BOWEL AND BLADDER ELIMINATION

Question 1

is the expulsion of feces from the rectum.

Answer 1

Defecation

• May be facilitated voluntarily by
contracting the abdominal muscles and by forceful expiration with glottis closed increase the abdominal pressure (Valsalva Maneuver).
• The fecal matter may take 24-48 hours to pass through the entire large intestine.
• Between 150-300 grams of feces is produced daily.
• The feces consists of 75% water & 25% of solid.

Question 2

Normal color of stool.

Answer 2

yellow or golden brown ( due to the bile pigment derivative known as stercobilin or fecal urobilinogen)

Question 3

Normal odor of stool.

Answer 3

aromatic upon defecation

Question 4

Normal amount of stool.

Answer 4

depends on the bulk of the food intake. Approximately 150 300 grams /day

Question 5

Normal consistency of stool.

Answer 5

Soft, formed

Question 6

Normal shape of stool.

Answer 6

Cylindrical

Question 7

Normal frequency of stool.

Answer 7

Variable, usually range 1 2 /day to 1 every 2 3 days.

Question 8

Gray, pale or clay colored
stool due to absence of stercobilin caused by biliary obstruction.

Answer 8

Alcoholic stool

Question 9

Passage of stool with bright red blood. It is due to lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Answer 9

Hematochezia

Question 10

Passage of black, tarry stool due to upper GI bleeding.

Answer 10

Melena

Question 11

Greasy, bulky, foul smelling stool. It is due to presence of undigested fats like in hepatobiliary pancreatic disorders.

Answer 11

Steatorrhea

Question 12

Refers to the passage of small, dry, hard stools or the passage of no stool for a period of time.

Answer 12

Constipation

Question 13

The mass or collection of hardened, putty like feces in the folds of the rectum.

Answer 13

Fecal impaction

Question 14

Refers to frequent evacuation of watery stools. It is associated with increased gastrointestinal motility, and a rapid passage of fecal contents through
the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 14

Diarrhea

Question 15

The presence of excessive gas
in the intestines. May be due to swallowed air, bacterial action in the large intestine and diffusion from blood.

Answer 15

Flatulence

Question 16

The involuntary elimination of bowel contents; it is often associated with neurologic, mental, or emotional impairments.

Answer 16

Fecal incontinence

Question 17

The major role of the this system is to maintain homeostasis by maintaining body fluid composition and volume.

Answer 17

Urinary system

Question 18

are two bean shaped organs located at the level of the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra.

Answer 18

Kidneys

Question 19

two small tubes about 25cm long. They transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.

Answer 19

Ureters

Question 20

Serves as the reservoir for urine.

Answer 20

Urinary bladder

Question 21

The passage way of the urine into the external environment.

Answer 21

Urethra

Question 22

Female urethra is how many inches?

Answer 22

11⁄2to21⁄2

Question 23

How many inches is the male urethra

Answer 23

5 1⁄2 to 6 1⁄2 inches up to 8 inches in length.

Question 24

The act of expelling urine from the bladder. (Urination or voiding).

Answer 24

Micturition

Question 25

Normal color of urine

Answer 25

Amber straw

Question 26

Normal odor of urine.

Answer 26

Aromatic upon voiding

Question 27

Normal transparency of urine

Answer 27

Clear

Question 28

Normal Ph of urine.

Answer 28

Slightly acidic (4.6 8,average of 6)

Question 29

Normal specific gravity of urine

Answer 29

1.010- 1.025

Question 30

The production of excessive amount of urine, more than100ml/ hr or 2500ml/day.

Answer 30

Polyuria

Question 31

The production of decreased amount of urine, less than 30ml/ hr or less than 500ml/24 hrs.

Answer 31

Oliguria

Question 32

The absence of production of urine by the kidneys such as a 0 10ml/hr.

Answer 32

Anuria

Question 33

Voiding at frequent intervals.

Answer 33

Frequency

Question 34

Increased frequency at night.

Answer 34

Nocturia

Question 35

The strong feeling that the person wants to void.

Answer 35

Urgency

Question 36

Voiding that is either painful or difficult.

Answer 36

Dysuria

Question 37

Difficulty in initiating voiding

Answer 37

Hesitancy

Question 38

Repeated involuntary voiding beyond 4 5 yrs of age.

Answer 38

Enuresis

Question 39

Frequent, scanty urination.

Answer 39

Pollakuria

Question 40

a continuous and unpredictable loss of urine.

Answer 40

Total incontinence

Question 41

the leakage of less than 50 ml of urine as a result of a sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure.

Answer 41

Stress incontinence

Question 42

Follows a sudden strong desire to urinate and leads to involuntary detrusor contraction.

Answer 42

Urge incontinence

Question 43

The involuntary unpredictable passage of urine.

Answer 43

Functional incontinence

Question 44

An involuntary loss of urine occurring at somewhat predictable intervals when bladder volume is reached.

Answer 44

Reflex incontinence

Question 45

The accumulation of urine in the bladder with associated inability of the bladder to empty itself. And250 450ml of urine in the bladder triggers micturition reflex.

Answer 45

Retention

Question 46

a toileting facility, usually consisting of a metal, glass, or plastic receptacle for urinary and fecal discharge. It is typically used in the case of bedridden persons.

Answer 46

Bedpan

Question 47

can cause problems, because a steel bedpan is cold, hard and uncomfortable. Also, the supporting area is very small and prolonged use can cause pressure ulcers.

Answer 47

Conventional Bed Pans

Question 48

have been developed, which support the patient with a larger area of warm plastic. Some designs completely cover the genitalia during use, offering protection and an extra measure of privacy.

Answer 48

Ergonomic Bed Pans