Brain Abnormalities

Question 1

What are the causes of brain abnormalities?

Answer 1

Internal (disease) External (injury)

Question 2

What are the varying extents of brain abnormalities?

Answer 2

Focal, diffuse, or both

Question 3

What are the different types of damage of brain injury?

Answer 3

Primary and secondary sequellae

Question 4

What is this?

Answer 4

Glioblastoma Multiform

Question 5

What’s wrong with this brain?

Answer 5

Gunshot wound

Question 6

What’s wrong with this brain?

Answer 6

Shaken baby syndrome

Question 7

What’s wrong with this brain?

Answer 7

Diffuse axonal injury due to shaken baby syndrome

Question 8

What’s wrong with this brain?

Answer 8

Epidural hematoma

Question 9

What’s wrong with this brain?

Answer 9

Subdural hematoma

Question 10

What’s wrong with this brain?

Answer 10

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 11

What causes structural damage?

Answer 11

Contusions, lacerations, diffuse axonal injury

Question 12

What causes compression of the brain, & increased cranial pressure?

Answer 12

Epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma

Question 13

What causes neurochemical changes?

Answer 13

Swelling, hypoxic-ischemic lesions

Question 14

What causes death/neurodegeneration?

Answer 14

Swelling & hypoxic-ischemic lesions

Question 15

What is an ischemic stroke? Types?

What are the risk factors?

How is it treated?

Answer 15

Occur when an artery to the brain is blocked- two types. Thrombotic stroke occurs when an artery becomes blocked in the brain, embolic occurs when a clot occurs outside the brain and travels to the brain, where blockage occurs. Comprise 85% of CVA’s. RIsk factors include cholesterol, diet, exercise, tobacco, etc. Can be treated medically or with other options.

Question 16

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

What are the risk factors?

How is it treated?

Answer 16

Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a brain aneurysm bursts or a weakened blood vessel leaks. Risk factors are high blood pressure, blood thinners, aneurysm, or AVM (arteriovenous malformation). Can be treated medically or surgically.

Question 17

What is a TIA (transient ischemic attack)?

Answer 17

Occurs when blood flow to brain is blocked for a short amount of time- may resolve itself in minutes or hours. Is a warning sign that a stroke may occur.

Question 18

Label these strokes

Answer 18

Thrombotic stroke, embolic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage

Question 19

What is an aneurysm? How common are they?

Answer 19

May be common to have unrupturedaneurysm, but only 9 in 100,000 have a rupture Fatal in 40% of cases.

Question 20

How can you treat an aneurysm?

Answer 20

Clipping or coil inserted

Question 21

What is an arterio-venous malformation?

Answer 21

Blood vessels that abnormally connect- usually congenital. Chance of bleed increases by year… 25% in 15 years, 50% in 30 years, etc.

Question 22

Explain the core stroke area versus the penumbra

Answer 22

The core is where blood flow is below 10-25%- tissue dies. Penumbra is surrounding/borderline tissue that is viable for hours.

Question 23

What are the treatment options for cerebrovascular accidents?

Answer 23

Surgery (carotid endarterectormy [pic looks like threading together], repairing leaks)

Cerebral angioplasty (balloon, stent, coil)

Drug (Tissue Plasminogen Activator aka super blood thinner)

Question 24

When can you see the effects of a stroke on an CAT scan?

Answer 24

Not right away, gets worse with time and before it gets better

Question 25

What happened to Phineas?

Answer 25

Rod through the frontal lobe- lived, but frontal lobe functions such as inhibition and decision making were affected.