BPK Flashcards
1
Q
What is Arthrology?
A
The study of joints
2
Q
What is Osteology?
A
The study of bones
3
Q
The 5 functions of the skeleton?
A
1) supporting framework for the body
2) attachment point for muscles, creating a lever system for movement
3) protects vital organs
4) blood cell formation, red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets
5) mineral storage-calcium and phosphorus
4
Q
What are the major building blocks of bone?
A
calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen fibres and water.
5
Q
What is collagen?
A
A protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue.
6
Q
What is bone tissue composed of?
A
Cells called osteocytes
7
Q
What is the composition of the matrix?
A
25% water, 25% protein (collagen), and 50% mineral salts (calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate)
8
Q
Where does Longitudinal growth occur?
A
At the epiphyseal plate
9
Q
What is the epiphyseal plate?
A
A layer of cartilage
10
Q
How many bones are there in the human body?
A
206 bones
11
Q
How many main shapes of bone?
A
5
12
Q
What are the 5 types of shapes?
A
1) Long bones
2) Short bones
3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones
5) Sesamoid bones
13
Q
Long bones are…?
A
longer than wide ex: femur
14
Q
Short bones are…?
A
Wider than long ex: wrist and ankle bones
15
Q
Flat bones are…?
A
Flat & broad surfaces ex: sternum skull
16
Q
Irregular bones are…?
A
Complex bones that don’t fit in the past categories.
17
Q
Sesamoid bones…?
A
small bones that form in tendons ex: vertebras & patella
18
Q
What does the Vertebral Column provide?
A
It provides flexible support for the trunk and protects the spinal cord.
19
Q
How many vertebrae?
A
33
20
Q
How many distinct bones?
A
26
21
Q
How many segments?
A
5
22
Q
What is each segment of vertebrae’s name?
A
-Cervical
-Thoracic
-Lumbar
-Sacral
-Coccygeal
23
Q
How many vertebrae are in the Cervical?
A
7
24
Q
How many vertebrae are in the Thoracic?
A
12
25
How many vertebrae are in the Lumbar?
5
26
How many vertebrae are in the Sacral?
5
27
How many vertebrae are in the Coccygeal?
4
28
How do vertebrae articulate?
by means of facets on the processes of the synovial joints and by means of intervertebral discs between the cartilaginous joints
29
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
Shock absorbers allows small movement so that the vertebral column is flexible and resilient
30
What is Scoliosis?
The abnormal lateral curve of the vertebral column
31
What is Kyphosis?
"hump back"- an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve (concave)
32
What is Lordosis?
"sway back"- an exaggerated anterior lumbar curve (co
33
Fibrous Joints are..?
Immovable
34
Cartilaginous joints are...?
Slightly moveable
35
Synovial joints are...?
Freely moveable
36
2 main functions of synovial fluid?
-lubricates the joint surfaces so they can slide over each other during movement to reduce friction
-Supplies nutrients to and removes waste from cartilage cells which have no blood supply
37
What are Ligaments?
Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together
38
What are Tendons?
Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bones
39
What is a Bursa?
A small sac or cavity filled with synovial fluid which are found at friction points mainly JOINTS. Most bursae are located between the tendon and bone
40
What are the 3 types of reference planes?
-Frontal Plane
-Sagittal Plane
-Transverse Plane
41
What is the Frontal Plane?
divides the body into anterior and posterior (booty and face)
42
What is Sagittal Plane?
divides the body into right and left (hotdog way)
43
What is a Transverse Plane?
divides the body into superior and inferior (hamburger way)
44
6 types of joint movements and their opposite are?
1) Flexion, Extension
2) Abduction, Adduction
3) Rotation inward (medial), Rotation outward (lateral)
4) Supination, Pronation
5) Elevation, Depression
6) Plantar Flexion, Dorsiflexion
45
What are the 5 main types of joint disorders?
1) Sprain
2) Dislocation
3) Subluxation
4) Bursitis
5) Arthritis
46
What is a sprain?
The overstretching of a ligament
1st degree: fibres are stretched
2nd degree: partial tear of the ligament
3rd degree: rupture of the ligament
47
What is a dislocation?
Bones are displaced + ligaments can be sprained or torn in severe cases
48
What is a subluxation?
Partial dislocation
49
What is a Bursitis?
Inflamed bursae result from injury, exercise and infection
50
What is arthritis?
Joint inflammation caused by trauma, bacterial infection, metabolic disorders etc.
51
What are the 4 structural Limits to Flexibility?
1) The bony structure of the joint
2) Ligaments
3) Joint capsules
4) Muscle-tendon unit
52
Bony Structure of the Joint?
Cannot be changed with flexibility training, ex: the elbow cant extend further than flat
53
Ligaments?
Connects 2 bones together but also restricts how far the bones can go
54
Joint Capsules?
Synovial joint, Synovial Joint Capsules
55
Muscle-Tendon unit?
you can improve with the flexibility to elongate tissue, ex: through yoga and or stretching
56
What are the 4 main tissue types?
-Nervous
-Epithelial
-Muscle
-Connective
57
What is an example of Nervous tissue?
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
58
What is an example of Epithelia tissue?
Linning of Gl tract, organs (hollow organs) and skin surfaces
59
What is an example of Muscle tissue
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal muscles
60
What is an example of Connective tissues
Fat, bone, tendon, cartilage
61
3 types of models
Structural Model, Two-Component Model, Chemical Model
62
What is
63
Wha 2 componet model
64
what chemical model
65
What is Anthropometry?
Quantitative measurement of body size and proportions
66
How do we assess body comp?
skinfold thickness, circumferences, bony widths and lengths, height and body weight.
67
Why do we assess body comp?
- determine optimal body compy for performance in sports
- develop sound weight reduction programs
- determine bone mineral content in women and children
- monitor changes in body composition associated with disease
- track goals for weight management and strength training
- determine body comp-related health risk
68
What are some complications associated with obesity
- type 2 diabestes mellitus
- hypertensions
- coronary artery disease, and heart failure
- higher incidence of certain cancers
69
What are some complications associated with excessive thinness?
- fluid-electrolyte imbalances
- osteoporosis
- bone fractures
- muscle wasting
70
What is an eating disorder?
disturbance of eating behaviour that jeopardizes a persons physical physical or mental health
71
What are the 4 types of eating disorders?
1) Anorexia Nervosa
2) Bulimia Nervosa
3) Binge eating disorder
4) Female athlete triad
72
What is Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia means "without appetite" and Nervosa means "of nerve origin." self-starvation, is more common in women, 15-19 main years.
73
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
Recurring episodes of binge eating mixed with the fear of getting fat, therefore, causing self inducing vomiting or purging.
74
What is Binge Eating Disorder?
similar to bulimia but not as sever in the self purging stages
75
What is Female Athlete Triad?
This disorder is combined with intense excise and emotional stress which suppress hormones that control the menstrual cycle.
76
What is Amenorrhea?
This is when period cycle stops for 3 months in a row, this, in the long run, can lead to low bone density and osteoporosis
77
What is the main difference between Essential fat and Storage fat?
Essential fat is fat that is in your organs, bones, muscles, and nervous system, and it is necessary to carry out normal body functions. Storage body fat is found directly under the skin and around internal organs, and it is used for energy.
78
How much % should essential fat make up?
3%
79
How does the % of both fats differ from genders ages 20-24?
Storage fat: M- 12%
F- 15%
Essential fat: M- 3%
F- 12%
80
Why are the females % higher than males?
Because females have sex-specific fat in their breasts, pelvic and thigh regions and also other hormonal factors that are used for childbearing.
81
Where is fat go for the "male-type" (android) obesity?
excess fat is deposited on the upper torso and around the abdomen therefore an apple shape. Males have higher health risks when obese.
82
Where is fat go for "female-type" (gynoid) obesity?
Excess fat is stored below the waist in the thighs, hip and butt therefore a pear shape. After menopause females begin storing more fat in stomach region.
83
The combination of ______ and obesity is one of the largest epidemics the world has faced.
type 2 diabetes.
84
Obese individuals with a BMI of ___ or larger can expect about a 7-year decrease in life.
30
85
Obese children have __% more chance of being obese than adults.
55%
86
Weight gain occurs when energy ____ exceeds energy _____
intake, expenditure (out)
87
What are the 5 main reasons that caused the obesity epidemic?
1) Unbalanced energy intake and expenditure
2) Decreased physical activity
3) Increased consumption of calories
4) Social environment
5) Genetics
88
name at least 3 examples of decreased physical activity
automobiles, increased crowding, crime patterns, technological advances and automation in the home and the workplace, many hours spent watching TV, playing video games, sitting at the computer
89
What does NEAT stand for?
non-exercise activity thermogenesis
90
What is NEAT?
energy expended by physical activity such as walking and fidgeting and it shows that obese individuals were seated for 164 mins longer than non-obese indivudals.
91
How does aging affect body comp?
increased fat mass
decreased muscle mass
decreased bone muscles
92
What are ways that they can slow this process down?
By following a regular exercise program which proper dietary habits.
93
_________ methods study the chemical anaylsis of human cadavers
Direct
94
______ methods study the noninvasive techniques used on living people.
Indirect methods
95
There are __ main types of calculating body comp
9
96
How many stages of postnatal growth?
1) Neonatal Period
2) Infancy
3) Childhood
4) Adolescence
5) Adult Hood
97
What is the time frame of the Neonatal Period?
birth to end of 4 weeks
98
What is the time frame of Infancy?
extends from the end of 4 weeks until 2 YO, lots of mental development
99
What is the time frame of Childhood?
Puberty. This period differs because everyone hits puberty @ diff times.
100
What is the time frame of Adolescence?
Starts @ age 9 for girls and 11 in boys usually ending at ages 17-18
101
What is the time frame of Adulthood?
Reaching max psychical stature as determined by genetics, environment and nutrition.
102
What are the 4 types of Growth curves?
1) Longitudinal Data
2) Velocity curve
3) Cross-sectional data
4) Distance curves
103
__________ ______ measures change in height
Distance Curve
104
_______ _____ single or group over a period of many years (height or weight)
Longitudinal data
105
______ ____ measurement of several children in each age group, therefore, combing them to create a picture of diff heights and weights for the diff age group.
Cross-Sectional Data
106
____ ___ measures the rate of growth
Velocity curve
107
What is Myology?
The study of muscle
108
__________ only cells in the body that can contract and shorten (tension)
Muscle cell/ muscle fiber
109
The Skeletal Muscle ...?
- shorten and lengthen
- attaches to skeleton
- has a striped pattern (striated muscle)
- under voluntary control
110
Skeletal muscle comprises __% for women and ___% for men BW
36% and 42%
111
What is the composition of Skeletal Muscle
___% water
___% protein
remaining consists of
- ________
- ________
- _________
-__________
75%, 20%,
- inorganic salts (K+, Cl)
- Pigments
-Fats
-Carbohydrtae
112
How many muscles are in the body?
roughly 700
113
What is found in hollow organs and blood vessels?
Smooth Muscle
114
Smooth Muscles are...
- not aligned therefore causing a smooth appearance
- are under involuntary control
-connections between cells = syncytial
115
Cardiac Muscles are....
similar to both skeletal and smooth muscle because they are striated and uber involuntary control and cells contract in sync (syncytium)
116
Cardiac muscles are the contractile tissue of the ____ wall
heart
117
How many criteria are there to name muscles? and examples of each if possible
1) shape ex: rhomboidid, trapezius, deltoid
2) action
3) location ex: tibialis anterior, intercostals, pectoralis major
4) divisions. ex: triceps branchii, quadriceps femoris
5) size relationships ex: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
6) direction of fibres ex: transeversus (across), rectus (straight)
118
What is Fasiculi?
Bundles of muscle fibers
119
Fasiculi may run _____ to the long axis of muscle which creates GREATER or LESS range of motion and GREATER or LESS strength?
parallel, greater, less
120
Fasiculi may also run diagonally or _____ into a tendon running the length of the muscle which creates a GREATER or LESS range of motion and GREATER or LESS strength?
pennate, less, greater
121
What does it mean when something is unipennate?
all fasciculi insert on one side of tendon
ex: semimembranosus
122
What does it mean when something is bipennate?
fasciculi insert on both sides of tendon
ex: rectus femoris
123
What does it mean when something is Multipennate?
convergence of several tendons
ex: deltoid
124
What does it mean when something is Longitudinal (strap)?
Fasciiculi run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
ex: sartorius, rectus abdominus
125
What does it mean when something is Radiate (convergent)?
fibers fan out from a single attachement
ex: pectoralis major
126
What is a Prime mover?
a muscle whose contraction is primarily responsible for a particular movement
127
What is an antagonist?
Muscle that opposes one another upon contraction, like biceps and triceps antagonist are located on opposite sides of a joint
128
What are Fixators/stabilizers?
muscles that immobilize a bone of joint near the origin of the prime movers so that the prime mover can act more efficiently.
129
Definition of origin
less movable end of muscle usually proximal
130
Definition of insertion
more movable end of a muscle, usually distal
131
Definition of belly
the widest portion of a muscle between its origin and insertion.
132
KEY NOTE
Most movements require the action of several muscles functioning as a group an cooperating with one another.
133
KEY NOTE
not all muscle inserted on bone like the muscles controlling facial expressions originate from bone and insert on skin
134
What are the 3 layers of connective tissues called?
Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysion
135
Which of the 3 surrounds the whole muscle?
Epimysium
136
Which of the 3 surrounds the muscle fibres?
Endomysium
137
Which of the 3 surrounds the bundles of fasciculi?
Perimysium
138
____ are extensions of connective tissue and beyond the end of the ____
tendons, muscle
139
____ transit the force of contractile tissue to the _____
tendons, bone
140
Which is stronger Tendons or Muscles?
Tendons are much stronger as they can receive force from a large number of muscle fibres.
141
What does each muscle fibre contain?
Myofibrils
142
What are myofibrils consisted of?
variety of contractive proteins in repeated series
143
Because of the contractive protiens they have light and dark ____ patterns in areas in bands
striated
144
What is each array of contractive proteins called?
Sarcomere which is equal to 1 contractive unit
145
What are the 2 major contractile protiens?
Actin (thin filiment)
Myosin (think filament)
146
What is the sliding filament theory?
this theory suggests that, when the muscle is activated, the protruding cross-bridges on myosin attach to actin and, with the aid of ATP, the cross-bridge microstructure can “rotate” thus causing the thin actin filament to “slide” over myosin. This causes the sarcomere to shorten.
147
On average how many capillaries surround each muscle fibre?
3-4
148
Training can INCREASE or DECREASE the number of capillaries per muscle fibre.
INCREASE!
149
TRUE OR FALSE
When muscles contract & generate force it can constrict the blood supply
YES!
150
Where is cell body of a motor neuron located?
in the spinal cord, where the axon of the motor neuron extends from the spinal cord to the target muscle.
151
TRUE OR FALSE
is the motor unit a functional unit of a muscle?
TRUE!
152
If the cell body of the _____ ____ receives a strong enough stimulus an action potential is generated.
motor neuron
153
What is the ALL-OR-NONE LAW?
when action potential travels along the axon and all its bifurcations to stimulate each and ever muscle fibers in that particular motor unit.
154
What are 2 ways to classify the motor units based on speed of contractions?
Slow twitch and fast twitch
155
What are 3 ways to classify the motor units based on metabolic characteristics?
- Slow twitch oxidative (SO)- also called "type l"
- Fast twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) - also called "type lla"
- Fast twitch glycolytic (FG) - also called "type llx" (often referred to as type llb- found in rodents
156
What are Muscle biopsies?
microsampling to determine fiber type proportion in humans
157
TRUE OR FALSE?
all of the muscle fibres in a given motor unit will have different contractile and metabolic properties
FALSE, they would have identical properties
158
Endurance athletes have MORE OR LESS slow twitch muscles and MORE OR LESS fast twitch
more , less
159
Power athletes have MORE OR LESS slow twitch and MORE OR LESS fast twitch
less, more
160
KEY NOTE
Slow twitch fibres and fast twitch fibres can’t be inter-converted by physical training. However, FOG and FG fibres can be inter-converted by physical training
161
What are the 2 methods that can control force production?
Multiple motor unit summation and Frequency or wave summation
162
How can Multiple motor unit summation control force production?
by increasing force production by activating more motor units.
163
How can Frequency or wave summation control force production?
By having multiple action potentials travelling down the axon it will be at a faster response time than the fast twitch motor unit. So with a high motor neuron firing rate, it can generate on average 5x the force of a single twitch.
164
TRUE OR FALSE?
as the muscle shortness, less tension can be exerted!
TRUE
165
KEY NOTE
When a muscle is stretched or shortened, the length of each individual sarcomere also increases or decreases, respectively.
166
what are the 3 factors that affect the expression of strength by a muscle?
1) initial length of the muscle fibres
2) speed of shortening
3) the angle of pull of the muscle on the bony skeleton
167
What does this greek word meaning "poverty of flesh" derive from?
Sarcopenia
168
What is Sarcopenia?
The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength and function.
169
Name one physical characteristic of old age.
* A significant decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and power
* Decreased Physical Activity
* Decreased Food Intake
170
Name at least 2 factors caused by Sarcopenia
* Neural Apoptosis – neuronal atrophy in areas of the brain responsible for motor
control. There is reduced peripheral nerve regeneration and reduced
neuromuscular junction remodeling resulting in loss of motor units and
subsequent atrophy of muscle fibers. These processes are slowed down by
exercise programs.
* Imbalance of muscle protein synthesis/degradation
* Decline in mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle
* Physical inactivity – “If you don’t use it, you lose it!”
* Hormonal imbalance – decreased levels of testosterone, estrogen, growth
hormone, etc
* Food intake – inadequate protein intake, Vitamin D intake, etc.
171
Name one enhancement that Sarcopenia creates.
Loss of physical functioning
* The risk of disability - is up to 4.5 times higher in older persons with sarcopenia
then in those with normal muscle tissue and strength
* More dependency on other people
* More medical-care costs
172
Definition of Muscular Strength (units?)
the greatest amount of force that a muscle or muscle group can produce in 1 max effort (units KG)
173
Definition of Muscular Endurance (example?)
the ability of a muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a light load for an extended period of time. (example: push ups)
174
Definition of Muscular Power (example? and units?)
ability to produce force quickly. (units: Watts, Kg m min-1) (example: Vertical jump)
175
Name at least 4 benefits of strength training
* STRENGTH PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR OTHER COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL
FITNESS SUCH AS CARDIORESPIRATORY CAPACITY AND MUSCULAR ENDURANCE
* SLOWS DOWN THE MUSCLE LOSS THAT NORMALLY ACCOMPANIES THE AGING
PROCESS --> INCREASES FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY SO THAT DAILY ACTIVITIES ARE
MADE BOTH POSSIBLE AND EASIER
* INCREASE THE SIZE AND STRENGTH OF MUSCLE FIBERS RESULTING IN A GREATER
PHYSICAL CAPACITY TO PERFORM WORK
* INCREASED TENDON, LIGAMENT AND BONE TENSILE STRENGTH
* STRONGER MUSCLES BETTER PROTECT THE JOINTS THAT THEY CROSS
* IMPROVED PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
* BETTER TONE OF THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK HELPS TO PREVENT COMMON
POSTURAL PROBLEMS
* STRONGER MUSCLES ARE LESS LIKELY TO BE STRAINED AND INJURED
* IMPROVEMENTS IN SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF-ESTEEM FOR BOTH ATHLETIC AND
PATIENT POPULATIONS
176
What are the 3 types of Muscle contraction?
1) Isotonic or Dynamic contraction
2) Isometric contraction
3) Isokinetic contraction
177
Define Isotonic contraction
tension is the same throughout the range of motion
178
The muscle shortens as it lifts a load... what is this called?
Concentric Contraction
179
The muscle lengthens as it lowers the load used in resisting gravity... what is this called?
Eccentric Contraction
180
Define Isometric Contraction
Tension is developed but there is no change in the angle of the joint or the length of the muscle
181
Define Isokinetic contraction
The muscle is shortened at a constant velocity determined by computer instrumentation which allows a person to exert maximal force throughout the full range of motion
182
List 2 purposes of strength assessment.
1. Assess muscular fitness
2. Identify specific areas of weakness
3. Monitor progress in a rehabilitation program
4. Measure effectiveness of a resistance training program
5. Motivation for training
183
Define One Rep Max (1 RM)
the maximum amount of weight lifted once.
184
Define Variable Repetition Maximum
estimation of one repetition maximum from
repetitions to failure
185
What are the Dynamometer Techniques
a strength-testing dynamometer usually consists of a
spring of some type which is deformed by a certain amount when a specific force is
applied to it. (eg) - hand grip dynamometer, Jackson Strength Evaluation System
186
What type of strength does the Dynamometer technique measure?
Isometric Strength
187
The force exerted by a muscle is affected by.....
a) the initial length of the muscle fibres
b) the angle of pull of the muscle on the bony skeleton
c) the speed of shortening
d) all of the above
D
188
TRUE OR FALSE
Research has revealed that men and women of all ages can increase their muscle size and strength as a result of progressive strength training.
TRUE
189
TRUE OR FALSE
Training able to increase impacts of Sarcopenia and return
some patients to activities of daily living.
FALSE, training reduces the impacts.
190
What is Biomechanics?
The application of mechanical laws to living structures,
specifically to the locomotor system of the human body.
191
Name at least 2 uses of Biomechanical Analyses
* Improvement of sports skill techniques
* Design of sports equipment
* Prevention of injuries
* Clinical analysis of movement pathologies
* Design of prostheses
* Design of rehabilitation devices
* Animation for film and video games
* Ergonomic redesign in the workplace
192
What does Qualitative analysis mean?
non-numerical based on direct observations. usually conducted by teachers and coaches
193
What does Quantitative analysis mean?
numerical based on measurements conducted by researchers.
194
Define Mass with units
the quantity of matter in an object, units Kilograms (kg)
195
Define Force with units
mass x accerlation, units Newtons (N)
196
Define Weight with units
the amount of gravitational force exerted on a body, Units Newtons (N), Weight= mass x acceleration of gravity
197
Define Torque with units
the product of force and the perpendicular distance from the
force’s line of action to the axis of rotation. It may be thought of as a rotary force. Units = Newton-meters (N∙m)
198
Define Moment Arm
the perpendicular distance between the force’s line of
action and the axis of rotation.
199
Define mechanical advantage of a lever (MA)
the ratio of force arm length to resistance arm length
200
Define Volume
the amount of space that a body occupies
201
Define Pressure with units
force distributed over a given area. P=F/A, units = N/cm^2
202
What is Compression?
pressing or squeezing force directly axially through a body
203
What is Tension?
pulling or stretching force directly axially through a body
204
What is Shear?
force directed parallel to a surface
205
What is Mechanical Stress
similar to pressure F/A
206
What is the Center of Gravity?
The centre of gravity (CG) in human body is an imaginary point in the centre of the body where the weight of the body is balanced.
207
What are the 2 ways to locate the center of gravity?
1) reaction board method
2) segmental method
208
What is a reaction board?
used for a static position of the human body.
Assume that the center of gravity is the fulcrum or balance point and then apply the Principle of Levers
209
What is the segmental method?
can be used for locating CG of a body in motion.
210
TRUE OR FALSE?
If a heavy object is carried close to the body's CG, there will be less likelihood of a loss of balance.
TRUE
211
What is the minium of 2 ways to increase balance?
1. Increasing body mass
2. Increasing the size of the base of support in the direction of the line of
action of an external force
3. Vertically positioning the CG as low as possible
4. Increasing friction between the body and the surface contacted
5. Horizontally positioning the CG near the edge of the base of support
towards the oncoming external force
212
What is Newtons 1st law?
Law of Inertia - “A body will maintain a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted on by an external force that changes the state.” The amount of inertia a body possesses is directly proportional to its mass.
213
What is Newtons 2nd law?
Law of Acceleration - “force equals mass X acceleration”
214
What is Newtons 3rd law?
Law of Reaction - “When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a reaction force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.”
215
What is momentum?
A mechanical quantity that is important in situations involving collisions.
216
What is the formula for Momentum?
mass x velocity
217
Formula of Work and untis
Force x Distance, J (joules)
218
Formula for power and units
work per unit of time = force x velocity
units= watts (W0
219
What are the differences between walking and running (at least 2)
1. In running there is a period when both feet are off the ground. Consider running as a series of jumps.
2. In running, there is no period when both feet are in contact with the ground at the same time
3. In running, the stance phase is a much smaller portion of the total gait cycle than in walking.
220
Formula for Running speed
stride length x stride rate
221
Hypertrophy
an increase in size of a cell such as a muscle fiber
222
Hyperplasia
an increase in number of cells such as muscle fibers.
