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Animal Diversity > BR11510 > Flashcards

BR11510 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mesoglea?

A

The mesoglea is a gelatinous matrix between two cell layers. It is exceptionally thin and invisible under a microscope.

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2
Q

How many cell types are in the epidermis?

A

There are 5 cell types in the epidermis.

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3
Q

What is the function of epithelia muscle cells?

A

Epithelia muscle cells constitute the main body of the cell wall.

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4
Q

What is the function of interstitial cells?

A

Interstitial cells are totipotent cells that can change into any cell type.

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5
Q

What is the function of cnidocytes?

A

Cnidocytes are the stinging cells. There is varied ability within species and they can be positioned at various different points on the body of the organism. They are primarily involved in prey capture.

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6
Q

What is the function of mucus secreting cells?

A

Mucus secreting cells are concentrated in the mouth and the basal disc, enabling the organism to stick onto a rock.

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7
Q

What are the functions of the sensory and nerve cells?

A

Sensory and nerve cells are built into a net. The organisms are relatively immobile so are at the mercy of the currents.

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8
Q

How many cell types are in the gastrodermis?

A

There are 4 cell types on the gastrodermis.

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9
Q

What is the role of enzymatic gland cells?

A

Enzymatic gland cells release politic enzymes enabling the organism to break down food.

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10
Q

What is the role of nutritive muscle cells?

A

Nutritive muscle cells ingest particles of food via pseudopodia.

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11
Q

What is pseudopodia?

A

Pseudopodia is whereby particles of food undergo digestion both in the cell; as well as undergoing catabolism in the digestive cavity.

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12
Q

What is the function of mucous gland cells?

A

Mucous gland cells provide some level of lubrication and are abundant in the mouth.

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13
Q

What is the function of nerve cells in the gastrodermis?

A

Nerve cells in the gastrodermis behave as a nerve net.

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14
Q

What makes up a stinging cell?

A

Stinging cells consist of a cnidocil and a nematocyst.

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15
Q

How does a cnidocil work?

A

A nematocyst discharges due to rapid water uptake, which triggers the ejection of a nematocyst, caused by a change in membrane permeability.

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16
Q

Where do hydroids lack cells?

A

Hydroids lack cells in the mesoglea

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17
Q

When is the coelom formed in protostomes?

A

The coelom in protostomes is formed during development through schizocoely.

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18
Q

What happens in schizocoely?

A

In schizocoely, a split in the mesoderm occurs, leaving a very fine cavity. The cavity eventually widens and gets larger, resulting in the formation of a coelom.

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19
Q

How do protostomes and deuterostomes differ in the way they develop?

A

In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth, whereas in deuterostomes, the blastopore forms the anus.

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20
Q

What is cleavage in embryology?

A

In embryology, the cleavage is the division of cells, resulting finally in the formation of the blastula.

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21
Q

Where does the term arthropoda come from?

A

The term arthropoda comes from the Greek for ‘jointed foot’.

22
Q

What happens to the exoskeleton in arthropods?

A

In arthropods, the exoskeleton is shed in order to allow the organism to grow and expand.

23
Q

What happens when arthropods shed their exoskeleton? And what is this process known as?

A

The exoskeleton is secreted by the epidermis, and after moulting, they are left with a soft exoskeleton. This process is known as ecdysis.

24
Q

How are insecta segmented anatomically?

A

Insecta are segmented into a head, thorax and abdomen.

25
Q

Where are wings found on insects?

A

Wings are found on the mesothorax and the metathorax.

26
Q

What do the mesothorax and metathorax combine to form?

A

The mesothorax and metathorax combine to form the pterothorax.

27
Q

What are halteres?

A

Halteres are reductions of the wings, which behave as a gyroscope and allow the insect to detect changes in its surroundings.

28
Q

In insects, what is the primary function of the tympanal organs?

A

The tympana organs are used in hearing.

29
Q

In insects, how does the tracheal system function?

A

The tracheal system consists of spiracles on the side of an organism, which can be opened or closed, and allow the diffusion of oxygen to tissues and organs.

30
Q

In insects, what is the function of the Malpighian tubes?

A

The Malpighian tubes are involved in waste excretion and water regulation, especially regulation of uric acid.

31
Q

In insects, what are the mouth parts composed of?

A

The mouth parts are composed of mandibles, which are used to cut vegetation; maxillae, which are used in the manipulation of food; and a second pair of maxillae which are fused together and known as the labium, which are involved in mastication and the manipulation of food. The labrum protects the roof of the mouth and is involved in mastication as well as protecting the mandibles; and the hypo pharynx, which is where the salivary glands terminate.

32
Q

In Crustacea, the head and thorax fuse together. What is this structure called?

A

This is known as the cephalothorax, and it is covered with a carapace.

33
Q

Generally, how many eyes do Crustacea have?

A

Crustacea generally have two compound eyes.

34
Q

In Mollusca, what is the shell made of, and how does it form?

A

The shell is made of calcium carbonate, and it is arranged into 7 plates.

35
Q

In Mollusca, what does the visceral mass contain?

A

The visceral mass contains all the major organs.

36
Q

What is the characteristic feature of Mollusca?

A

The characteristic feature is the coiled shell, i.e. the dextral shell that we often see in snail.

37
Q

Where does the visceral mass sit?

A

The stomach sits inside the visceral mass, which then sits on the foot, hence the name Gastropoda.

38
Q

What is the function of the shell in Mollusca?

A

In Mollusca, the shell serves to protect the organism.

39
Q

In Mollusca, what is the function of the columellar muscles?

A

The columellar muscles function to contract and retract the body of the organism inside and outside of the shell during cases of fight or flight.

40
Q

How are the vast majority of shells coiled?

A

The vast majority of shells are coiled clockwise.

41
Q

What feature of Mollusca has evolved to improve their adaptation to the shell?

A

The class Mollusca has evolved so that they only possess one of each organ so that the organism can fit inside of the shell.

42
Q

In Mollusca, what are the Prosobranchs?

A

The Prosobranchs are marine snails.

43
Q

In Mollusca, what are the Opisthobranchs?

A

The Opisthobranchs are marine slugs.

44
Q

In Mollusca, what are the Pulmonata?

A

The Pulmonata are terrestrial snails and slugs.

45
Q

How are the Bivalvia anatomically constructed?

A

The Bivalvia have a shell with two valves closed by the adductor muscles; the Jumbo, which is the oldest part of the shell; and the hinge. They also possess a foot, and from a gland in the foot, produce Byssal threads.

46
Q

What is the function of the hinge in Bivalvia?

A

The hinge is located dorsally and produces layers of calcium carbonate, which means that the shell gets bigger with age.

47
Q

What is the function of the Byssal threads?

A

The Byssal threads are proteins that are produced and released down a groove in the foot. They are used to attach the organism to a rock, and although released as a liquid, set as a solid underwater.

48
Q

What organisms does the Phylum Annelida include?

A

The Annelida includes the earthworms, leeches and other similar marine and freshwater organisms.

49
Q

The Annelida have metameric segmentation. What does this mean?

A

Metameric segmentation means the the organism is divided into segments.

50
Q

Metameric segmentation means the the organism is divided into segments. What segments are formed?

A

The head segment is known as the Prostotium; followed by the Peristotium. The inferior end is known as the Pygidium.

51
Q

During development in Deuterostomes, when does the coelom form?

A

The coelom is formed during enterocoely.

52
Q

What is enterocoely?

A

Enterocoely is whereby the cavity forms from pouches of the ancestral gut. The blastopore formed the anus.

Animal Diversity (1 decks)

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