Brain Anatomy Flashcards
Scalp
The skin covering the head
Cranium
The part of the skull that covers the brain
Meninges
Three membrane layers that protect the brain
Dura mater
Outer most under the skull, and is the strongest
Dura mater
Outer most layer under the skull and the strongest
Arachnoid Mater
Middle layer attached to dura mater with cerebrospinal fluid
Pia Mater
Inner most layer and is tightly around the brain to prevent CSF from leaking out
Cerebrospinal fluid
A cushion liquid that prevents injury and provides nutrient
Choroid plexus
Blood vessels and ventricles within the brain
Lateral ventricles
Holds cerebrospinal fluid
3rd ventricle
a narrow cleft below the corpus callous, between the two thalami
4th ventricle
Drains directly into the spinal cord
Cerebral hemispheres
These hemisphere are divided into lobes and are the structures that allow for the human experience
Frontal lobe
Helps with human consciousness, emotions, memories, information, and decision making
Partial
Interprets sensations, sensory input, and helps us know where we are in relation to the world
Occipital lobe
Is for seeing and vision based reactions
Temporal lobe
Auditory processing, learning, memory
Temporal lobe
Auditory processing, learning, memory
Central sulcus
Divides frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral sulcus/Sylvian fissure
Divides frontal and temporal lobes
Longitudinal fissure
Divides the two hemispheres
Anterior commisure
Joins temporal lobes and contains olfactory tract
Corpus callosum
Thick fiber bundle, provides a highway of communication between cerebral hemisphere
Olfactory bulb
Processes smell
Precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex
Planning and implementing movement, neurons organized so that body parts near one another are controlled via neurons near one another
Prefrontal cortex
Attention, planning, working memory, and the expression of emotions and appropriate social behaviors
Broca’s area/ inferior frontal gyrus
Production and processing of language
Superior parietal lobule
Special orientation
Somatosensory cortex/ post central gyrus
Process the sense of touch, pain, and pressure
Primary auditory cortex
Integrating and processing complex auditory signals which includes language comprehension
Wernick’s area
Interpretation of sounds specifically in speech
Cingulate cortex/ gyrus
Helps regulate emotions and pain
Hippocampus gyrus
A region in the temporal lobe that surrounds the hippocampus and plays a part in memory coding a retrieval
Primary visual cortex
Part of the occipital lobe that receives the visual information first
Cerebellar hemispheres
The two largest sections of the cerebellum, function in motor-planning, timing of movement, and coordination
Arbor vitae
Lies within cerebellum and provide/transfers sensory information to/from cerebellum
Vermis
Located in the medal portion of the cerebellum, works with muscle tone regulation, and posture
Midbrain
Part of the brain stem, produces dopamine and work with movement regulation
Pons
Part of the brain stem, contains locus ceruleus, works with attention
Medulla oblongata
End of brain stem, works with breathe control/regulation and breathing rhythm
Medullary pyramids
In the medulla oblongata, works with motor functions/impulses
Inferior colliculus
Serves as an important relay for auditory information from inner ear to auditory cortex
Superior colliculus
Generation of eye movement like gaze shift
Amygdala
Emotional based long term memory especially aggression and fear to help recognize things in the future
Hippocampus
Produces neurons and is storage of long term memories and special memory
Thalamus
Connects sensory (except smell) information to the rest of the brain and does input and output
Hypothalamus
It provides a link between the central nervous system and the endocrine system, it controls the pituitary gland that releases hormones vital for function. Signals from it keep body temperature in check, regulate thirst and hunger and oversee our circadian rhythms. It also helps bridge subconscious signals from the brain stem to the cerebral cortex.
Pituitary gland
It produces and releases hormones controlling bodily functions and behaviors.It is a key part of the endocrine system and relays signals from the hypothalamus throughout the body. The regulation of stress, growth, and reproduction are three responsibilities of the pituitary gland.
Caudate Nucleus
Integrates visual input and plays an important role in voluntary eye movement
Putamen
Learning, motor control, speech, language, reward functions and addiction
Internal capsule
“White matter”, large numbers of motor and sensory fibers travel to and from the cortex
Glubus pallidus
Control conscious and proprioceptive movements
1- Olfactory
Enables your olfactory system and sense of smell, starts in brain and ends in upper inside of nose
2- Optic
Millions of nerve fibers that connects vision input from back of eye to the brain
3- Oculomotor
Controls eye muscle movement for tracking, upper eyelid, pupil, and lens
4- Trochlear
Lifts the eye so you can look down, enables you to move your eyes forwards and away from your nose
5- Trigeminal
Provides both sensory and motor innervation to the face including touch, pain, and temperature
6- Abducens
One of the nerves response for the extraocular motor functions of the eye
7- Facial
Supplies motor to facial muscles, parasympathetic secreto motor supply to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and lacrimal gland, gives taste sensation to tongue
8- Vestibulocochlear
Transmits auditory signals from the inner ear to the cochlear nuclei in the brain stem
9- Glossopharyngeal
Elevates the larynx and pharynx, provides parasympathetic innervation to the paratid glands, and carry sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body.
10- Vagus
Mainly brings info of the inner organs like the liver, heart, and lungs to the brain. Responsible for digestion, heart rate, and reflex actions like coughing and sneezing
11- Accesory
Essential for neck and shoulder movement and the muscles of the larynx
11- Hypoglossal
Starts at the base of the brain and travels down to control the tongue
