Brain

Question 1

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?

Answer 1

Responsible for higher functions / memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, emotions, consciousness and functions related to your senses.

Question 2

longitudinal fissure

Answer 2

separates left and right

Question 3

Corpus callosum

Answer 3

made of white matter major pathway for two hemispheres

Question 4

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 4

Largest part of brain / front and top of the brain

Question 5

4 major lobes

Answer 5

Occipital, Temporal, Frontal, Parietal

Question 6

Frontal

Answer 6

Executes motor functions, personality, cognitive and learning, voluntary eye movements

Question 7

Parietal

Answer 7

Receives and processes info from skin and propriocepters (joints, muscles) in somatosensory corticles. Helps understand language - Wernickes area

Question 8

Occipital

Answer 8

Visual Processing begins, neurons use past experiences to interpret visual stimuli.

Question 9

Temporal

Answer 9

cortical area for auditory processing and has regions crucial for memory formation related to sound (sound memory).

Question 10

temporal lobe also

Answer 10

Conscious awareness of odors (olfaction)

Question 11

Insula

Answer 11

¨fifth brain” located deep in the brain / It assists with conscious understanding of balance/vestibulation, interpretation of taste sensations.

Question 12

Damage to insula

Answer 12

Damage or atrophy (loss of nervous tissue) to the insula has also been linked to addiction and a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, hallucinations, poor judgment, impulsivity/disinhibition, and lack of empathy

Question 13

Diancephalon

Answer 13

Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

Question 14

Thalamus

Answer 14

collection of nuclei that relay information between the cerebral cortex and the periphery, spinal cord, or brain stem.

Question 15

Epithalamus

Answer 15

Contains pineal gland ; secretes melatonin

Question 16

Hypothalamus

Answer 16

collection of nuclei that are largely involved in regulating homeostasis:
* Regulates autonomic nervous system functions
* Regulates the endocrine system via hormones sent to the anterior pituitary and action potentials sent to the posterior pituitary
* Involved in memory and emotion as part of the limbic system
* Synthesizes hormones, including ADH (antidiuretic hormone), oxytocin, releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones
* Regulates thirst and water balance via osmoreceptors that detect water levels in blood
* Regulates hunger
* Assists in regulation of Circadian rhythms (sleep-wake cycles)

Question 17

Brainstem

Answer 17

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongota

Question 18

midbrain

Answer 18

Small region between hypothalamus and pons

Question 19

midbrain also

Answer 19

coordinates sensory representations of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory perceptual information. The pons plays a key role in regulating the depth and rate of breathing.

Question 20

pons

Answer 20

Play key role in regulating rate and depth of breathing

Question 21

medulla oblongota

Answer 21

regulates several crucial functions, including the heart rate (pulse), blood pressure, and respiratory rate; contains reflexive centers, such as those that control vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

Question 22

major ascending and descending pathways between Spinal Cord and Brain

Answer 22

pass through the brain stem.

Question 23

Cerebellum

Answer 23

the “little brain” and accounts for approximately 10% of the brain’s mass.

Question 24

what is cerebellum in charge of

Answer 24

largely responsible for coordinating vestibulation (sense of balance) by comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the PNS via the spinal cord, including visual information, hearing information, and proprioceptive information.

Question 25

out put of cerebellum is into what

Answer 25

The output of the cerebellum is into the midbrain, which then sends a descending input to the spinal cord to correct motor information going to skeletal muscles.

Question 26

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Answer 26

circulates throughout and around the CNS.

Question 27

In the brain CSF is produced through

Answer 27

by filtration of blood through the choroid plexus, which is found in some of the ventricles.

Question 28

why does CSF circulate

Answer 28

to remove metabolic wastes from the interstitial fluids of nervous tissues and return them to the blood stream.

Question 29

CSF also

Answer 29

It also serves to cushion the brain and spinal cord from physical trauma.

Question 30

CSF also

Answer 30

Along with the periosteal layer of the dura mater, CSF helps to buoy the weight of the brain, so that it does not become compressed under its own weight within the cranium.

Question 31

Meninges

Answer 31

outer surface of the brain is covered by a series of membranes composed of connective tissue, which protects the brain

Question 32

how many major meninges layers?

Answer 32

3

Question 33

what are the meninges layers?

Answer 33

dura mater (having a periosteal layer and a meningeal layer),
the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

Question 34

Dura Mater

Answer 34

anchored to the inner surface of the cranium and to the very end of the vertebral cavity. The name comes from the Latin for “tough mother” to represent its physically protective role.

Question 35

what layers of dura mater

Answer 35

2 layers ; periosteal and meningeal

Question 36

periosteal layer

Answer 36

which knits its collagen fibers into those of the periosteum to anchor the brain and buoy its weight

Question 37

meninges layer

Answer 37

sits adjacent with arachnoid mater

Question 38

in some places, these two layers

Answer 38

of dura form sinuses, large, highly permeable vein-like structures.

Question 39

the sinuses help to

Answer 39

recycle CSF

Question 40

Arachnoid

Answer 40

middle layer of meninges ; named for the spider-web–like extensions

Question 41

arachnoid also

Answer 41

defines a sac-like enclosure around the CNS.

Question 42

arachnoid also

Answer 42

he arachnoid emerges into the dural sinuses as the arachnoid granulations, where the CSF is filtered back into the blood for drainage from the nervous system.

Question 43

subarachnoid space filled with

Answer 43

circulating CSF ; provides a liquid cushion to the brain and spinal cord.

Question 44

pia mater

Answer 44

innermost layer ; a thin fibrous membrane that extends into every convolution of gyri and sulci in the cerebral cortex (contours of the brain) and other grooves and indentations.

Question 45

pia mater

Answer 45

continuous layer of cells provides a fluid-impermeable membrane.

Question 46

“tender mother”

Answer 46

pia mater

Question 47

“tough mother”

Answer 47

dura mater