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Unit 6 Year 1 > Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is CSF produced? How is it absorbed?

A

Choroid plexus produces

Arachnoid villi absorbs

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2
Q

Approx. How much CSF present in normal adult?

A

150ml

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3
Q

If there is a blockage in the ventricular system, what pathology could arise?

A

Hydrocephalus

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of CSF?

A

1) Shock absorber
2) basic immunological protection
3) remove metabolic waste
4) transport neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Which part of the ventricular system does the thalamus form the wall to?

A

Third ventricle

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6
Q

What is the function of the thalamus? Is it composed of grey or white matter?

A

Relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. It is a mostly grey matter structure

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7
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Production of movement, controlling unwanted movement

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8
Q

What are the key parts of the limbic system?

A 
Hippo with a hat
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Thalamus
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9
Q

What is the pterion and why is it clinically significant?

A

Where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join. It is the weakest part of the skull and susceptible to trauma

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10
Q

What type of neutron is found in the pyramids

A

Multipolar neuron

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11
Q

What is the function of the cerebellar peduncles? How many are there?

A

They permit communication between cerebellum and other parts of the CNS

There are 6 cerebellar peduncles, 3 on each side

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12
Q

What is the function of basal ganglia?

A

Motor refinement/ suppress unwanted movements

Learning motor skills

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13
Q

The lentiform nucleus is composed of?

A

Globus pallidus and putamen

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14
Q

What is the arterial supply to the basal ganglia?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

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15
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Regulates and coordinates movement such as posture

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16
Q

Afferent neurones

A

Sensory neurones - receive + integrate incoming information

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17
Q

Efferent neurones

A

Motor neurones - transmit information to target organs

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18
Q

What type of neurone is a typical sensory neurone

A

Pseudounipolar

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19
Q

What type of neurone is a typical motor neurone

A

Multipolar

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20
Q

Function of Glial cells

A

Insulate neurones
Nutrition
Oxygen

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21
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated neurones connecting grey matter structures
Dendrites and glial cells
On the inside in the brain and the outside in the spinal cord

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22
Q

Grey matter

A

Somas (cell bodies) and synapses

Brain outside, spinal cord inside

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23
Q

Covering of neurones from superficial to deep

A

Epineurium - surrounds entire nerve + associated capillaries
Perineurium - surrounds fascicle
Endometrium - surrounds axon

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24
Q

Structural division of nervous system

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - cranial and spinal nerves

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25
Q

Functional division of nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system - voluntary control and conscious sensation
Autonomic nervous system - involuntary control - parasympathetic + sympathetic

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26
Q

Location of axons in PNS is called

A

Nerves

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27
Q

Location of axons in CNS is called

A

Tracts

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28
Q

Neuronal cell bodies in PNS are called

A

Ganglia

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29
Q

Neuronal cell bodies in CNS are called

A

Nuclei

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30
Q

Layers of scalp from superficial to deep

A 
Skin
Periosteum
Cranium 
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
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31
Q

The two layers of the dura mater are called

A

Periosteum layer

Meningeal layer

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32
Q

Dural venous sinuses drain into

A

Internal jugular veins

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33
Q

What are Arachnoid granulations

A

Small projections of arachnoid mater into dural venous sinus to allow for venous drainage of CSF

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34
Q

Briefly describe the flow of CSF

A

Made in choroid plexus. 2 lateral ventricles in each cerebral hemisphere drain into a singular third ventricle (donut) which drains through aqueduct to the 4th ventricle located in the hindbrain

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35
Q

How do you test CSF

A

Insert needle in between L3/L4 in the cauda equina

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36
Q

Where does nerve C1 emerge from

A

Between skull and atlas

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37
Q

Where do nerves C2-C7 emerge from?

A

Superior to respective vertebrae

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38
Q

Where does nerve C8 emerge from?

A

Inferior to C7 vertebrae

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39
Q

Where do Nerves T1-T12 emerge

A

inferior to respective vertebrae

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40
Q

Dorsal root of spinal nerve

A

Posterior
Somas in sensory ganglia
Afferent fibres (PNS > CNS)
Sensory

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41
Q

Ventral Root of spinal nerve

A

Anterior
Somas in ventral horn
Efferent fibres (CNS > PNS)
Motor

42
Q

What is a myotome

A

Group of muscles supplied by efferent motor neurones of a single spinal nerve

43
Q

What is a Dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied by afferent sensory fibres of a single Spinal nerve

44
Q

How many pairs of nerves in the whole PNS?

45
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A 
31
8 cervical
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral 
1 coccygeal
46
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurones found

A

Ventral horn of grey matter

47
Q

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurones found

A

Dorsal root ganglion

48
Q

What type of Neurons are found in plexuses

A

Ventral/efferent/motor

49
Q

Sympathetic nerves arise from

50
Q

Parasympathetic nerves arise from

A

CN3,CN7,CN9,CN10 and S2-S4

51
Q

Preganglionic fibres have somas in

A

Brain stem or ventral horn of spinal cord

52
Q

Frontal lobe is responsible for

A 
Higher intellect
Personality
Controlling movement
Emotion
Problem solving
53
Q

Parietal lobe responsible for

A

Language
Interpreting movement
Visuospatial functions

54
Q

Primary motor cortex location

A

Precentral gyrus

55
Q

Location of somatosensory cortex

A

Post central gyrus

56
Q

Location of primary auditory cortex

A

Superior temporal gyrus

57
Q

Temporal lobe responsible for:

A

Hearing
Memory
Language
Speech

58
Q

Primary visual cortex location is

A

Occipital lobe

59
Q

Types of white matter tracts

A

Association - same hemisphere
Commissural - opposite hemisphere
Projection - different parts of CNS

60
Q

Striatum is made of

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

61
Q

Disorders of basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s - hypokinetic, tremor

Huntington’s - hyperkinetic, jerks

62
Q

Main function of hypothalamus

A

Maintain homeostasis

63
Q

Brain stem is responsible for

A

Cardiovascular system control
Respiratory control
Pain sensitivity control
Alertness, awareness, consciousness

64
Q

What is the vermis

A

Separates cerebellar hemispheres

65
Q

Cerebellum is concerned with:

A

Motor function + learning (balance, muscle tone, posture)

66
Q

Location of Foramen of monroe

A

Between lateral and third ventricle

67
Q

What is the blood brain barrier

A

Semi-permeable membrane Separating circulating blood from the CSF. Occurs across all capillaries in the brain. Made of tight endothelial junctions. Bacteria can’t pass

68
Q

Most common pathogen causing meningitis in neonates

69
Q

Most common pathogen causing meningitis in adults

A

Strep. Pneumoniae

70
Q

Physical symptoms of meningitis

A

Nuchal rigidity - neck stiffness
Kernigs sign - patient in supine position. Flex knee and hips at 90°. Try to extend knee. - can’t straighten
Brudzinskis sign - patient in supine position. Lift neck. Positive test - patient raises knees

71
Q

Treatment of meningitis

A

If bacterial - prompt and aggressive therapy. High does IV benzylpenicillin

72
Q

What is the meningococcus

A

Neisseria meningitidis

73
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

74
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

75
Q

Pain pathway stages

A

Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Perception

76
Q

Name of CN1

77
Q

Name of CN2

78
Q

Name of CN3

A

Oculomotor

79
Q

Name of CN4

80
Q

Name of CN5

A

Trigeminal

81
Q

Name of CN6

82
Q

Name of CN7

83
Q

Name of CN8

A

Vestibulocochlear

84
Q

Name of CN9

A

Glossopharyngeal

85
Q

Name of CN10

86
Q

Name of CN11

A

Spinal Accessory

87
Q

Name of CN12

A

Hypoglossal

88
Q

Lateral grey horn is found between which levels? Why is it present?

A

T1-L2

Preganglionic motor neurones of sympathetic nervous system

89
Q

Dorsal column pathway carries

A

Fine touch, vibration, proprioception

90
Q

Anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract) carries

A

crude touch, pain and temperature

91
Q

In the dorsal column, first order neuron signals from the upper limb travel to the

A

Nucleus cuneatus

92
Q

In the dorsal column, first order neuron signals from the lower limb travel to the

A

Nucleus gracilis

93
Q

Name of two ascending tracts

A

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal

Spinothalamic

94
Q

Where do dorsal column first order neurones synapse?

A

Medulla oblongata

95
Q

Describe the journey of second order dorsal column neurones

A

Begin -nucleus gracilis/cuneatus
Decussate in the medulla and travel in contralateral medial lemniscus
Synapse - thalamus

96
Q

Spinothalamic tract first order neuron journey

A

Sensory receptors in periphery to the spinal cord. Ascend 1-2 vertebral levels and synapse at tip of dorsal horn

97
Q

Spinothalamic second order neurons journey

A

From dorsal horn in spinal cord. Decussate in spinal cord and then split into two - anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts

98
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract carries

A

Crude touch and pressure

99
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract carries

A

Pain and temperature

100
Q

Corticospinal tract receives a number of inputs from

A

Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Supplementary motor cortex

101
Q

Describe the journey of the cortical spinal tract

A

Receives multiple inputs.
Descends through internal capsule
Divides in two at most inferior part of medulla
Lateral tract decussates and descends.
Terminates in ventral horn.
Lower motor neurone supply muscles
Anterior tract remains ipsilateral, descends and terminates in ventral horn

Unit 6 Year 1 (1 decks)

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