BOWEL AND BLADDER ELIMINATION Flashcards
is the expulsion of feces from the rectum.
Defecation
• May be facilitated voluntarily by
contracting the abdominal muscles and by forceful expiration with glottis closed increase the abdominal pressure (Valsalva Maneuver).
• The fecal matter may take 24-48 hours to pass through the entire large intestine.
• Between 150-300 grams of feces is produced daily.
• The feces consists of 75% water & 25% of solid.
Normal color of stool.
yellow or golden brown ( due to the bile pigment derivative known as stercobilin or fecal urobilinogen)
Normal odor of stool.
aromatic upon defecation
Normal amount of stool.
depends on the bulk of the food intake. Approximately 150 300 grams /day
Normal consistency of stool.
Soft, formed
Normal shape of stool.
Cylindrical
Normal frequency of stool.
Variable, usually range 1 2 /day to 1 every 2 3 days.
Gray, pale or clay colored
stool due to absence of stercobilin caused by biliary obstruction.
Alcoholic stool
Passage of stool with bright red blood. It is due to lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
Hematochezia
Passage of black, tarry stool due to upper GI bleeding.
Melena
Greasy, bulky, foul smelling stool. It is due to presence of undigested fats like in hepatobiliary pancreatic disorders.
Steatorrhea
Refers to the passage of small, dry, hard stools or the passage of no stool for a period of time.
Constipation
The mass or collection of hardened, putty like feces in the folds of the rectum.
Fecal impaction
Refers to frequent evacuation of watery stools. It is associated with increased gastrointestinal motility, and a rapid passage of fecal contents through
the lower gastrointestinal tract.
Diarrhea
The presence of excessive gas
in the intestines. May be due to swallowed air, bacterial action in the large intestine and diffusion from blood.
Flatulence
The involuntary elimination of bowel contents; it is often associated with neurologic, mental, or emotional impairments.
Fecal incontinence
The major role of the this system is to maintain homeostasis by maintaining body fluid composition and volume.
Urinary system
are two bean shaped organs located at the level of the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra.
Kidneys
two small tubes about 25cm long. They transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.
Ureters
Serves as the reservoir for urine.
Urinary bladder
The passage way of the urine into the external environment.
Urethra
Female urethra is how many inches?
11⁄2to21⁄2
How many inches is the male urethra
5 1⁄2 to 6 1⁄2 inches up to 8 inches in length.
The act of expelling urine from the bladder. (Urination or voiding).
Micturition
Normal color of urine
Amber straw
Normal odor of urine.
Aromatic upon voiding
Normal transparency of urine
Clear
Normal Ph of urine.
Slightly acidic (4.6 8,average of 6)
Normal specific gravity of urine
1.010- 1.025
The production of excessive amount of urine, more than100ml/ hr or 2500ml/day.
Polyuria
The production of decreased amount of urine, less than 30ml/ hr or less than 500ml/24 hrs.
Oliguria
The absence of production of urine by the kidneys such as a 0 10ml/hr.
Anuria
Voiding at frequent intervals.
Frequency
Increased frequency at night.
Nocturia
The strong feeling that the person wants to void.
Urgency
Voiding that is either painful or difficult.
Dysuria
Difficulty in initiating voiding
Hesitancy
Repeated involuntary voiding beyond 4 5 yrs of age.
Enuresis
Frequent, scanty urination.
Pollakuria
a continuous and unpredictable loss of urine.
Total incontinence
the leakage of less than 50 ml of urine as a result of a sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure.
Stress incontinence
Follows a sudden strong desire to urinate and leads to involuntary detrusor contraction.
Urge incontinence
The involuntary unpredictable passage of urine.
Functional incontinence
An involuntary loss of urine occurring at somewhat predictable intervals when bladder volume is reached.
Reflex incontinence
The accumulation of urine in the bladder with associated inability of the bladder to empty itself. And250 450ml of urine in the bladder triggers micturition reflex.
Retention
a toileting facility, usually consisting of a metal, glass, or plastic receptacle for urinary and fecal discharge. It is typically used in the case of bedridden persons.
Bedpan
can cause problems, because a steel bedpan is cold, hard and uncomfortable. Also, the supporting area is very small and prolonged use can cause pressure ulcers.
Conventional Bed Pans
have been developed, which support the patient with a larger area of warm plastic. Some designs completely cover the genitalia during use, offering protection and an extra measure of privacy.
Ergonomic Bed Pans
