Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

OAP B > BRAIN > Flashcards

BRAIN Flashcards

1
Q

HINDBRAIN IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT?

A

cerebellum, pons + medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

FOREBRAIN SUBDIVIDES INTO WHAT?

A

diencephalon + telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SOMATIC + AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ARE PART OF WHAT?

A

peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ALL SYMPATHETIC OUTPUTS COME EXCLUSIVELY FROM MIDDLE LEVELS OF THE WHAT?

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WHAT PART OF BRAIN RELAYS SIGNALS BETWEEN CEREBELLUM + CEREBRUM IS WHAT?

A

PONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

WHAT NEUROTRANSMITTER PLAYS KEY ROLES IN MOVEMENT, COGNITION, MOTIVATION + REWARD?

A

dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CEREBELLAR NEURONS THAT GATHER + INTEGRATE INFO + SEND OUTPUTS TO SPECIALISED OUTPUT NUCLEI IN BRAINSTEM ARE WHAT CELLS?

A

purkinje cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

WHAT RELAYS MOTOR SIGNALS TO CEREBRAL CORTEX FROM OTHER MOTOR CONTROL STRUCTURES LIKE CEREBELLUM + BASAL GANGLIA?

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

LARGE BRIDGE OF WHITE MATTER CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TWO HEMISPHERES OF CEREBRAL CORTEX IS CALLED WHAT?

A

CORPUS CALLOSUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

AMYGDALA

A

generates emotions + motivations based on external sensory inputs of vision, hearing + smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

WHAT NERVOUS SYSTEM COLLECTS SENSORY INPUT FROM INSIDE + OUTSIDE THE BODY + TRANSMITS IT TO THE CNS?

A

peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

THE HEART RATE SLOWS, RESPIRATION DECREASES + BLOOD PRESSURE FALLS WHEN WHAT NERVOUS SYSTEM IS IN CONTROL?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BASAL GANGLIA EXERTS THEIR MOTOR EFFECTS THROUGH WHAT?

A

corticospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PYRAMIDS ARE LOCATED WHERE?

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ARBOR VITAE IS THE WHITE MATTER OF WHAT?

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TRANSVERSE FISSURE

A

separates cerebrum + cerebellum

contains tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WHAT IS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRODUCES BY?

A

produced by choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

PRIMARY MOTOR AREA OF BRAIN?

A

frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

FOLDS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX SURFACE?

A

gyri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SHALLOW GROOVES ON SURFACE OF BRAIN?

A

sulci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CENTRAL SULCUS

A

separates frontal + parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

WHICH PART OF BRAIN FUNCTIONS TO COORDINATE VOLUNTARY MUCLE MOVEMENTS?

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

THALAMUS

A

relays motor + sensory signals to cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CORPUS CALLOSUM IS A BRIDGE OF WHAT TYPE OF FIBRES?

A

commissural fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS?
space between cerebral hemispheres surrounded by the dura mater
26
LATERAL VENTRICLES ARE SURROUNDED BY WHAT?
cerebrum
27
CHOROID PLEXUSES ARE LOCATED WHERE?
ventricles of the brain
28
CSF PRODUCTION VS ABSORBED
CSF is reabsorbed as rapidly as it is formed, ~20mL/hr
29
BBB IS CREATED BY TIGHT JUNCTION SEALS AROUND BRAIN CAPILLARIES FORMED BY WHAT?
astrocytes
30
WHAT REGION IN BRAIN STEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING CONSCIOUSNESS + AWAKENING FROM SLEEP?
reticular activating system
31
WHAT DO PROJECTION FIBRES CONNECT?
brain to spinal cord
32
WHAT DOES BASAL GANGLIA CONTROL?
large automatic movements of skeletal muscles
33
WHAT PART OF LIMBIC SYSTEM FUNCTIONS WITH CEREBRUM IN PROCESS OF MEMORY?
hippocampus
34
A REGION LOCATED ON MEDIAL ASPECT OF TEMPORAL LOBE RECEIVES IMPULSES RELATING TO WHAT?
smell
35
WHAT REGION OF BRAIN HELPS CONTROL EQUILIBRIUM?
cerebellum
36
IN BRAIN, NOREPINEPHRINE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT?
maintaining arousal (awakening from sleep)
37
ENDORPHINS + ENKEPHALINS FUNCTION IN BRAIN AS WHAT?
natural painkillers
38
WHICH CRANIAL NERVES ORIGINATE FROM MIDBRAIN?
oculomotor (CN III) + | trochlear (CN IV)
39
SENSORY NERVE FIBRES IN POST. COUMN DECUSSATE WHERE?
medulla oblongata
40
MUSCLE SPINDLES + TENDON ORGANS ARE EXAMPLES OF WHAT?
proprioceptors
41
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS?
a 24 hour cycle of activity + inactivity (sleep/ wake cycle) controlled by part of hypothalamus
42
THE DEGREE OF MUSCLE STRETCH IS DETECTED BY WHAT?
muscle spindles
43
DAMAGE TO LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT COULD RESULT IN LACK OF SENSATION OF WHAT?
pain + temperature
44
WHAT IS MAJOR CONTROL REGION FOR INITIATION OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS IN BODY?
primary motor area
45
CORTICOBULBAR TRACTS
convey nerve impulses that control movements of head + neck
46
DURA MATER
- outer layer - 2 dense fibrous tissue layers - equivalent to periosteum of other bones - surrounds venous sinuses - contains epidural space in spinal cord
47
ARACHNOID MATER
- middle layer of meninges - separated from dura mater by subdural space - separates from pia mater by subarachnoid space - subarachnoid space contains CSF
48
PIA MATER
- inner layer - delicate layer of connective tissue containing minute BV’s - forms the filum terminale
49
WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR SECRETION OF CSF?
- choroid plexus - third ventricle - fourth ventricle (CSF passes back into blood through arachnoid villi)
50
CSF CIRCULATION IS AIDED BY WHAT?
- breathing - pulsing BV’s - changes in posture
51
ASSOCIATION TRACTS
connect different parts of one cerebral hemisphere
52
COMMISSURAL TRACTS
connect corresponding parts of two cerebral hemispheres
53
PROJECTION TRACTS
connect cerebral cortex with lower parts of brain
54
BROCA’S AREA
controls muscles needed for speech
55
WERNICKE’S AREA
perception of speech
56
PARIETO-OCCIPITAL AREA
understanding of written language
57
HYPOTHALAMUS FUNCTIONS
``` - controls secretion of post. pituitary gland by connecting nerve fibres - linked to ant. lobe of pituitary gland by BV’s - controls ANS - controls appetite - water balance - body temperature - emotional reactions - sexual behaviour - sleeping + waking cycles ```
58
DECUSSATION
crossing over of white matter at medulla
59
BASAL GANGLIA
receive input from + project to cortex via thalamus
60
CAUDATE + PUTAMEN NUCLEI IS CALLED
striatum (input side of basal ganglia) output - globus pallidus
61
WHAT IS PRIMARY VISUAL AREA?
17 (brodmann)
62
WHERE IS PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX?
areas 41 + 42
63
AREA 43
taste
64
WHAT MAKES UP FRONTAL LOBE?
- primary motor - premotor - frontal eye field - supplementary motor - prefrontal - broca’s area 1/4 of total cortex
65
WHAT AREA IS PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX?
area 4
66
BROCA’S AREA
area 44 + 45 motor speech centre - controls vocal cords, tongue + lips
67
WERNICKE’S AREA
area 22 comprehension + formulation of language
68
WHAT MAKES UP PARIETAL LOBE?
- primary somatosensory - secondary somatosensory - gustatory - association over 1/5 total cortex
69
WHAT MAKES UP TEMPORAL LOBE?
- primary auditory - auditory association - visual association - limbic 1/4 of total cortex
70
WHAT HEMISPHERE IS TERMED DOMINANT?
hemisphere with language function (mostly left)
71
TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE BRAIN ACTIVITY
- electroencephalogram (EEG) - electrical activity of brain - magnetic resource imaging (MRI) - movement of H+ - positron emission tomography (PET) - changes in mental activity/ blood flow - computerised axial tomography (CT) - 3D x-ray of brain - near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) - laser light to optically image blood flow
72
DERMATOME
area of skin that provides sensory input to CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or trigeminal nerve
73
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
- composed of specialised endothelial cells - between these is tight junctions - serve as barriers - limiting movement of non-lipophilic substances into brain - structure: basement membrane, astrocytic endfeet + pericytes
74
BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN | ARTERIES
- food + oxygen carried to brain - BV’s found on surface + deep within the brain - BV’s enter brain through holes in skull called foramina - 2 pairs of arteries supply blood to entire brain: internal carotid + vertebral arteries - right + left vertebral arteries join at base of brain to form a single basilar artery - basilar artery joins internal carotid arteries in a ring called circle of Willis - COW provides safety mechanism i.e. if one artery gets blocked, this will still provide brain with blood
75
VEINS OF BRAIN
internal + external jugular, sup. + inf. sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus + sigmoid sinus
76
WHAT IS ONLY DRAIN FOR VENOUS RETURN FROM CRANIAL CAVITY?
internal jugular vein (exits through occipital foramen)
77
VENOUS SINUSES
principle veins are incorporated into dura mater to avoid collapsing of veins due to negative pressure because of raised head
78
LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
receives input from optic tract + sends impulses to area 17 (visual cortex) of cerebrum
79
MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
receives input from inferior colliculus + organ of corti sends input via fibres to primary auditory area
80
VENTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEUS
receives input from spinal cord + trigeminal nerve fibres carry pain, tactile + thermal sensation information VPN fibres take input on to primary somatosensory cortex in cerebrum
81
WHAT DOES PINEAL GLAND SECRETE
melatonin - facilitates sleep
82
5 SUBCORTICAL NUCLEI OF BASAL GANGLIA
- caudate nucleus - putamen - globus pallidus - subthalamic nuclei - substantia nigra

OAP B (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions