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OAP B > BRAIN > Flashcards

BRAIN Flashcards

1
Q

HINDBRAIN IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT?

A

cerebellum, pons + medulla

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2
Q

FOREBRAIN SUBDIVIDES INTO WHAT?

A

diencephalon + telencephalon

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3
Q

SOMATIC + AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ARE PART OF WHAT?

A

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

ALL SYMPATHETIC OUTPUTS COME EXCLUSIVELY FROM MIDDLE LEVELS OF THE WHAT?

A

spinal cord

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5
Q

WHAT PART OF BRAIN RELAYS SIGNALS BETWEEN CEREBELLUM + CEREBRUM IS WHAT?

A

PONS

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6
Q

WHAT NEUROTRANSMITTER PLAYS KEY ROLES IN MOVEMENT, COGNITION, MOTIVATION + REWARD?

A

dopamine

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7
Q

CEREBELLAR NEURONS THAT GATHER + INTEGRATE INFO + SEND OUTPUTS TO SPECIALISED OUTPUT NUCLEI IN BRAINSTEM ARE WHAT CELLS?

A

purkinje cells

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8
Q

WHAT RELAYS MOTOR SIGNALS TO CEREBRAL CORTEX FROM OTHER MOTOR CONTROL STRUCTURES LIKE CEREBELLUM + BASAL GANGLIA?

A

thalamus

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9
Q

LARGE BRIDGE OF WHITE MATTER CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TWO HEMISPHERES OF CEREBRAL CORTEX IS CALLED WHAT?

A

CORPUS CALLOSUM

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10
Q

AMYGDALA

A

generates emotions + motivations based on external sensory inputs of vision, hearing + smell

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11
Q

WHAT NERVOUS SYSTEM COLLECTS SENSORY INPUT FROM INSIDE + OUTSIDE THE BODY + TRANSMITS IT TO THE CNS?

A

peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

THE HEART RATE SLOWS, RESPIRATION DECREASES + BLOOD PRESSURE FALLS WHEN WHAT NERVOUS SYSTEM IS IN CONTROL?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

BASAL GANGLIA EXERTS THEIR MOTOR EFFECTS THROUGH WHAT?

A

corticospinal tract

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14
Q

PYRAMIDS ARE LOCATED WHERE?

A

medulla oblongata

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15
Q

ARBOR VITAE IS THE WHITE MATTER OF WHAT?

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

TRANSVERSE FISSURE

A

separates cerebrum + cerebellum

contains tentorium cerebelli

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17
Q

WHAT IS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRODUCES BY?

A

produced by choroid plexus

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18
Q

PRIMARY MOTOR AREA OF BRAIN?

A

frontal cortex

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19
Q

FOLDS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX SURFACE?

A

gyri

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20
Q

SHALLOW GROOVES ON SURFACE OF BRAIN?

A

sulci

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21
Q

CENTRAL SULCUS

A

separates frontal + parietal lobes

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22
Q

WHICH PART OF BRAIN FUNCTIONS TO COORDINATE VOLUNTARY MUCLE MOVEMENTS?

A

cerebellum

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23
Q

THALAMUS

A

relays motor + sensory signals to cerebral cortex

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24
Q

CORPUS CALLOSUM IS A BRIDGE OF WHAT TYPE OF FIBRES?

A

commissural fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

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25
Q

SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS?

A

space between cerebral hemispheres surrounded by the dura mater

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26
Q

LATERAL VENTRICLES ARE SURROUNDED BY WHAT?

A

cerebrum

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27
Q

CHOROID PLEXUSES ARE LOCATED WHERE?

A

ventricles of the brain

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28
Q

CSF PRODUCTION VS ABSORBED

A

CSF is reabsorbed as rapidly as it is formed, ~20mL/hr

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29
Q

BBB IS CREATED BY TIGHT JUNCTION SEALS AROUND BRAIN CAPILLARIES FORMED BY WHAT?

A

astrocytes

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30
Q

WHAT REGION IN BRAIN STEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING CONSCIOUSNESS + AWAKENING FROM SLEEP?

A

reticular activating system

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31
Q

WHAT DO PROJECTION FIBRES CONNECT?

A

brain to spinal cord

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32
Q

WHAT DOES BASAL GANGLIA CONTROL?

A

large automatic movements of skeletal muscles

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33
Q

WHAT PART OF LIMBIC SYSTEM FUNCTIONS WITH CEREBRUM IN PROCESS OF MEMORY?

A

hippocampus

34
Q

A REGION LOCATED ON MEDIAL ASPECT OF TEMPORAL LOBE RECEIVES IMPULSES RELATING TO WHAT?

A

smell

35
Q

WHAT REGION OF BRAIN HELPS CONTROL EQUILIBRIUM?

A

cerebellum

36
Q

IN BRAIN, NOREPINEPHRINE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT?

A

maintaining arousal (awakening from sleep)

37
Q

ENDORPHINS + ENKEPHALINS FUNCTION IN BRAIN AS WHAT?

A

natural painkillers

38
Q

WHICH CRANIAL NERVES ORIGINATE FROM MIDBRAIN?

A

oculomotor (CN III) +

trochlear (CN IV)

39
Q

SENSORY NERVE FIBRES IN POST. COUMN DECUSSATE WHERE?

A

medulla oblongata

40
Q

MUSCLE SPINDLES + TENDON ORGANS ARE EXAMPLES OF WHAT?

A

proprioceptors

41
Q

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS?

A

a 24 hour cycle of activity + inactivity (sleep/ wake cycle)

controlled by part of hypothalamus

42
Q

THE DEGREE OF MUSCLE STRETCH IS DETECTED BY WHAT?

A

muscle spindles

43
Q

DAMAGE TO LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT COULD RESULT IN LACK OF SENSATION OF WHAT?

A

pain + temperature

44
Q

WHAT IS MAJOR CONTROL REGION FOR INITIATION OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS IN BODY?

A

primary motor area

45
Q

CORTICOBULBAR TRACTS

A

convey nerve impulses that control movements of head + neck

46
Q

DURA MATER

A
  • outer layer
  • 2 dense fibrous tissue layers
  • equivalent to periosteum of
    other bones
  • surrounds venous sinuses
  • contains epidural space in spinal cord
47
Q

ARACHNOID MATER

A
  • middle layer of meninges
  • separated from dura mater
    by subdural space
  • separates from pia mater by
    subarachnoid space
  • subarachnoid space contains
    CSF
48
Q

PIA MATER

A
  • inner layer
  • delicate layer of connective
    tissue containing minute BV’s
  • forms the filum terminale
49
Q

WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR SECRETION OF CSF?

A
  • choroid plexus
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle

(CSF passes back into blood through arachnoid villi)

50
Q

CSF CIRCULATION IS AIDED BY WHAT?

A
  • breathing
  • pulsing BV’s
  • changes in posture
51
Q

ASSOCIATION TRACTS

A

connect different parts of one cerebral hemisphere

52
Q

COMMISSURAL TRACTS

A

connect corresponding parts of two cerebral hemispheres

53
Q

PROJECTION TRACTS

A

connect cerebral cortex with lower parts of brain

54
Q

BROCA’S AREA

A

controls muscles needed for speech

55
Q

WERNICKE’S AREA

A

perception of speech

56
Q

PARIETO-OCCIPITAL AREA

A

understanding of written language

57
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS FUNCTIONS

A 
- controls secretion of post.
   pituitary gland by connecting
   nerve fibres 
- linked to ant. lobe of pituitary gland
   by BV’s
- controls ANS
- controls appetite
- water balance
- body temperature
- emotional reactions
- sexual behaviour 
- sleeping + waking cycles
58
Q

DECUSSATION

A

crossing over of white matter at medulla

59
Q

BASAL GANGLIA

A

receive input from + project to cortex via thalamus

60
Q

CAUDATE + PUTAMEN NUCLEI IS CALLED

A

striatum (input side of basal ganglia)

output - globus pallidus

61
Q

WHAT IS PRIMARY VISUAL AREA?

A

17 (brodmann)

62
Q

WHERE IS PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX?

A

areas 41 + 42

63
Q

AREA 43

A

taste

64
Q

WHAT MAKES UP FRONTAL LOBE?

A
  • primary motor
  • premotor
  • frontal eye field
  • supplementary motor
  • prefrontal
  • broca’s area

1/4 of total cortex

65
Q

WHAT AREA IS PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX?

A

area 4

66
Q

BROCA’S AREA

A

area 44 + 45

motor speech centre - controls vocal cords, tongue + lips

67
Q

WERNICKE’S AREA

A

area 22

comprehension + formulation of language

68
Q

WHAT MAKES UP PARIETAL LOBE?

A
  • primary somatosensory
  • secondary somatosensory
  • gustatory
  • association

over 1/5 total cortex

69
Q

WHAT MAKES UP TEMPORAL LOBE?

A
  • primary auditory
  • auditory association
  • visual association
  • limbic

1/4 of total cortex

70
Q

WHAT HEMISPHERE IS TERMED DOMINANT?

A

hemisphere with language function (mostly left)

71
Q

TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE BRAIN ACTIVITY

A
  • electroencephalogram (EEG) - electrical activity of brain
  • magnetic resource imaging (MRI) - movement of H+
  • positron emission tomography (PET) - changes in mental activity/ blood flow
  • computerised axial tomography (CT) - 3D x-ray of brain
  • near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) - laser light to optically image blood flow
72
Q

DERMATOME

A

area of skin that provides sensory input to CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or trigeminal nerve

73
Q

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

A
  • composed of specialised endothelial cells
  • between these is tight junctions
  • serve as barriers - limiting movement of non-lipophilic substances into brain
  • structure: basement membrane, astrocytic endfeet + pericytes
74
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN

ARTERIES

A
  • food + oxygen carried to brain
  • BV’s found on surface + deep within the brain
  • BV’s enter brain through holes in skull called foramina
  • 2 pairs of arteries supply blood to entire brain: internal carotid + vertebral arteries
  • right + left vertebral arteries join at base of brain to form a single basilar artery
  • basilar artery joins internal carotid arteries in a ring called circle of Willis
  • COW provides safety mechanism i.e. if one artery gets blocked, this will still provide brain with blood
75
Q

VEINS OF BRAIN

A

internal + external jugular, sup. + inf. sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus + sigmoid sinus

76
Q

WHAT IS ONLY DRAIN FOR VENOUS RETURN FROM CRANIAL CAVITY?

A

internal jugular vein (exits through occipital foramen)

77
Q

VENOUS SINUSES

A

principle veins are incorporated into dura mater to avoid collapsing of veins due to negative pressure because of raised head

78
Q

LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS

A

receives input from optic tract + sends impulses to area 17 (visual cortex) of cerebrum

79
Q

MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS

A

receives input from inferior colliculus + organ of corti

sends input via fibres to primary auditory area

80
Q

VENTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEUS

A

receives input from spinal cord + trigeminal nerve

fibres carry pain, tactile + thermal sensation information

VPN fibres take input on to primary somatosensory cortex in cerebrum

81
Q

WHAT DOES PINEAL GLAND SECRETE

A

melatonin - facilitates sleep

82
Q

5 SUBCORTICAL NUCLEI OF BASAL GANGLIA

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nuclei
  • substantia nigra

OAP B (14 decks)

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