Brain Flashcards
1
Q
The hemispheres are connected by a thick bundle of nerve fibers called the?
A
Corpus callosum
2
Q
The brain has how many internal chambers? And what are they called?
A
4, ventricles
3
Q
How many % of the blood goes to the brain?
A
15%
4
Q
How many % of the total oxygen and glucose is consumed by the brain?
A
20%
5
Q
Which substances does the brain barrier system (BBS) allow to pass through?
A
Water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and anesthetics
6
Q
The embryonic hindbrain differentiate into two subdivisions, which 2?
A
The myelencaphalon and metencephalon
7
Q
How many of the nerve fibers travelling between the brain and spinal cord are found in the medulla oblongata?
A
All of them
8
Q
Which 4 centers does the medulla contain which are responsible for basic physiological functions?
A
- Cardiac center - which regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat
- Vasomotor center - Regulates blood pressure and flow by dilating and constricting blood vessels
- 2 respiratory centers - Regulates the rate and depth of breathing and others involved in speech, coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, vomiting and sweating
9
Q
About 90% of the corticospinal tract cross over to the opposite side of the brainstem (medulla oblongata) at the point called the?
A
Pyramidal descussation
10
Q
What is the tectospinal tract responsible for?
A
- Carrying motor signals to the cervical spinal cord
* Mediating movement of the head and neck
11
Q
What is the posterior spinocerebellar tract responsible for?
A
Carrying sensory information destined for the cerebellum
12
Q
What is the 4th ventricle?
A
A CSF- filled space between the medulla and cerebellum
13
Q
The 9-12th cranial nerves begins or ends in?
A
Medulla oblongata
14
Q
Where does the trigeminal nerve emerge from, and where does it extend through?
A
- Pons
* Extends into the medulla
15
Q
What are the sensory functions of cranial nerve IX to XII?
A
Touch, pressure, temperature, taste and pain
16
Q
What are the motor functions in cranial nerves IX to XII?
A
Chewing, swallowing, speech, respiration, cardiovasuclar control, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, head, neck and shoulder movements
17
Q
What is the Olfactory nerve (CN1) responsible for?
A
Sense of smell
18
Q
Where does the fasicles from the olfactory nerve (CN1) attach to?
A
In the roof of the nasal cavity
19
Q
What is the optic nerve (CN2) responsible for?
A
Vision
20
Q
What is the oculomotor nerve (CN3) responsible for?
A
- Controls the muscles that turn the eyeball up, down, medially
- Controls the iris, lens and upper eyelid
21
Q
What is the origin of the olfactory nerve (CN1)?
A
Olfactory muscosa in nasal cavity
22
Q
What is the effect of damage of the olfactory nerve (CN1)?
A
Impaired sense of smell
23
Q
What are clinical tests for olfactory nerve?
A
Test if they can identify smells, such as coffee, vanilla, soap etc.
24
Q
What is the origin of the optic nerve?
A
Retina
25
What is the termination point for the optic nerve (CN2)?
Thalamus and midbrain
26
What is the cranial passage for the optic nerve (CN2)?
The optic foramen
27
Signs of damage the the optic nerve (CN2)?
Blindness in part or all of visual field
28
Where is the origin of the oculumotor (CN3) nerve?
Midbrain
29
Where is the termination of the oculomotor nerve (CN3)?
Somatic fibers to levator palpebrae superioris, superior, medial and inferior rectus muscles; and inferior oblique muscles of the eye
30
Where is the cranial passage for the oculomotor nerve? (CN3)
Superior orbital fissure
31
What are signs of damage to the oculumotor nerve? (CN3)
* Drooping eyelid
* Inability to move eye in some directions
* Tendency of eye to rotate laterally at rest
* Double vision
* Difficulty focusing
32
What are some clinical tests which could be done for the oculomotor nerve? (CN3)
* Look for difference in size, and shape of right and left pupils
* Test pupillary response to light
* Test ability to track moving objects
33
What is the trochlear nerve (CN4) responsible for?
Controls a muscle that rotates the eyeball medially and slightly depresses the eyeball when the head turns
34
Where does the trochlear nerve (CN4) originate?
Midbrain
35
Where does the trochlear nerve (CN4) terminate?
Superior oblique muscle of eye
36
What is the cranial passage for the trochlear nerve (CN4)?
Superior orbital fissure
37
What are signs of damage to the trochlear nerve (CN4)?
* Double vision
* Inability to rotate eye inferolaterally
* Eye points superolaterally
* Subject tends to tilt head towards the affected side
38
What are the clinical test to test the trochlear nerve (CN4)?
Test ability of eye to rotate inferolaterally
39
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve (CN5)?
It is the most important sensory nerve of the face. Also the largest nerve except for the optic nerve
40
The trigeminal nerve (CN5) forks into three divisions, which?
* Ophthalmic
* Maxillary
* Mandibular
41
Is the ophthalmic divison of the trigeminal nerve (CN5) primarily motoric, or sensoric?
Sensoric
42
Is the maxillary divison of the trigeminal nerve (CN5) primarily motoric, or sensoric?
Sensoric
43
Is the mandibular divison of the trigeminal nerve (CN5) primarily motoric, or sensoric?
Mixed
44
What is the function of the ophthalmic nerve?
* Touch
* Temperature
* Pain sensation from upper face
45
What is the function of the maxillary nerve?
* Touch
* Temperature
* Pain sensation from lower face
46
What is the function of the mandibular nerve?
* Touch
* Temperature
* Pain sensation on lower face
* Motor function of mastication
47
What is the origin of the ophthalmic nerve?
Superior region of face
* Surface of eyeball
* Lacrimal (tear) gland
* Superior nasal mucosa
* Frontal and ethmoid sinuses
48
What is the origin of the maxillary nerve?
Middle region of face
* Nasal mucosa
* Maxillary sinus
* Palate; upper teeth and gums
49
What is the origin of the mandibular nerve?
Inferior region of face
* Anterior 2/3 of tongue
* Lower teeth and gums
* Floor of mouth; dura mater
* Motor: Pons(??)
50
Where is the termination of the ophthalmic nerve (CN5)?
Pons
51
Where is the termination of the maxillary nerve?
Pons
52
Where is the termination of the mandibular nerve division?
```
Sensory: Pons
Motoric:
* Anterior belly of diagstric
* Masseter
* Temporalis
* Mylohyoid * Pterygoid
* Tensor tympani muscle of middle ear
```
53
Signs of damage to the opthalmic nerve?
Loss of sensation of upper face
54
Signs of damage to the maxillary nerve?
Loss of sensation from middle face
55
Signs of damage to the mandibular nerve?
Loss of sensation lower face, impaired chewing
56
Clinical tests for ophthalmic nerve?
Test corneal reflex (blinking in response to light touch to eyeball)
57
Clinical test for maxillary nerve?
Test sense of touch, pain, and temperature
58
Clinical test for mandibular nerve?
* Assess motor function by palpating masseter and temporalis while subject clenches teeth
* Test ability to move mandible from side to side and to open mouth against resistance
59
What is the primary function of abducens nerve (CN6)?
Controls a muscle that turns the eyeball laterally
60
Where is the origin of the abducens nerve?
Inferior pons
61
Is the abducens nerve primarily motor or sensoric?
Motor
62
Where does the abducens nerve terminate?
Lateral rectus muscle of eye
63
Signs of damage to the abducens nerve?
* Inability to turn eye laterally
| * At rest the eye turns medially because of action of antagonistic muscles
64
Clinical test for abducens nerve?
Test lateral eye movement
65
What is the primary function of the facial nerve (CN7)?
Major motor nerve of the facial muscles
66
The facial nerve divides into 5 braches, which?
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical
67
Is the facial nerve primarily motoric, or sensoric?
Mixed
68
What are the functions of the facial nerve?
Sensory: Taste
Motor: Facial expression
Secretion of tears, saliva, nasal and oral mucus
69
Where is the origin of the facial nerve?
Sensory: Taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue
Motor: Pons
70
Where is the origin of the facial nerve?
Sensory: Thalamus
Motor: Somatic fibers to diagstric muscle
Stapedius muscle of middle ear
Stylohyoid muscle
Muscles of facial expression
Autonomic fibers to submandibular and sublingual salviary glands, tear glands, nasal and palatine glands
71
What are some signs of deficits of facial nerve (CN7)?
Inability to control facial muscles, sagging due to loss of muscle tone
Distorted sense of taste, especially for sweets
72
Clinical tests for facial nerve?
Test anterior 2/3 of tongue with substances such as sugar, salt, vinegar etc
Test responses of tear glands to ammonia fumes
Test subject's ability to smile, frown, whistle, raise eyebrows, close eyes etc.
73
What is the main function of vestibulocochlear nerve and which # cranial nerve is it?
Nerve for hearing and equilibrium, but it also has motor fibers that lead to cells of the cochlea that tune the sense of hearing CN 8
74
Mainly, is the vestibulocochlear nerve motoric or sensoric?
Sensoric
75
What is the origin of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Sensory:
Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular ducts of inner ear
Motor: Pons
76
Where does the nerve signal from the vestibulocochlear nerve terminate?
Sensory: Fibers for hearing ends in the medulla Fibers for equilibrium end at junction of medulla and pons
Motor: Outer hair cells of cochlea of inner ear
77
What are signs of injury to the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Nerve deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance, and nystagmus
78
Clinical tests for deficits of vestibulocochlear nerve?
Look for nystagmus
Test hearing
Test balance
Test ability to walk in a straight line
79
Glossopharyngeal nerve is which # in the cranial nerves?
9th
80
What is the function of glossopharyngeal nerve?
Sensory: Taste, touch, pressure, pain and temperature sensations from tongue and outer ear
Regulation of blood pressure and respiration
Motor: Salviation, swallowing, gagging
81
Where is the origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Sensory: Pharynx; middle and outer ear Posterior 1/3 of tongue (including taste buds) Internal carotid artery
Motor: Medulla oblongata
82
Where is the termination of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Sensory: Medulla oblongata
Motor: Parotid salviary gland; glands of posterior tongue; stylopharyngeal muscle (which dilates pharynx during swallowing)
83
Signs of injury to glossopharyngeal nerve?
Loss of bitter and sour taste
| Impaired swallowing
84
Clinical tests for glossopharyngeal nerve?
Test gag reflex, swallowing, coughing
Note any speech impairments
Test posterior 1/3 of tongue with bitter and sour substances
85
Is the vagus nerve motoric or sensoric? Which # cranial nerve is it?
Mixed
| 10th
86
What are the functions of the vagus nerve?
Sensory:
Taste
Sensation of fullness
Gastrointestinal discomfort
```
Motor:
Swallowing
Speech
Deceleration of heart
Bronchoconstriction
Gastroinestinal secretion and motility
```
87
Where is the origin of the vagus nerve?
```
Sensory:
Thoracic and abdominal viscera
Root of tongue
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
Outer ear
Dura mater
```
Motor:
Medulla oblongata
88
Where is the termination of the vagus nerve?
Sensory:
Medulla oblongata
```
Motor:
Tongue
Palate
Pharynx
Larynx
Lungs
Heart
Liver
Spleen
Digestive tract
Kidney Ureter
```
89
What are signs of deficits in the vagus nerve?
Hoarseness or loss of voice
Impaired swallowing
Gastrointestinal motility
NB! Fatal if both vagus nerves are damaged
90
Clinical tests for vagus nerve?
```
Examine palatal movements during speech
Check for abnormalities of swallowing
Abscense of gag reflex
Weak hoarse voice
Inability to cough forcefully
```
91
What is the predominant part of the accessory nerve, motor or sensory?
Motor
92
What are the function of the accessory nerve?
Swallowing
| Head, neck and shoulder movements
93
Where does the accessory nerve originate?
Medulla oblongata and spinal cord segments C1-C6
94
Where does the accessory nerve terminate?
Palate; pharynx; trapezius and sternocleidomastoideus
95
What are indication of damage to the accessory nerve?
Impaired movement of head, neck and shoulders
Difficulty shrugging shoulders on damaged side; paralysis of sternocleidomastoideus causing head to turn toward injured side
96
Clinical tests for accessory nerve?
Test ability to rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance
97
What is the predominant function of hypoglossal nerve? Motor or sensory?
Motor
98
What are the function of hypoglossal nerve?
Tongue movements of speech, food, manipulation and swallowing
99
Where is the origin of the hypoglossal nerve?
Medulla oblongata
100
Where is the termination of the hypoglossal nerve?
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
101
What are signs of damage to the hypoglossal nerve?
Impaired speech and swallowing
Inability to protrude tongue if both right and left nerves are damaged
Deviation of tongue towards injured side, and atrophy of that side, if only one nerve is damaged
102
Clinical tests for hypoglossal nerve?
Note deviations of tongue as subject protrudes and retracts it
Test ability to protdue tongue against resistance
103
The metencephalon develops into which two structures?
Pons and cerebellum
104
The pons contain several nuclei involved in basic physiological functions such as?
Sleep, respiration, and bladder control
105
Which part of the brain is responsible for function in visual attention, such as visually tracking moving objects and reflexively turning the eyes and head in repsonse to a visual stimulus - for example, to look at something you catch sight of in your peripheral vision?
Superior colliculi
106
Which part of your brain is responsible for reciving and processing auditory input from lower levels of the brainstem and relay it to other parts of the brain, especially the thalamus?
Inferior colliculi
107
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
It is a motor center that relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal nuclei. It improves motor preformance by suppressing unwanted muscle contractions
108
The cerebral crura, tegmentum and substantia nigra collectively form the?
Cerebral peduncle
109
Which structure is this true for 'generally speaking it's the gateway to the cerebral cortex'
The thalamus
110
Which sensory signals pass through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex?
Taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, vision, touch, pain, pressure, heat, cold. (Although the thalamic nuclei filter this information and relay only a small portion of it to the cerebral cortex)
111
The thalamus plays a key role in motor control; it relays signals from the.... to the ....?
From the cerebellum to the cerebrum Also provides feedback loops between the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
112
What structures are involved in memory and emtional functions of the limbic system?
Thalamus, cerebral cortex of the temporal and frontal lobes, and some of the anterior thalamic nuclei
113
What structure is the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system and plays an essential role in the homeostatic regulation of nearly all organs of the body?
Hypothalamus
114
Name the main objectives that the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating
* Hormone secretion
* Autonomic effects
* Thermoregulation
* Food and water intake
* Sleep and circadian rhythms
* Emotional responses
* Memory
115
The hypothalamus secretes hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland. Acting through the pituitary, it regulates....?
Growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses
116
The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of two hormones which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. What are they called, and what are their functions?
Oxytocin: Concerned with labor contractions, lactation, and emotional bonding
Antidiuretic hormone: Concerned with water conservation
117
The hypothalamus is a major integrating center for the autonomic nervous system. It sends descending fibers to nuclei lower in the brainstem that influence.... what?
Herat rate, blood pressure, pupillary diameter, gastrointestinal secretion and motility (also more though)
118
There is a center in the brain which activate signals when body temperature is too low or high to enforce the body to start shivering, sweating, or causes cutaneous vasoconstriction or vasodilation. Which center regulates this?
Hypothalamus (The hypthalamic thermostat, near the mammillary bodies in the posterior hypothalamus)
119
In the hypothalamus there is a center which stimulate water-seeking and drinking behavior when the body is dehydrated. What are these receptors called?
Osmoreceptors
120
The hypothalamus regulate our sleep and circadian rhythms. What is the part of the hypothalamus which control our 24-hour (Icircadian) rhythm of activity called?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
121
When anxiety accelerates the heart or upsets the stomach, which part of our brain is responsible for this occurance?
The hypothalamus, more specifically, the mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus provide a pathway by which emotional states can affect the visceral functions
122
What part of the brain is the center for the creation of new memories?
Hippocampus - also known as the cerebrum's 'teacher'
123
What lies in the pathway between the hippocampus to the thalamus and is part of that system which is responsible for new memories?
Mammillary bodies in hypothalamus
124
What is the largest and most conspicuous part of the human brain?
Cerebrum
125
What actions are cerebrum responsible for?
A seat of sensory perception, voluntary (functional) motor actions, memory and mental processes such as thought, judgment and imagination.
126
The frontal lobe lies immediately behind the frontal bone, superior to the eyes. It is concerned with which functions?
Cognition (thought) and other higher mental processes, speech, and motor control
127
The parietal lobe forms the uppermost part of the brain and underlies the parietal bone. It has which functions?
Primary site for receiving and interpreting signals of the general senses, and some visual processing
128
The occipital lobe is at the rear of the head, caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus and underlying the occipital bone. What is it's main function?
It is the principal visual center of the brain
129
The temporal lobe is a lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone, seperated from the parietal lobe above it by a deep lateral sulcus. What are it's functions?
Hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotions
130
The insula is a small mass of cortex deep to the latearl sulcus, made visible only by retracting or cutting away some of the overlying cerebrum. What are it's functions?
It plays roles in taste, visceral sensation, and understanding spoken language
131
What do projection tracts do?
Carry information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body
132
What do commissural tracts do?
Cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other through bridges called commissures
133
Where does the great majority of commissural fibers pass through? The biggest...
Corpus callosum
134
What do association tracts do?
Connects different regions of the same hemisphere
135
The limbic system is an important center of...?
Emotion and learning
136
Nueral integration is carried out in the gray matter of the cerebrum, which is found in three places - which 3?
The cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
Limbic system
137
What two principle types of cells does the cerebral cortex contain?
Stellate and pyramidal cells
138
What are the functions of stellate cells?
They are concerned largely with receiving sensory input and processing infomation on a local level
139
What are the primary functions of the pyramidal cells?
They are the output neurons of the cerebrum
140
Three parts (disagreement within different environments but they agree on 3 at least) make up the basal nuclei?
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
141
The putamen and globus pallidus are also collectively called the..?
Lentiform
142
Where is the hippocampus located?
Medial temporal lobe
143
What centers does the limbic system consist of?
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
144
Primary cortex consists of those regions that...
Receives input directly from the sense organs or brainstem, or issue motor nerve fibers directly to the brainstem for distribution of the motor commands to cranial and spinal nerves
145
Association cortex consists of all regions other than the primary cortex, involved in integrative functions such as.....
Interpretation of sensory input, planning motor output, cognitive processes, and the storage and retrieval of memories
146
Visual signals (vision) are received by the.... in which part of the brain?
Primary visual cortex In the far posterior region of the occipital lobe
147
Auditory signals (hearing) are received by the.... in which part of the brain?
Primary auditory cortex In the superior region of the temporal lobe and in the nearby insula
148
Somatosensory signals arising from the neck down travel up the spinal cord in which tracts?
Gracile
Cuneate fasciculi
Spinothalamic tracts
149
The intention to contract a skeletal muscle beings in the.... of which part of the brain?
Motor association (premotor) area of the frontal lobes
150
When a movement program has been created by the motor association area of the frontal lobes (planning of movement), where is the signal then sent to?
Precentral gyrus (primary motor area) ----------> brainstem ----------> spinal cord
151
What are the pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus called?
Upper motor neurones
152
In which part of the body does the fibers from the upper motor neurons synapse with the lower motor neurons?
Brainstem or spinal cord
153
Nearly all areas of cerebral cortex send signals to the basal nuclei, except?
Primary visual and auditory areas
154
Which part of the brain assumes control of highly practiced behaviors that one carries out with little thought - such as writing, typing, driving a car etc.
Basal nuclei
155
This part of the brain controls the onset and cessation of planned movements and repetitive movements at the shoulder and hip that occur during walking?
Basla nuceli
156
This part of the brain receives information from the upper motor neurons of the cerebrum about what movements are intended, and information from proprioceptors in the muscles and joints about the actual performance of the movement. What part is this?
The cerebellum
157
The cerebellum aids in...?
```
Learning motor skills
Maintains muscle tone
Maintains posture
Smooths muscle contractions
Coordinates eye and body movements
Coordinates the motion of different joints with each other
```
158
The Wernicke area is responsible for? Where does it lie?
Recognition of spoken and written language Lies posterior to the lateral sulcus, usually in the left hemipshere
159
Where is the Broca area located?
In the inferior prefrontal cortex of usually the left hemisphere
160
The Broca area generates a motor program for the muscles of the..... to produce speech
Larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips
161
In 1949 a Swiss physiologist by the name of Wlater Hess proved that stimulation of which structures in the brain of cats could induce rage, attack, and other emotional responses?
Hypothalamus
162
This part of the brain receives processed information from the senses of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and general somatosensory and vsiceral senses, and thus, it is albe to mediate emotional responses to such stimuli as a disgusting odor, a foul taste etc. Which part?
Amygdala
163
Many important aspects of personality depend on an intact functional....?
Amygdala and hypothalamus
164
This part of the brain is concerned with many of our most distinctly human abilities, such as abstract thought, foresight, judgment, responsbility, a sense of purpose, and a sense of socially appropriate behavior. Which part?
Prefrontal cortex
165
This part of the brain also helps in making short-term prediction about movement, such as where a ball will be in a second or two so that one can catch it. Which part?
Cerebellum
166
Many children with ADHD have abnormally small...?
Cerebellums
167
What is procedural memory?
It is how to preform motor skills, type a keyboard f.ex.
168
What is declarative memory?
The retention of events and facts that one can put into words, such as names, dates etc.
169
What is the process of memory consolidation?
When the hippocampus learns form sensory input while an experience is happening and then later (usually when sleeping) it plays this memory repeatedly to the cerebral cortex, which is a 'slow learner' but forms longer-lasting memories
170
Hjernenervene kan inneholde følgende typer av fibre?
Somatisk efferente
Visceral efferente
Somatisk afferente
Visceral afferente
171
Somatiske efferente fibre går til?
Tverrstripet skjelettmuskulatur
172
Visceral efferente fibre går til?
Glatt muskulatur og kjertler i årer og innvollsorganer og hører til den parasympatiske delen av ANS
173
Somatiske afferente fibre har som funksjon å?
Bringe impulser fra hud, slimhinner i ansiktet, muskler, ledd og fra lekevektsapparatet
174
Viscerale afferente fibre har som funksjon å?
Gi opplysning om tilstanden i innvollsorganene
