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Year 1 Behavioral science > BPS > Flashcards

BPS Flashcards

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1
Q

how developed the BPS model?

A

American psychiatrist George Engel

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2
Q

whats the difference between the BPS model and the biomedical model?

A

the biomedical model focus only at the biomedical aspect, but the BPS model sees the patient as a hole

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3
Q

What are the biomedical aspects?

A

illness manifested only on physiological grounds

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4
Q

what are the social aspects?

A

family, friends, work environment, personal belief, economics and even technology

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5
Q

what are the psychological aspects?

A

psychological health, motivation, self control, personality, behavioural patterns ect

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6
Q

what are the benefit of the BPS model?

A

they see the patient in a holistic point of view. they treat the patient not the problem, so the patient will have a greater success rate in rehab

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7
Q

that are the negative sides of the BPS model?

A

they may not focus enough on the actual problem, and takes longer time. they also may miks biomedical and physiological problems

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8
Q

explain fear avoidance behavior

A

they avoid the problem making it worse

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9
Q

What is the most important reason for lower back pain

A

fear avoidance behaviour, as chiropractors we need to take this into consideration

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10
Q

what in the physical environment do we need to take into consideration as chiroprators?

A

weather, housing conditions, furniture, availability of money, means of transportation.

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11
Q

who gets affected by lower back pain

A

the patient, their family, their job, friends, health care providers

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12
Q

what are the red flags

A

-Fever of 38ºC (100.4ºF) or above -Unexplained weight loss -History of cancer Abdominal bruit (AAA) -Swelling of the back -Signs / symptoms of infection -Constant back pain that does not ease after lying down -Pain in your chest or high up in your back -Pain down your legs and below the knees -Pain caused by a recent trauma or injury to your back -Loss of bladder / bowel control -Inability or difficulty passing urine -Perineal numbness, numbness around your genitals, buttocks or back passage -Pain that is worse at night -Unable to reduce symptoms mechanically -History of trauma (mild + osteopaenia) -Family hx inflammatory arthropathy

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13
Q

what are the cauda equina syndrome, symptoms

A

-Low back pain -Bilateral leg pain -Perianal sensory loss; altered sensation around the back passage and genitals. -Bladder symptoms include: loss of bladder sensation, abnormal sensation on passing urine, urinary retention (more common in men), urinary incontinence (more common in women). -Bowel symptoms are rare but include incontinence. -Sexual / erectile dysfunction -Progressive weakness in the legs

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14
Q

information communication

A

to transmit information from one person to another

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15
Q

supportive communication

A

to provide understanding, sympathy or encouragement to patients

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16
Q

successful treatment outcomes are partially determined by…..

A

……effective communications

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17
Q

paternalistic

A

doctor uses doctor-centred style, closed question

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18
Q

cunsumeristic

A

the patient knows exactly what they want and “force” the doctor into patient centred approach

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19
Q

default

A

the doctor attempts to assume control but the patient is unwilling to accept it

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20
Q

mutuality

A

the doctor uses open questions to encourage the patient to talk about his complaint

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21
Q

doctor-centred communication

A

-one way communication - patient is passive

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22
Q

patient-centred communication

A

-two way process -the patient is active and have more influence over the consultation

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23
Q

what are the 5 basic communication tasks?

A

1) Initiating the session 2) Gathering information 3) Building the relationship 4) explanation and planning 5) closing the session

24
Q

different verbal communication

A

closed question and open question

25
Q

what techniques are used to reduce the probability of misunderstanding?

A

paraphrasing, summarising and clarifyring

26
Q

active listening Technics

A

mirroring, empathy, silence(let the patient have time to think)

27
Q

the use of jargon

A

dont use words like cancer

28
Q

difference between leading and open questions

A

dont use leading questions

29
Q

what are the factors that may affect doctor patient communication?

A

-your emotional state -negative attitude towards patient(ex pedofile) patient: -nervous or anxious -emarressed -in pain -very tired or influenced by drugs

30
Q

what are the social factores affecting communication?

A

-age -socioeconomic groups -gender

31
Q

what to keep confidential?

A

-indentity(name, adress, marital status) -medical history -social circumstances -Psychological factors ( emotional state, metal health stress leves ect)

32
Q

non verbal communication?

A

-facial expression -Gaze -gesture -body movement -posture -touch -spatial behaviour -clothing and appearance -timing?

33
Q

different facial expression to look out for..

A

happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust and contempt.

34
Q

what not to do with your posture when you are a chiropractor..

A

-arms crossed -bad posture in general -to relaxed ect

35
Q

personal space differences:

A

1) intimate zone 0-60 cm 2) personal zone 60-120 cm 3) social zone 1,2-3,3 m 4) public zone 3,3m +

36
Q

what does SOLER stands for

A

Sitting posture Open posture Lean sometimes forward to the patient maintain Eye contact try to Relax

37
Q

Paralinguistics

A

what is expressed other than words

38
Q

what is important when dealing with older patients?

A

Dignity

39
Q

how do elderly patients often explain pain?

A

under-reporting, cognitive impairment and dementia can be obstacles to pain assessment.

40
Q

common problems among the elderly?

A

malnutrition - look for abuse

41
Q

how to ask qusetion about changes in cognition over recent years..?

A

-who does the shopping at home? -who does the cooking? -who is paying the bills? -are you still drivng?

42
Q

What is Piaget 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor - (0-2 yrs)
    - experience of the world through movements ans sensations
  2. Preoperational - (2-7 yrs)
    - symbolic thinking
    - Egocentrism
  3. Concrete operational
    - (7-11 yrs)
    - Logical thinking about concrete events
  4. Formal operational
    - (12 yrs-up)
    - Abstract thinking and reasoning concerning hypothetical problems
43
Q

what is John Bowlys attachment theory.

A
  • The most important principle for infant development is the relationship with at least one primary caregiver(for social and emotional development)
  • the emotional bond stimulated brain growth and affects personality development and lifelong ability to form stable relationship.
44
Q

when does childern have separation anxiety?

A

around 7-12 months

45
Q

what are typical for the pre-operational stage? (2-7 yrs)

A
  • example: “granny gave me tummy ache” if the tummy ache started at grannys house.
  • they tend to focus on one symptom. asthma= coughing
  • because of this the child may not report all of the symptoms
  • The child grasps the idea of contamination but may over-generalise the conditions that are infections (e.g. did you catch your broken arm from your brother?) and methods of transmission (e.g. believing they can catch measles from a friend over the telephone).
  • -Implication: Child may fail to recognize an actual route of condition so they will not report it.*
46
Q

What are typical for the concrete operational stage? (7-12 years)

A
  • the child may recognize that diseases may have range of symptoms. so their ability to report their bodily sensations and possible causative agents improve.
  • they see good health as absence of illnes.
  • they start seeing health risk behavior.
  • smooking is bad for them
  • they see the biological causes of health and death, germs and diseases.
  • -they are more likley to follow health advice as they understand the impact of their actions on their own heath.*
47
Q

what are typical for Formal operational stage? (12 years +)

A
  • Factors such as exposure to education increases understanding about body structure, e.g. organs and both its function and dysfunction
  • increasingly capable of understanding scientific explanations of illness. -understands the purpose of treatment
  • -Implication: children are able to follow logical arguments so they are more able to discuss alternative treatments.*
48
Q

name some of the common myths associated with childhood pain:

A
  • Children do not feel pain
  • Children do not remember pain
  • Analgesics can do more harm than good
  • Addressing and treating pain takes too much time
  • Pain builds character
49
Q

what are some Psyhosocial factors associated with pain in childern?

A
  • Toddlers and preschool aged children, especially under 8 yrs, mainly demonstrate behavioural distress and pain during medical procedures.
  • Girls display more expressive responses such as crying and clinging and may report more pain whereas boys use different forms of behaviour and report less pain.
  • Child’s sex: parents more likely to use distracting activities with girls (links with above?)
  • Difficulty of the procedure: the more difficult the procedure, the greater the distress of the child.
  • Ability of health care provider, experience, communication skills and healthcare skill.
  • Family and parents in particular: previous experience of parents, belief that intervention will be helpful, parenting style and parental anxiety.
50
Q

what metodes are used to reduce pain in childern?

A
  1. Positive reinforcement
  2. Explain procedures using age-appropriate pros
    1. pictures, diagrams, approriate language ect.
  3. Distraction
  4. Useful interventions during painful procedures
    1. music, controlled breathing and imagery
51
Q

What are the negative consequences of parents behavior?

A
  • Children are often sensitive to their parents’ behaviour and feelings, they can pick up signs of anxiety or fear, or the complete opposite.
  • Therefore, spend time with parents reassuring them and ensuring they fully understand the situation to reduce their fear / anxiety.
  • Parents need to agree to be involved.
  • Some parents may not be able to help and feel guilty and helpless if clinical staff force them to become involved.
52
Q

what is adolecence?

A

•Adolescence: transitional developmental period between childhood and adulthood. This stage can have more biological, psychological and social changes than any other stage except in infancy.

53
Q

how should approch children as a chiropractor?

A
  • Approach the child in a gentle and calm manner.
  • Maintain eye contact.
  • When starting the interview, start by addressing the child by using age appropriate dialogue. Have an ice-breaker ready.
  • Use words that can be understood by the child and the parents.
  • Do no direct all your attention to the parent.
  • Use play therapy, story-telling, painting and other strategies to understand the child’s experience.

Encourage the expression of feelings and fears

  • Ask young children if they would like to tell their story or would prefer the parents to do it.
  • Parents tend to interrupt children during medical interviews and may disagree with the child’s perspective. Be attentive to such cues especially if there is a behavioural problem.
54
Q

should you use open or closet qusetion with childern?

A
  • Closed questions workes best with young chideren
  • Open questions workes best with older childs
55
Q
A

Year 1 Behavioral science (1 decks)

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