Brain Abnormalities Flashcards
What are the causes of brain abnormalities?
Internal (disease) External (injury)
What are the varying extents of brain abnormalities?
Focal, diffuse, or both
What are the different types of damage of brain injury?
Primary and secondary sequellae
What is this?
Glioblastoma Multiform
What’s wrong with this brain?
Gunshot wound
What’s wrong with this brain?
Shaken baby syndrome
What’s wrong with this brain?
Diffuse axonal injury due to shaken baby syndrome
What’s wrong with this brain?
Epidural hematoma
What’s wrong with this brain?
Subdural hematoma
What’s wrong with this brain?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
What causes structural damage?
Contusions, lacerations, diffuse axonal injury
What causes compression of the brain, & increased cranial pressure?
Epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma
What causes neurochemical changes?
Swelling, hypoxic-ischemic lesions
What causes death/neurodegeneration?
Swelling & hypoxic-ischemic lesions
What is an ischemic stroke? Types?
What are the risk factors?
How is it treated?
Occur when an artery to the brain is blocked- two types. Thrombotic stroke occurs when an artery becomes blocked in the brain, embolic occurs when a clot occurs outside the brain and travels to the brain, where blockage occurs. Comprise 85% of CVA’s. RIsk factors include cholesterol, diet, exercise, tobacco, etc. Can be treated medically or with other options.
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
What are the risk factors?
How is it treated?
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a brain aneurysm bursts or a weakened blood vessel leaks. Risk factors are high blood pressure, blood thinners, aneurysm, or AVM (arteriovenous malformation). Can be treated medically or surgically.
What is a TIA (transient ischemic attack)?
Occurs when blood flow to brain is blocked for a short amount of time- may resolve itself in minutes or hours. Is a warning sign that a stroke may occur.
Label these strokes
Thrombotic stroke, embolic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage
What is an aneurysm? How common are they?
May be common to have unrupturedaneurysm, but only 9 in 100,000 have a rupture Fatal in 40% of cases.
How can you treat an aneurysm?
Clipping or coil inserted
What is an arterio-venous malformation?
Blood vessels that abnormally connect- usually congenital. Chance of bleed increases by year… 25% in 15 years, 50% in 30 years, etc.
Explain the core stroke area versus the penumbra
The core is where blood flow is below 10-25%- tissue dies. Penumbra is surrounding/borderline tissue that is viable for hours.
What are the treatment options for cerebrovascular accidents?
Surgery (carotid endarterectormy [pic looks like threading together], repairing leaks)
Cerebral angioplasty (balloon, stent, coil)
Drug (Tissue Plasminogen Activator aka super blood thinner)
When can you see the effects of a stroke on an CAT scan?
Not right away, gets worse with time and before it gets better
What happened to Phineas?
Rod through the frontal lobe- lived, but frontal lobe functions such as inhibition and decision making were affected.
