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Reproduction > Bovine reproduction > Flashcards

Bovine reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the bovine oestrus cycle?

A

18-24 days

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2
Q

Which of the bovine ovaries has the greater number of ovulations?

A

Right

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3
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Follicular recruitment and pre-selection follicular growth

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4
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Post-selection follicular growth, dominant follicle selection, ovulation

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5
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

Inhibition of ovulation

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6
Q

What is the function of oestradiol?

A

GnRH surge stimulation, follicular secretion, behavioural changes associated with oestrus

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7
Q

What is the function of GnRH?

A

Causes the pre-ovulatory surge of LH

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8
Q

What is the function of PGF2a?

A

Luteolysis

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9
Q

How large are bovine follicles at the time of ovulation?

A

18-25mm

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10
Q

How many follicular waves are usually seen in cows?

A

2-3

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11
Q

What are the visual signals of oestrus?

A

Vulval sniffing. standing to be mounted, chin resting, licking, butting, mounting head, flehmens response

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12
Q

What are the advantages of using AI?

A

Reduced venereal disease, more cows covered, increased spread of genetic material

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13
Q

Which cells produce oestradiol?

A

Granulosa cells of the follicle convert androgen (from theca cells) to oestradiol

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14
Q

What does increasing levels of oestradiol in response to follicular growth lead to?

A

LH surge (in conjunction with progesterone decreases)

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15
Q

When does cyclicity resume post-calving in the dairy and beef cattle?

A

Dairy around 2 weeks post-partum (increasing FSH), Beef are inhibited by suckling calf from around 3weeks to 3 months at first cycle

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16
Q

Why does oestrus behaviour in cow cease just before ovulation?

A

With the LH surge around ovulation oestradiol production is stopped, hence oestrus behaviour stops.

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17
Q

How long is generally accepted as the voluntary waiting period?

A

60-80 days

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18
Q

How long after the beginning of oestrus does ovulation occur?

A

25-30 hours

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19
Q

What pathogens may be involved in RFM?

A

Ecoli, Tpyogenes, Dnodosus, Fnecrophorum, BoHV4

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20
Q

What is the use of using meloxicam in a case of RFM?

A

Anti-endotoxaemia

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21
Q

What is the use of using oxytocin in a case of RFM?

A

Stimulates uterine contraction and possibly RFM expulsion.

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22
Q

Metritis

A

Enlarged uteruse and purulent discharge from the vagina, cow <21DIM (usually within 10 days of parturition)

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23
Q

What clinical signs are seen with cases of metritis?

A

Red-brown to viscous off-white purulent discharge from the vagina, bad odour

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24
Q

Describe the three grades of metritis.

A

1 - enlarge and discharging uterus, no pyrexia.
2 - Pyrexia >39.5, reduced appetitie and decreased milk yield.
3 - cold extremities and dullness

25
Q

What ultrasonographic characteristics would be seen with a case of metritis?

A

Snow storm - patchy hyperechogenicity within the uterus

26
Q

Pyometra

A

Purulent material within the uterine lumen, presence of CL with closed cervix

27
Q

How can pyometra be treated?

A

PGF2A

28
Q

Endometritis

A

Purulent uterine discharge from the vagina >21DIM

29
Q

What ultrasonographic characteristics would be seen with endometritis?

A

Hyperechoic substance filling the uterus

30
Q

Describe the grading of endometritis discharge.

A

0 - clear/ translucent.
1 - Flecks of pus.
2 - 50:50 exudate to pus
3 - Purulent material +/- haemorrhagic

31
Q

What treatments may be employed for a case of endometritis?

A

Broad spectrum antibiosis (oxytetracyclin/ cephalosporin), PGF2a if the CL is present

32
Q

What clinical signs may be associated with cystic ovarian disease?

A

Anoestrus, nymphomania, usually <60DIM

33
Q

Describe the ultrasonographic appearance of a follicular cyst.

A

Thin walled, internal diameter>25mm, 10 day duration, fluid filled, NO CL (nymphomaniac behaviour

34
Q

Describe the ultrasonographic appearance of a luteal cyst.

A

Thick walled >3mm, external diameter >25mm, 10 day duration

35
Q

How can you treat a follicular cyst?

A

Burst, GnRH, progesterone, leave if <30DIM

36
Q

How can you treat a luteal cyst?

A

Prostaglandin

37
Q

What primary infectious agents cause abortion in cattle?

A

Brucella, BVD, L borgspetersenii, BHV1

38
Q

How do primary infectious agents cause abortion?

A

They cause destruction of the feto-maternal unit by hypoxia and placentitis

39
Q

What lesions are characterised by BHV1 infection?

A

Placentitis, peribronchiolar inflammation and vasculitis and centilobular necrosis of the liver

40
Q

How can a fungal cause of abortion be identified?

A

Sampling from foetal airway

41
Q

What species of mycoplasma can cause abortion?

A

Ureaplasma diversum

42
Q

What pathological lesions may be seen in cases of BVD?

A

Pale liver, focal myocarditis, placentitis, cerebellar hypoplasia, odd growth plates

43
Q

Name two nutritional causes of abortion

A

Selenium/ vit E, iodine

44
Q

When during gestation does iodine cause abortion?

A

Late pregnancy

45
Q

Which notifiable pathogen causes abortion in pathogen?

A

Brucella

46
Q

What are the on-farm sources of neospora?

A

Farm dogs (scavenging placenta)

47
Q

How do dogs become infected with neospora?

A

Oocyst ingestion (abortion/ PI) and TPT

48
Q

What are the outcomes of BVD infection?

A

Abortion, persistently infected (mucosal disease), low pregnancy rates, congenital disease

49
Q

Which leptospiral species cause abortion in cattle?

A

Interrogans hardjo, borgpetersensii hardjo

50
Q

What species of Salmonella causes abortion in cattle?

A

Dublin

51
Q

What species of Campy causes abortion in cattle?

A

Fetus venerealis

52
Q

What treatment options are there for penile haematomas?

A

Culling, sexual rest and hosing, surgical resection of clot

53
Q

What virus can cause papillomatous growths on the penis?

A

Bovine papilloma virus

54
Q

What differentials are there for testicular swelling?

A

Hydrocoele (lack of symmetry), scrotal fat, orchitis

55
Q

What parasite causes balanoposthitis and mucoflocculent discharge in the bull?

A

Trichomonas foetus

56
Q

What clinical signs are associated with campylobacteriosis?

A

Endometritis after service, failure to conceive, late embryonic death, 4-5 month abortion

57
Q

What is the aimed growth rate of suckler calves?

A

1-1.4Kg/day

58
Q

What age are sucklers slaughtered at?

A

18-24 months

59
Q

What weight are sucklers slaughtered at?

A

600-800kg (55% KO)

Reproduction (4 decks)

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