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Clinical disorders > Brain anatomy > Flashcards

Brain anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are iontropic receptors?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

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2
Q

What are metabolic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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3
Q

What three things make a neurotransmitter a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Molecule must be synthesised and stored in the presynaptic neurone to be released
  2. Molecule must be released upon stimulation
  3. Once released, it must produce a response in the postsynaptic cell
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4
Q

What are the stages of neurotransmission?

A
  1. Action potential arrives at presynaptic neurone
  2. Voltage gated calcium channels open
  3. Calcium increase leads to fusion between the synaptic vesicle and pre-synaptic membrane
  4. Neurotransmitters released due to exocytosis
  5. Diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds
  6. Action is terminated
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5
Q

How do ligand-gated ion channels work?

A

Bind to receptor, leading to opening of ion channel
Sodium ions flow into the cell causing an action potential response

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6
Q

How do g-protein coupled receptors work?

A

Bind to receptor, g-proteins activate effector protein, effector protein opens ion channels

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7
Q

What does GABA do?

A

Inhibitory neurotrasmitter leading to hyperpolarisation

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8
Q

What does glutamate do?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter, with an important role in learning and memory

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9
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A

Important for the neuromuscular junction and memory

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10
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Important role in motivation, reward and movement

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11
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Important role in sleep, mood, and emotional behaviours

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12
Q

What does noradrenaline do?

A

Important for ‘fight or flight response’, attention, arousal and sleep

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13
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary movement, expressive language, and executive function

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14
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensory input, emotion, and association

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15
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory processing and memory encoding

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16
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing of visual input, and interpretation of visual data

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17
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Motor tasks and reward processing

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18
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

Relays information (sensory and motor)

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19
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Releases hormones to maintain the body

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20
Q

What does corticotropin do?

A

Releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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21
Q

What two inhibitory hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

A

Dopamine and somatostatin

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22
Q

What hormone is released by the pituitary gland?

A

Melatonin to regulate the sleep cycle

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23
Q

What can blockages in CSF ventricles lead to?

A

Backup of CSF leading to enlarged ventricles that press on the brain leading to obstructive hydrocephalus

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24
Q

What three things make up the meninges of the brain?

A

Pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid mater

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25
Q

What are the three main areas of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

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26
Q

What is the role of the midbrain?

A

Movement and processing

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27
Q

How does the substantia nigra create movement?

A

Full of dopaminergic neurones

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28
Q

What is the role of the pons?

A

Movement

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29
Q

What is the role of the medulla?

A

Autonomic processes and reflexes

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30
Q

What are the symptoms of 3rd nerve palsy?

A

Eye looks down and out
Unable to adduct eye

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of 4th nerve palsy?

A

Eye turns upwards
No obvious squint

32
Q

What are the symptoms of 6th nerve palsy?

A

Can’t abduct eye
Eye turns inwards

33
Q

What are the symptoms of 7th nerve palsy?

A

Drooping face
Asymmetric smile

34
Q

What are the symptoms of 8th nerve damage?

A

Impaired swallowing, taste, and neuralgia

35
Q

What is the role of the neocerebellum?

A

Planning movements and motor learning

36
Q

What is the role of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Controlling balance and ocular reflexes

37
Q

What is the role of the spinocerebellum?

A

Regulates body movements and receives proprioception information

38
Q

What symptoms can cerebellum lesions lead to?

A

Unclear speech, jumping eyes, abnormal movement and posture

39
Q

What are cerebellum peduncles?

A

Connects the cerebellum and the brainstem

40
Q

What are cerebellum tracts?

A

Connect the cerebellum and parts of the brain stem and contain fibres

41
Q

What arteries is the anterior circulation supplied by?

A

Carotid arteries

42
Q

What arteries is the posterior circulation supplied by?

A

The vertebrals, forming the basilar

43
Q

What arterial circulation is the frontal lobe supplied by?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

44
Q

What is the main vein that blood from the brain drains into?

A

The jugular vein

45
Q

What are spinal tracts?

A

Run up and down the spinal cord carrying neural pathways
descending and ascending tracts

46
Q

What are the names of the two ascending spinal tracts?

A

Dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract

47
Q

What is the name of the descending spinal tracts?

A

Corticospinal tract

48
Q

What sensations does the spinothalamic tract carry?

A

Pain and temperature sensations to the peripheral nervous system

49
Q

What is the route of the spinothalamic tract?

A

1st order neurone in the dorsal root ganglion, to the second order neurone, where it crosses over to the thalamus and third order neurone

50
Q

What is the route of the corticospinal tract?

A

Axon goes down internal capsule to the brain stem, crosses over at the medulla, decussation happens at the pyramidal tract, and synapses at the lower motor neurone on the anterior horn

51
Q

What sensations does the dorsal column carry?

A

Fine touch and proprioception

52
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Carries motor and sensory information

53
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Regulates body functions

54
Q

What is the role of the spinal nerves?

A

Sends signals from the body to the spine

55
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Communication between the muscles and nerves

56
Q

What is used to help muscles contract?

A

Acetylcholine

57
Q

What is the spinal reflex arc of pain?

A

e.g. if you step on a pin, interneurones send the sensation straight back to the muscle so they flex

58
Q

What is the spinal reflex arc for stretch?

A

Either goes to the brain or not, muscles contract, then information goes to the brain to tell it it happened

59
Q

An issue with the brainstem will lead to issues on what side of the body?

A

The same side as the lesion

60
Q

A lesion to half of the spinal cord might lead to what?

A

Change in sensory in one side, and pain and temperature issues on the other side

61
Q

An issue with the frontal spinal cord might lead to what?

A

Changes in motor function and temperature

62
Q

What does central cord syndrome lead to?

A

CSF canal expands and pushes on tissues leading to pain and temperature disruption

63
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myeline

64
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A

Metabolic support

65
Q

What is the role of microglial cells?

A

Immune system

66
Q

What is the role of vascular cells?

A

Provide the brain with blood and oxygen

67
Q

What are the stages of the innate immune system?

A
  1. Macrophages identify the pathogen
  2. wrap around pathogen
  3. release cytokines, leading to inflammation
  4. opsonins make pathogens more digestible
68
Q

What does interleukin 1 lead to?

A

Fever, low appetite, and lethargy

69
Q

What does interleukin 6 lead to?

A

Sent to the liver to produce acute phase proteins

70
Q

What is the complement immune system?

A

Works alongside the innate and specific immune systems to help destroy pathogens

71
Q

What types of cells are involved in the specific immune system?

A

T and B cells

72
Q

What are T cells?

A

Have receptors specific to a type of antigen

73
Q

What are B cells?

A

Have antibodies on their cell membranes specific to a type of antigen

74
Q

What are CD4 cells?

A

T helper cells, help trigger the immune system and fight infection

75
Q
A

Clinical disorders (2 decks)

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