeding, or deficiencies in iron, folate, or vitamin B-12.
What are the main components of the heart?
Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, Right atrium, Tricuspid valve, Right ventricle, Pulmonary valve, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary veins, Left atrium, Mitral valve, Left ventricle, Aortic valve, Aorta, Apex.
What connects capillaries to veins?
Venule.
What is a Capillary?
One cell thick, links arteries to veins, low pressure, very slow blood flow and has no valves.
What is an Arteriole?
Connects artery to capillary and is the primary site of vascular resistance.
What is a Vein?
Thin walls, low pressure, blood flows to heart, slow blood flow, and contains valves to prevent backflow.
What is an Artery?
Thick walls, high pressure, no valves, fast blood flow, and carries blood away from the heart
What are the Primary bronchi?
Left and right bronchi that supply each lung.
What are Secondary bronchi?
Supply each lobe of the lungs.
What are Tertiary bronchi?
Next branching of bronchi.
What are Terminal Bronchi?
aka respiratory bronchioles
How many lobes does the left lung have?
3 lobes.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
4 lobes.
What is unique about mammal lungs?
They are flexible, and air moves bidirectionally.
What is unique about avian lungs?
They are rigid, and air moves unidirectionally.
Gas exchange occurs in the parabronchi
What type of epithelium is found in the Trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
What type of epithelium is found in the Bronchi?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
What type of epithelium is found in the Bronchioles?
Simple ciliated columnar.
What type of epithelium is found in the Respiratory bronchioles?
Simple cuboidal
What type of epithelium is found in the Alveolar duct?
Simple squamous.
What type of epithelium is found in the Alveoli?
Simple squamous.
What are Alveoli?
Air sacs where gas exchange occurs, surrounded by capillaries.
What occurs during gas exchange?
INHALATION: Oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into capillaries
EXHALATION: Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli.
What is the Diaphragm?
A thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
What happens during inhalation?
Diaphragm contracts and flattens, enlarging the chest cavity.
Contraction creates vacuum pulling air into lungs
What happens during exhalation?
Diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape, forcing air out of the lungs.
What is the ridge in the cerebral cortex called?
gyrus
What is the depression of the cerebral cortex called?
sulcus (think sulking = depressed)
