bovine therio Flashcards
1
Q
what is the normal estrous cycle in cow
A
21 days( range 18-24)
2
Q
what is the normal length of estrus
A
9 hrs (3-18)
3
Q
normal length of diestrus
A
20 days (range 17-24)
4
Q
what is the function of cyclic FSH
A
produces waves of follicles 2-3 waves per cycle.
5
Q
what is the function of LH
A
induces ovulation
6
Q
what is the function of estrogen
A
produces standing behaviour
7
Q
what is the function of progesterone
A
- maintains pregnancy
- prevents ovulation
8
Q
3 phases of follicular wave
A
- growing
- static
- regression
9
Q
when does follicular wave occur
A
- pregnancy
- anesterus period
10
Q
where does progesterone get produced during diestrus
A
CL
11
Q
if they cow is not pregnant,what lyses the CL
A
PGF
- note that CL is not responsive to PGFprior to day 5
12
Q
what is the effect of cystic ovarian dz
A
- persistent estrus
- irregular cycles
- persistent anestrus
13
Q
in which 2 cases can you get persistent anesterus
A
- from cystic ovaries
- pregnancy
14
Q
treatment of cystic ovarian disease
A
- GnRH
- hCG
- progesterone
- PGF2œ
15
Q
some of the causes of cystic ovarian disease
A
- lack of LH–negative energy balance
- inadequate release or response to LH
16
Q
causes of anesterus
A
- pregnancy-,main one
- ovarian cyst
- pyometra
- mummified fetus
- neoplasia
- developmental abnormalities–freematin
- negative energy balance
- lactational anestrus
- inadequate heat detection
17
Q
where is gonadotropin releasing hormone secreted and whats its function
A
- hypothalamus
- stimulates release of LH from pituitary
18
Q
indications for GnRH
A
- cystic ovarian disease
- timed insermination programmes (Ovsynch)
- repeat breeding
- day 14 post parturition
- release of testerone in males
19
Q
what is the function of oxytocin
A
- smooth mm. contraction in uterus and mammary glands
- short duration of action
- psychological component
20
Q
where does oxytocin get produced andstored
A
- produced in the hypothalamus
- stored in the posterior pituitary
*
21
Q
what are the indications for oxytocin
A
- milk letdown
- uterine contractions
22
Q
what are the indications of human chrorionic gonadotropin
A
- LH like activity
- cystic ovarian dz
- hasterns ovulation
- stimulates males to release or produce testesterone
- mostly used in equine practice
23
Q
where is the follicle stimulating hormone produced and what does it do
A
- produced in the anterior pituitary gland
- stimulate follicular growth
- indication:superovulation
24
Q
what are the sources of progesterone
A
- CL
- placenta
- adrenal tissue
25
what are the uses of progesterone
* cystic ovarian dz treatment
* induction of lactation
* pregnancy maintainance
* synchronization of estrus
* causes -ve feedback on pituitary gland
* inhibits release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
26
where is estrogen produced
* theca interna cells of graafian follicles
* placenta
* adrenal gland
27
what are the indications of estrogen
* increase tone
* blood supply and immune response to uterus
* cervical relaxation
* induction of lactation
28
uses of testesterone
* teaser animal
* estrus synchronization
*
29
testesterone is contraindicated in
intact males
30
what are the uses of corticoid steroids
induction of parturition
maturation of fetal lungs
31
what are the uses of PGF2alpha
* lysis of the CL
* smooth mm.contraction
32
what are the indications of PGF2 alpha
* estrus synchonization
* induction of parturition along with dexamethaxone\
* induction of abortion before 150 days
33
what is the induction % of a single injection with prostaglandin in estrus control programme
60% estrus induction
34
what is the estrus induction with double injection method of prostaglandin
11 days apart. 80-95% estrus induction
35
discuss OVSYNCH protocol
* combines GnRH and PGF
* GnRH on monday
* PGF on following monday
* GnRh again on wed
* breed 8-16 hrs later
36
discuss CO-SYNCH
* combines GnRH with PGF
* GnRH on monday
* PGFon following monday
* GnRH + breed TAI same day
37
discuss OVSYNCH + CIDR
* it combines GnRH and PGF
* GnRH on monday
* PGF on following monday
* GnHR again on wed
* breed 8-16 hrs later
38
cardinal signs of pregnancy
* amniotic vesicles-35-70 days
* membrane slip-35 +days
* fetus- 70 days
* placentome=maternal carancles+ fetal cotyleon 80+ days
* all palpated per rectum
39
what is the size of the placentome at 90 days
* dime
40
what is the size of the placentome at 110 days
* nickle
41
what is the size of the placentome at 120 days days
quarter
42
what is the size of the placentome at 150 days
half dollar
43
non cardinal sings of pregnancy
* uterine fluid
* middle uterine artery fremitus
* elevated serum progesterone
* ballotement of fetus through flank
44
at what period can eustrus occur in pregnancy
* at 5 months
* if bred AI will abort pregnancy
45
what are the problems associated with twins in cows
* freemartin
* abortion
* retained placenta
* metritis
* less viable calf
46
when does mummification mostly to occur
* mostly after 5-6 mnths
* there is retained corpus luteum
47
what are the common causes of mummification
* BVD
* neospora
48
how do you trat a cow with mummification
treat with PGF2alpha
49
what causes hydrops allontois
* result of placental abnormality
* occurs rapidly due to Na pump abnormality
* poor prognosis for cow and fetus
50
discuss hydrops amnii
* fetal abnormality esp. of the head
* occurs slowly -fetus anable to control amnotic fluid
* good prognosis for cow
51
causes of prolapsed vagina
* Inherited predisposition
* Poor perineal conformation
* ↑estrogen level leads to relaxation of pelvic ligaments
* ↑ abdominal pressure
* ↑ irritation due to drying and frost bite
* Straining occurs
52
what are the differentials for prolapse vagina
* tumor,
* hematoma,
* prolapsed bladder
53
how do u treat vaginal prolapse
* Caudal epidural anesthesia –1ml of 2% lidocaine /200 lb BW
* Clean the prolapsed tissue
* Lift vagina to relieve urine
* Replace the vagina
* Retention Sutures
* Antibiotics and anti-‐inflammatory drugs
54
discuss the hormones required for parturition
* Initiated by fetal cortisol
* Placental enzymes change over from progesterone to estrogen production
* lIncreasing estrogen = increased number of oxytocin receptors and PGF release
* PGF release= lysis of CL
55
how long does it take for parturition with dexamethadone induction to take plce
24-48 hrs
56
how long to parturation oes it take for dex+ PGF combo
36 hrs
57
when does abortion occur due to neosora caninum
3-‐9 months
58
when does N.caninum gets diagnosed
* Diagnosed at necropsy of fetus
* prevent fecal contamination of feed by dogs
59
what are the cs of N.caninum
* Abortion in mid-‐gestation
* Fetus may die in-‐utero
* resorbed mummified autolyzed
* Stillborn
* Born alive (clinically normal but chronically infected
60
when does abortion occur due to brucellosis
mid to late gestation
61
what are the characteristics of brucellosis
* Governmentally Controlled Disease
- ‐
* Zoonotic
- ‐
* Intracellular pathogen
62
how is brucellosis spread from cow to cow
infected uterine dischages
63
how do u diagnose brucellosis
* Bacterial culture of milk, blood,
* or uterine discharge
64
how do u treat brucellosis
* cull-test and slaughter
* vaccination-RB51
65
how is trichomoniasis spread
spread by bull.lodge in prepuce
66
what are the cs of trichiminosis
* Infertility -‐Most common sign recognized
* Prolonged interestrous periods
* Low pregnancy rates
* Wide range of gestational ages
* Spread out calving season
* \<5% pyometra/abortion
* Bulls-‐ asymptomatic
67
ow do u treat trichiminosis
* CULL (imidazoles are ILLEGAL in
food animals!)
* Management strategies for control
* Prevention-‐virgin heifers and bulls
* Vaccine now available
68
what are the consequences of campylobacter infection
* True venereal disease
* Campylobacter
* fetus venerealis
* Endometritis/salpingitis
* Conception failure -‐primarily
* Embryonic/fetal death
* Immunity develops in 4-‐5 months
69
effects of campylobacter on bulls
* they lose weight and lobido
70
which hormone is used to stimulate release of testesterone in males
GnRH
