Brain: Flashcards
Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain
What does the hindbrain, the posterior part of the brain, consist?
The medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum
What forms the brainstem?
The medulla, pons, midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain.
The medulla controls several reflexes through _______.
the cranial nerves
A set of 12 nerves that carry sensory and motor information to the head.
cranial nerves
The medulla connects to the ______ and the ________.
head and organs
What are abundant in the medulla?
Opiate receptors
Latin for “bridge”, is a brain structure located anterior and ventral to the medulla in the hindbrain.
Pons
The pons contains ________ for several cranial nerves.
It connects _______ from one side of the brain to the other.
nuclei
axons
Lie in both the pons and medulla. Both systems affect attention and arousal.
Reticular Formation
Raphe System
Organizes sensory information guiding movement and plays a role in functions beyond balance and coordination - shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli.
Cerebellum
Damage to the cerebellum can lead to difficulties in tasks requiring ________ ________.
attention shifts
Cerebellum is essential for judging timing, certain types of _______ and _________.
learning
conditioning
It contributes to motor readiness through a ________ pathway originating from the substantial nigra in the midbrain.
dopamine-containing
It is situated in the middle of the brain and is more prominent in reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
the midbrain
What is the roof of the brain?
Tectum
The swellings on each side are the vision and hearing.
the superior colliculus
the inferior colliculus
Below the tectum lies the _______, an intermediate level of the midbrain.
tegmentum
In the midbrain, it gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates movement readiness.
Substantia nigra
-
-
sensory processing
timing judgment
learning and conditioning
The most prominent part of the mammalian brain consists of two cerebral hemispheres organized to receive sensory information, control muscles, and interact with the spinal cord and cranial nerve nuclei.
The forebrain
The forebrain’s outer portion is the________
cerebral cortex
Name the 7 subcortical areas below the cortex.
Limbic system
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Basal Ganglia
Basal Forebrain
Hippocampus
_________ is involved in motivation and emotional behaviors, playing a key role in _________ and _________ responses.
Limbic system
memory
emotional
The limbic system comprises the _______ bulb, hy_______, hi__________, am________, and ci________ gyrus.
olfactory
hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
cingulate
The limbic system is essential for regulating behaviors related to ________.
survival
_________: Along with the hypothalamus, forms the _________
thalamus
diencephalon
The thalamus is the main source of information to the cerebral cortex, processing most sensory information.
True or false.
True
The olfactory information is included in the thalamus.
True or False
False
The thalamus is important for relaying sensory signals and regulating consciousness and sleep-wake cycles.
True or False
True
It is an endocrine (hormone-producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus in the forebrain.
Pituitary gland
It receives messages from the hypothalamus to produce hormones.
True
What is the role of the pituitary gland?
body’s hormonal balance and overall physiological functions
A group of subcortical structures including the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.
Basal ganglia
These subcortical structures are crucial for motor ______ and ________. Deterioration of the basal ganglia leads to Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease.
control
coordination
Structures in the _____ surface of the forebrain, such as the nucleus basalis.
Basal forebrain
dorsal
A key component of the brain’s arousal system regulates _______ and ______.
wakefulness
attention
A region that plays a key role in the formation and storage of new memories.
hippocampus
It is located in the _____ ______ lobe and is involved in various cognitive functions related to memory and spatial navigation.
medial temporal lobe
