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Medsci > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What does Cerebellum mean?

A

Small Brain

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2
Q

What constitues the Brain Stem

A

Mid brain, pons and medulla

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3
Q

What constitutes the Hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, Pons and medulla

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4
Q

What is the difference between the brain of Rats,Cats Monkeys and Humans?

A

Forebrain
-the flat cerebral cortex becomes larger in size in a smaller space
Size and complexity of the forebrain increases through the mammalian series, As there are more folds as the animal has developed a more complex life
Rat can see cerebellum behind Forebrain, cat has partially seen cerebellum, monkey hardly and totally hidden in human

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5
Q

How thick us the cerebral cortex?

A

Cerebral cortex is a flattened layer of 6 cells.
5-7mm thick

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6
Q

If extended how long is the brain?

A

13000ft, 4km

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7
Q

what is the organisation of the brain like?

A

Highly organised.
Gyri form a regular pattern of grey matter, with white matter underneath.

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8
Q

What is hemispheric control like?

A

A hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

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9
Q

What is the most critical part of the brain?

A

Forebrain. Large developed and highly complex

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10
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Covers the cerebrum Gray matter. Billions of neuronsin layers.

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11
Q

What constitutes the cerebrum?

A

Outer cerebral cortex of gray matter. Internal region of cerebral white matter(axons). Gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter.

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12
Q

What is gray matter

A

Dendrites and cell bodies
Its faster enlargement causes the cortical region to roll and fold upon itself
Receives and integrates incoming/outgoing information

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13
Q

What is white matter?

A

Bundle of Myelinated Axons of neurons

Where sensory inputs and motor outputs travel

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14
Q

What is the Longitudinal fissure?

A

Most prominent fissure/sulci
Separates the Cerebrum into Right and Left cerebral hemispheres (halves)
Has Falx cerebri within

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15
Q

What connects the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum connects the the two cerebral hemispheres Internally
Broad band of White matter axons extending between the two hemispheres

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16
Q

How are the lobes of the brain named?

A

after the bones that cover them (they are under)

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17
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Co-ordinates muscles/movement. Fine motor control.

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18
Q

What is the Transverse gyrus of Heschl?

A

Heschl’s gyrus
Located transverse on the temporal gyrus
Within the 1 Primary Auditory area
therefore Processes sound

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19
Q

What is on the frontal gyrus?

A

Triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus

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20
Q

What is in the frontal lobe?

A

Pre central gyrus
Pre central sulcus
Superior frontal gyrus
Superior frontal sulcus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus

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21
Q

What is in the parietal lobe?

A

Post central gyrus
Post central sulcus
Superior parietal Lobule
INTRA-parietal sulcus
Inferior parietal Lobule
Supra-Marginal Angular Gyrus + Angular Gyrus

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22
Q

What is in the temporal lobe?

A

Transverse Temporal Gyrus of Heschl
Superior temporal gyrus
Superior Temporal sulcus
Middle Temporal gyrus
Inferior Temporal sulcus
Inferior Temporal gyrus

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23
Q

What is the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

Voluntary movement - Each region controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles/groups of muscles on the opposite side of the body
Somatotopically organised (according to the distorted muscle map of the body called the motor homunculus)
Located in the pre-central gyrus in the frontal lobe
down –>up (fingers eyes, vocalisation/head&neck (face=1/3))–> (fingers, head, arms) –> (thorax, abdomen, nipple) –> (leg thigh) –> foot
Muscles involved in skilled, complex or delicate movements required a greater number of brain cells to control that movement therefore they have more cortical area devoted to it
(thorax, abdomen and nipple =smaller region= more automatically controlled)
Dominated by face, hands, forearms
Electrical stimulation at any point in the primary motor area cases the contraction of specific muscle fibres on the opposite side of the body

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24
Q

What happens if there is electrical stimulation in the Primary motor area?

A

Electrical stimulation at any point of the primary motor area causes contraction of specific skeletal muscle fibres on the opposite side of the body

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25
Q

What proportion of the primary motor cortex is take up to control the face?

A

1/3

26
Q

What is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex?

A

Conscious appreciation/perception of sensation -“touch, pressure, pain & temperature”
Located posterior to the central sulcus, in the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe
Each region receives nerve impulses from a specific part of the body (input from skin), and projects sensation out to the skin
Somatotopically organised according to the distorted body map of the sensory homunculus
Size devoted in cortical area which receives impulses depends on the number of receptors present (not the size of the body part)
Larger regions-lips, tongue, face, fingertips/hands - very discriminative and very precise
Highly discriminative - can pinpoint somatic sensations

27
Q

What is the Primary Somatosensory cortex dominated by?

A

Lips, Tongue, Face, Fingertip/hands

highly discriminative and very precise

28
Q

What is the Primary Visual Cortex?

A

Located on the posterior tip of the occipital lobe, seen best on medial surface next to the longitudinal fissure
Surrounds the Calcarine sulcus
Receives Visual information/Visual perception-functional relationship with vision
Visuotopically organised (according to the map of the visual field) and Retinotopically organised (according to the map of the retina)
Highly acute
Central part of the visual field is: Discriminative, Upside down, Tip of the cortex
Peripheral=Deep part of the Cortex
Very discriminative sensation in the middle
Visual field on the right side goes to the opposite side of the brain
Brain flips the image
Right and Left side’s combine to give 3D panoramic vision
There is communication with the visual field on the opposite side, is a continuous representation in the brain
Supplementary visual field is involved with movement and colour, and adds quality

29
Q

What is Phantom pain?

A

To do with Primary Somatosensory cortex
Project sensation to region that is effected
amputation below knee with no leg or foot
theoretically no sensation from leg or foot now
But if you knock the end of the stump where the nerve is now a crumpled nodule, they still claim to see their foot- still interpret information from foot
-Still project sensory information out to the skin

30
Q

What is the Primary Auditory Cortex?

A

Located superior part of the temporal lobe, near the Lateral Fissure
Receives information from sound, from the opposite ear
Involved in auditory perception
Transverse gyrus of heschl located 2.5cm deep into the lateral fissure, receives input from ear on opposite side
Tonotopically organised- according to frequency/pitch = Front=Low freq. and Back=High freq.

31
Q

What is a stroke?

A

CVA = CerebroVascular Accident
Characterised by an abrupt onset or persisting neurological symptoms such as :Paralysis or Loss of sensation
a. Intra-cerebral haemorrhage from blood vessels
b.blood clots
c. atherosclerosis –> formation of cholesterol-contianing plaques that block blood flow
Stroke on right side affected by opposite side of the brain
Risk factors: - High BP blood pressure, High blood Cholesterol, Diabetes, Smoking

32
Q

How does a stroke affect the Primary Motor cortex?

A

Lesion would Paralyse muscle movement on the Opposite side of the body
the Particular muscle(s) paralysed would depend on Where on the 1 Primary motor cortex/motor homunculus the lesion occurs

33
Q

How does a stroke affect the Primary Somatosensory cortex?

A

Lesion would result in Loss of Sensation on the opposite side if the body
The particular area with loss of sensation depends on Where on the mapping of the 1 Primary somatosensory cortex/according to the sensory homunculus

34
Q

How does a stroke affect the Primary Auditory cortex?

A

A lesion would lead to a Loss of Hearing in the opposite ear

35
Q

How does a stroke affect the Primary Visual cortex?

A

A lesion would result in a Loss of vision in the opposite eye

36
Q

What are features of the Left Hemisphere?

A

Dominant side
Verbal language area/centres used to Talk
80-90% of people are Right handed
Hearing, Speaking, Reading, Writing
-to accumulate knowledge and expand societies

37
Q

What are features of the Right Hemisphere?

A

Non Dominant side
Non-verbal language
LH= Some still have a dominant Left Hemisphere, Few other’s have it divided between the two hemispheres
1. Non-verbal language area (body language) (90% of communication)
2. Emotional expression (language) - modulation of speech
3. Spatial skills (3D) - shape of the object
4. Conceptual understanding
5. Artistic and Musical Skills - someone who can’t talk could sing
Large extent on right hemisphere but not entirely

38
Q

What 5 things would a lesion on the Right hemisphere result in?

A

Injury to non-verbal language areas

Loss of Non-verbal (body) language
Speech lacks emotion
Spatial disorientation
Inability to recognise familiar objects
Lack of musical appreciation

39
Q

What areas are affected when there are Perceptual problems?

A

2 Secondary areas

40
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Wernicke’s Speech Area
Association area
Enlarged region on the Left hemisphere
Located as a broad region in the Left Temporal and Parietal Lobes
UNDERSTANDING- analyses/interprets meaning of speech by recognising the spoken word
Has accumulate overtime the meanings of words
ACTIVE= as it translates words–> thoughts
Corresponding right hemisphere add emotional content/expression

41
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Broca’s Speech Area
Motor area
Located in the Frontal lobe close to the Lateral fissure/sulcus
Inferior Frontal Gyrus under the motor cortex
Triangular
Motor control/articulation/pronunciation of speech
Has accumulated motor information to allow for the production of speech
From Broca’s speech area nerve impulses pass to the pre-motor cortex regions that control the Larynx, Pharynx and mouth, to move in a precise way, resulting in Specific, co-ordinated muscle contractions, to speech clear words
The co-ordinated contraction of speech and breathing muscles allow you to speech your thoughts
Simultaneous impulses propagate from here to the 1 Primary motor cortex, and also controls breathing muscle to regulate flow or air past the vocal cords

42
Q

What is the Arcuate Fasiculus?

A

bundle of fibres which connects Wernicke’s Speech area (sensory) with Broca’s speech area (motor)
-if affected Conduction aphasia

43
Q

What are the frontal eye fields?

A

Located in the Frontal cortex
Pre motor area
controls Voluntary scanning moments of the eye
-what you of when reading

44
Q

What is Exner’s Area?

A

Activates muscles in order to Write
has accumulated memory of how to write and trains cells in the area so are able to write words
Located In-front of the 1 Primary motor cortex’s area which controls the fingers
Corresponding Right Hemisphere controls intelligence, spatial, art and musical skills

45
Q

What is the SupraMarginalAngular Gyrus?

A

Located as part of the Inferior Parietal Lobule
Critical for Reading and Writing
These neural cells have Stored up the Patterning of -Words, Shapes and Meanings

46
Q

What is an Aphasia?

A

Disorder of speech associated with the brain

47
Q

What is an Ataxia?

A

Disorder of muscle co-ordination due to damage (trauma or disease) to the cerebellum
Results in Unco-ordinated movements or Loss of balance

48
Q

What happens when there is an aphasia in Wernicke’s Area?

A

Hear, but cannot understand/recognise speech
Still able to speak and hear, but lack of understanding is due to inability to arrange words in your head in a coherent fashion
is the area associated with Understanding and recognising spoken words “disorder of speech”
Sensory aphasia
Fluent aphasia (as you can still from words)

49
Q

What happens when there is an aphasia in Broca’s Area?

A

Problem’s pronouncing words
Still have clear thoughts, but cannot form words, pronounce speech/words
is the area responsible for the articulation of speech (motor speech area)
This is due to the muscle being Unable to produce co-ordinated speech
Note: can still Use the muscle of the speech apparatus, but this critical region No Longer Co-ordinated the speech muscles
Motor aphasia
Non-fluent aphasia (as can no longer form words)
Motor/speech aphasia
Expressive aphasia

50
Q

What happens when there is an aphasia in the Arcuate Fasiculus?

A

Separates input from output -reply unrelated due to disconnection
The pathway connecting Wernicke’s and Broca’s area
Individual will still Hear and Understand spoken words, and still Pronounce/Speak clearly with co-ordinated speech muscles, but their Reply will be Unrelated to the question- as input and output are no longer Connected
Damaged by a tumour deep in the Temporal Lobe
Conduction aphasia
Dis-conduction aphasia
(also Fluent aphasia as you can still produce words)

51
Q

Where is the Central Visual field located?

A

Tip of the 1 Primary Visual cortex

52
Q

Where is the Peripheral Visual field located?

A

Deep part of the 1 Primary Visual cortex

53
Q

On which surface is the Parieto-occipital sulcus shown better?

A

Medial surface

54
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

“body” “hard”

Broad band of White matter of Axons which Extends Internally between Hemispheres to connect them

55
Q

What is the Falx Cerebra?

A

Longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

What are association areas?

A

complex areas
Processes information received by the primary cortexes
Most highly developed in humans (rats have hardly any)
-these are the areas which allow us to carry out really complex functions
Complex neural interactions/functions , which are not entirely distinct
Connected via association tracts

57
Q

Which 5 things does the Frontal Association cortex control?

A

FMCBIP
frontal-
Mood (e. Temporal A.c.)
Cognitive function (how you think)
Behaviour (behavioural profile)
Intelligence (w. Temporal A.c.)
Personality (hard to define. personality profile)
-
Massive association area
Hugely developed in humans
Very important
Very complex functions
Tumour/Blood clot pushing down = change in personality

58
Q

Which 2 things does the Parietal Association cortex control?

A

Spatial skills
3D recognition
a. shapes
b. faces
c. written words
d. concepts
e. abstract perception
-
present on both sides
Little more on one side for the written word
Input from all sensory areas- bring info tpgether

59
Q

Which 4 things does the Temporal Association cortex control?

A

AMMI
Aggression
Memory (short term very important, longterm still important) (critical, allows for individual and worldly advancement)
Mood (w. Frontal)
Intelligence (w. Frontal)
-each feature is Not specifically localised- is a complicated relationship
-
rats have hardly any temporal association area
Memory is critical, allows for advancement individually and collectively as humans
Short term memory is slightly more important
Intelligence is really complex and hard to define functional area

60
Q

What is special about the features controlled by the association cortexes?

A

Each features is NOT specifically localised

-It is a complicated relationship

Medsci (1 decks)

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