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Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)?

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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2
Q

What is the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

A

Dual Processing

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3
Q

This consists of the processes in the mind that occur automatically and are not available to introspection, and include thought processes, memory, affect, and motivation

A

The Unconscious Mind

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4
Q

This is the part of the unconscious mind that is derived from ancestral memory and experience and is common to all humankind, as distinct from the individual’s unconscious

A

Collective Unconscious - (in Jungian psychology)

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5
Q

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

A

Blindsight

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6
Q

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

A

Parallel processing

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7
Q

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is what?

A

Inattentional Blindness

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8
Q

failing to notice changes in the environment.

A

Change Blindness

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9
Q

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

A

Circadian Rhythm

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10
Q

What is known as “quiet sleep”?

A

NREM

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11
Q

What is known as “active or paradoxical” sleep?

A

REM

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12
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

A

Night Tremors

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13
Q

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.

A

Dream

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14
Q

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

A

Substance use disorder

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15
Q

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

A

Psychoactive drugs

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16
Q

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

A

Tolerance

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17
Q

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

A

Barbituates

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18
Q

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

A

depressant

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19
Q

(popularly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

A

alcohol use disorder

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20
Q

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

A

Amphetamines

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21
Q

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

A

Stimulants

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22
Q

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

A

Nicotine

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23
Q

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.

A

coco

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24
Q

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

A

Ecstasy (MDMA)

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25
Q

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

A

meth

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26
Q

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).

A

LSD

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27
Q

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

A

Hallucinogens

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28
Q

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

A

THC

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29
Q

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

A

Near-death experience

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30
Q

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

A

Chromosomes

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31
Q

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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32
Q

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

A

Genes

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33
Q

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

A

Evolutionary psychology

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34
Q

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

A

Natural selection

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35
Q

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

A

Social script

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36
Q

Because of brain plasticity, our neural tissue is ever changing and reorganizing in response to new experiences

A

New neurons are also born

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37
Q

Parents donate genes to the child

A

(23 Chromosomes from each)

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38
Q

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

A

Culture

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39
Q

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

A

Norm

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40
Q

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

A

Individualism

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41
Q

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

A

Collectivism

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42
Q

in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females

A

Sex

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43
Q

in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women.

A

Gender

44
Q

As far as social connections are concerned, men tend to be?

A

Independent

45
Q

As far as social connections are concerned, women tend to be?

A

Interdependent

46
Q

Biology does not dictate gender, but it can influence it GENETICALLY by?

A

Males and females having differing sex chromosomes.

47
Q

Biology does not dictate gender, but it can influence it PHYSIOLOGICALLY by?

A

Males and females having differing concentrations of sex hormones, which trigger other anatomical differences.

48
Q

the sex chromosome found in both men and women.

A

X chromosome

49
Q

How many X chromosomes do women have?

A

2

50
Q

the sex chromosome found only in males

A

Y chromosome

51
Q

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

Puberty

52
Q

What are the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible called?

A

Primary sex characteristics

53
Q

What are the nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair called?

A

Secondary sex characteristics

54
Q

What is first ejaculation (around 14) called?

A

Spermarche

55
Q

What is the first menstrual period (around 12 and a half) called?

A

Menarche

56
Q

How do you treat a Turner Syndrome patient?

A

Treatment involves hormone therapy. Fertility treatment may be necessary for women who want to become pregnant.

57
Q

Short stature, delayed puberty, infertility, heart defects, and certain learning disabilities are symptoms of what disease?

A

Turner’s Syndrome

58
Q

How is Turner’s syndrome diagnosed?

A

Turner syndrome results from a missing or incomplete sex chromosome.

59
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A

A chromosomal disorder in which a female is born with only one X chromosome. (only females)

60
Q

A genetic condition in which a male is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome

A

What is Klinefelter Syndrome?

61
Q

How does a patient develop Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

Occurs only as a result of a random genetic error after conception.

62
Q

T or F, Klinefelter Syndrome is inherited.

A

False

63
Q

Low testosterone and reduced muscle mass, facial hair, and body hair are symptoms of what disease?

A

Klinefelter Syndrome, most males with this condition produce little or no sperm.

64
Q

How is a patient treated for Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

Treatment may include testosterone replacement and fertility treatment.

65
Q

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

A

Social Learning Theory

66
Q

What is the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role called?

A

Gender Typing

67
Q
  • Shared human genomes
  • individual genetic variations
  • prenatal environment
  • sex-related genes, hormones, and physiology

These are all examples of what?

A

Biological Influences

68
Q
  • Gene-environmental interaction
  • Neurological effect of early experiences
  • Responses evoked by our own temperament, gender, etc.
  • Beliefs, feelings, and expectations

All of these are examples of what?

A

Psychological Influences

69
Q
  • Parental influences
  • Peer influences
  • Cultural individualism or collectivism
  • Cultural gender norms

All of these are examples of what?

A

Socio-cultural Influences

70
Q

In CONCEPTION, the fertilized egg; as it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo (fewer than ½ survive) is called what?

A

Zygote

71
Q

In CONCEPTION, the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month is called what?

A

Embryo

72
Q

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth is called the what?

A

Fetus

73
Q

The spine is visible and the arms and legs are beginning to grow during around how many days during conception?

A

Around 40

74
Q

(literally, “monster maker”) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

Teratogens

75
Q

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

76
Q

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

A

Habituation

77
Q

Being unable to recall anything from birth to approx. 3 years old.

A

Infantile amnesia

78
Q

What are all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating called?

A

Cognition

79
Q

What is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

A

a Schema

80
Q

Birth to nearly 2 years is what stage of development?

A

Sensorimotor stage (1st)

81
Q

2 to 6-7 years is what stage of development?

A

Preoperational Stage (2nd)

82
Q

7-11 years is what stage of development?

A

Concrete Operational Stage (3rd)

83
Q

12-adulthood is what stage of development?

A

Formal Operational Stage (4th)

84
Q

Experiencing the world through senses and actions is called this stage of DEVELOPMENT.

A

Sensorimotor

85
Q

Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning is at what stage in DEVELOPMENT?

A

Preoperational

86
Q

Thinking about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations happens during what stage of DEVELOPMENT?

A

Concrete Operational

87
Q

Abstract reasoning occurs during what stage of DEVELOPMENT?

A

Formal Operational

88
Q

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

A

Conservation

89
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

A

Egocentrism

90
Q

The theory of people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

A

Theory of mind

91
Q

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

A

Autism spectrum disorder

92
Q

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

A

Attachment

93
Q

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

A

Imprinting

94
Q

parents are coercive. They impose rules and expect obedience: “Don’t interrupt.” “Keep your room clean.” “Don’t stay out late or you’ll be grounded.” “Why? Because I said so.”

A

Authoritarian

95
Q

parents are restraining. They make few demands and use little punishment. They may be indifferent, unresponsive, or unwilling to set limits.

A

Permissive

96
Q

parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.

A

Authoritative

97
Q

(Morality) Self-interest, obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

A

Preconventional Morality (before 9)

98
Q

(Morality) Uphold laws and rues to gain social approval or maintain social order

A

Conventional Morality (early adolescence)

99
Q

(Morality) Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles.

A

Postconventional Morality (adulthood)

100
Q

What is our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles identified as?

A

Identity

101
Q

What is the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships?

A

Social Identity

102
Q

What is a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults called?

A

Emerging Adulthood

103
Q

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

A

Menopause

104
Q

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

A

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

105
Q

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

106
Q
A

Brain (Psychology) (1 decks)

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