Bovine Theriogenology Flashcards
What are the four cardinal signs of pregnancy?
Membrane slip
Amniotic vesicle
Placentomes
Fetus
What is the earliest sign of pregnancy?
Membrane Slip
-palpable from 30-90 days
The time period after calving where cows are not bred is known as the voluntary waiting period and consists of ____ days.
a. 30 days
b. 20 days
c. 60 days
d. 40 days
c. 60 days
Dairy cows 1st estrus is _____ days postpartum, while beef cows 1st estrus is _____ days postpartum.
a. 30-60 ; 40-60
b. 20-30 ; 30-40
c. 30-40 ; 40-60
d. 40-60; 30-40
c. 30-40 ; 40-60
Which of the following bacterial agents is the predominant cause of pyometra?
a. Trueperella pyogenes
b. Tritrichomonas foetus
c. Campylobacter spp.
d. Haemophilis spp.
a. Trueperella pyogenes
Which stage of gestation has the greatest period of pregnancy loss?
a. 1st trimester
b. 2nd trimester
c. 3rd trimester
d. None of the above
a. 1st trimester
Regarding the CIDR-B, all of the following are true except which one?
a. Approved for synchronization of estrus of suckled beef cattle and beef and non-lactating dairy heifers
b. Advancement of first postpartum estrus in beef cattle and first pubertal estrus in beef heifers
c. Resynchronization of lactating dairy cattle that have been bred
d. It is inserted 14 days post breeding
e. It is removed 60 days post breeding
e. It is removed 60 days post breeding
**should be removed 7 days after insertion
At what day during gestation is the fetus about the size of a mouse and able to be sex checked?
a. 70
b. 42
c. 90
d. 60
e. 120
d. 60
The most important factor in predicting the bovine anestrus period prior to and at calving is___.
a. BCS
b. Nutrition
c. Number of previous calves
d. Stress
e. Palpation
a. BCS
What is the average number of standing events per number of hours for Holstein cows?
a. 6 standing evens in 7 hours
b. 7 standing events in 7 hours
c. 9 standing events in 9 hours
d. 17 standing events in 7 hours
e. 6 standing events in 6 hours
b. 7 standing events in 7 hours
What is the normal presentation of a calf in a uniparous cow during parturition?
a. Posterior, longitudinal, dorsosacral, head resting on metacarpal and carpal bones of the extending forelegs
b. Posterior, longitudinal, dorsopubic, head resting on one extended leg while the other leg is flexed
c. Anterior, longitudinal, dorsosacral, head resting on metacarpal and carpal bones of the extended forelegs
d. Anterior, longitudinal, dorsopubic, head resting on metacarpal and carpal bones of the extended forelegs
e. Anterior, longitudinal, dorsosacral, head resting on one extended leg while the other leg is flexed
c. Anterior, longitudinal, dorsosacral, head resting on metacarpal and carpal bones of the extended forelegs
What is the function of giving prostaglandins during cattle synchronization?
a. To cause ovulation of the dominant follicle
b. To suppress the LH surge, preventing ovulation
c. To cause luteolysis (degradation of the corpus luteum)
d. To cause release of FSH and LH
e. To reset the follicular wave
c. To cause luteolysis (degradation of the corpus luteum)
Under which condition will the dominant follicle undergo atresia?
a. High estrogen
b. High luteinizing hormone
c. High prostaglandin F2 alpha
d. High progesterone
e. High follicle stimulating hormone
d. High progesterone
Which of the following indicates stage 2 of parturition?
a. Dilation of the cervix due to the amnion within 2-6 hours
b. Cow will separate herself from the rest of the herd
c. Evidence of serosanguinous, clear mucoid vaginal discharge
d. Strong uterine contractions due to estrogen, PGF2a and oxytocin
e. Blood forced from cotyledonary villi within 30 minutes to 2 hours
d. Strong uterine contractions due to estrogen, PGF2a and oxytocin
Which of the following is true regarding follicular cysts?
a. 20-25% of cysts are follicular
b. They are going to have a wall that measures >3mm
c. They are associated with low progesterone levels
d. They secrete progesterone but not at the level of a functional corpus luteum
e. There is a 10% prevalence among beef cows
c. They are associated with low progesterone levels
Which of the following is responsible for resetting the follicular wave during synchronization programs?
a. Prostaglandin
b. Luteinizing hormone
c. Progestin
d. Progesterone
e. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
e. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Which hormone is necessary to defeminize the surge center in males?
a. Progesterone
b. Estrogen
c. Inhibin
d. Luteinizing hormone
e. Follicle stimulating hormone
b. Estrogen
Upon palpation of a cow that is suspected of being in an estrous, the uterus should exhibit what tone?
a. Flaccid
b. Turgid
c. Peristaltic
d. Rubbery
b. Turgid
**Anestrus is flaccid
Uterine torsion is mostly common among which of the following females?
a. Multiparous
b. Primiparous
c. Pluriparous
d. Nulliparous
c. Pluriparous
You are called out to a farm to look at a cow that has a stiff gait and tenesmus. On physical exam you noted that the cow had a fever, high heart rate, short rapid breaths, and fetid, reddish discharge coming from her uterus. Which of the following are you suspecting and when does this occur?
a. Retained placenta, 12 hours postpartum
b. Pyometra, occurs after first ovulation at 6 weeks
c. Toxic metritis, occurs within first 10 days postpartum
d. Vaginal prolapse, occurs within the last 2 months of gestation
e. Hydrops allantois, occurs in the 3rd trimester
c. Toxic metritis, occurs within first 10 days postpartum
You are called out to a farm because the producer tells you that his Hereford cow is showing tissue from her vaginal region. He says that it goes back in when she stands up and the protrusion is intermittent. Which of the following are you suspecting?
a. Vaginal prolapse
b. Uterine involution
c. Uterine torsion
d. Uterine prolapse
a. Vaginal prolapse
Which of the following is true regarding hydrops allantois?
a. Occurs because of an abnormal fetus
b. Can contain 19-110 L of extra fluid
c. Fluid is thick and syrup like
d. Fluid will accumualte over time
e. Results from placental dysfunction
e. Results from placental dysfunction
- Accumulation of fluid within the third trimester happens quickly, within days to weeks
- Fluid is transudate in nature
- About 150-250L of fluid will accumulate
Which of the following is least likely to reoccur?
a. Hydrops allantois
b. Vaginal prolapse
c. Pyometra
d. Uterine torsion
d. Uterine torsion
Whic of the following is the best treatment for a retained placenta in a cow that is not systemically ill?
a. PGF2a
b. Calcium
c. GnRH
d. Both A and B
e. Both B and C
d. Both A and B
Which of the following is not a predisposing factor for retained placentas?
a. VItamin A, E and Selenium
b. Induced premature birth, abortion
c. Hypocalcemia, heat stress
d. Decreased contractions of the uterus
e. Diarrhea/ constipation and vaginal trauma
e. Diarrhea/ constipation and vaginal trauma
**predisposing factor for vaginal prolapse
Which of the following is not a predisposing factor for toxic metritis?
a. Dirty calving area
b. Fat older cow that doesn’t exercise much
c. Retained placenta and twins
c. Hypocalcemia and abortion
d. Dystocia intervention and bacterial organisms
b. Fat older cow that doesn’t exercise much
You are called out to a farm to see a cow because the producer says she is pregnant but he has not seen any signs of estrus. When you palpate her rectally you feel a thin walled, fluid filled uterus and see mucopurulent discharge. Producer informs you that she ovulated 6 weeks ago. Whic of the following are you suspecting?
a. Hydrops allantois
b. Toxic metritis
c. Dystocia
d. Pyometra
d. Pyometra
- This is commonly giong to be associated with Trueperella pyogenes and is seen after the first ovulation at 6 weeks
A pregnant cow presents to you with shifting leg lameness, colic, restless, an elevated tail, and the producer says that she never went into labor. Which of the following are you suspecting?
a. Vaginal prolapse
b. Uterine involution
c. Uterine torsion
d. Uterine prolapse
c. Uterine torsion
Which of the following is not a prevention mechanism of toxic metritis?
a. Reduce retained plancetas
b. Proper dietary management
c. Calve in a clean environment
d. Cull cow and calf because it is genetic
e. Feed ionophores to help with calcium management
d. Cull cow and calf because it is genetic
**This is true for vaginal prolapse
Which of the following is a predisposing factor for uterine prolapse?
a. Laying down hill
b. Fat, lack of exercise
c. Dirty calving areas
d. Twin pregnancies
e. Previous calving injury, past history
a. Laying down hill
- *Other predisposing factors:
- Hypocalcemia in dairy
- Prolonged labor/dystocia
- Abdominal straining
