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FA Therio- Exam 1 > Bovine Infertility & Reproductive Diseases > Flashcards

Bovine Infertility & Reproductive Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 stages of reproductive failure in cattle?

A
  1. Failure to ovulate after estrus
  2. Failure of fertilization
  3. Embryonic death
  4. Fetal death
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2
Q

When does the embryo change classification to a fetus?

A

42 days gestation

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3
Q

How soon does neonatal death occur after delivery?

A

Within 24 hours

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4
Q

Define infertility

A

Failure of fertilization to occur (normal cycle lengths)

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5
Q

What is the main difference between early embryonic death before and after 16 days gestation?

A

Before 16 days: normal cycle length
After 16 days: abnormal cycle lengths
Before 16 days you don’t notice the loss, after 16 days you will notice the loss

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6
Q

When does “late” embryonic loss occur?

A

Between 30 and 42 days

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7
Q

What typically happens during late embryonic loss?

A

Resorption
Results in abnormal cycle length

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8
Q

When does fetal death (abortion) occur?

A

After 42 days

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9
Q

What will you see if fetal death and/or abortion happens?

A

Cow will pass things, discharge seen, etc

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10
Q

When is maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

15-17 days after fertilization

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11
Q

What is the main trigger for maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

Interferon Tau production

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12
Q

When does most embryonic loss occur?

A

Before day 17 (80%)

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13
Q

Why is it difficult to differentiate early embryonic loss from infertility?

A

There is a normal return to estrus if early loss occurs before day 17
Looks like she is just not getting pregnant

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14
Q

When does late embryonic loss occur?

A

Between days 17 and 42

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15
Q

Why is late embryonic loss easier to notice?

A

Delayed return to estrus

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16
Q

What is the first step in working up a bovine infertility case?

A

Rule out the male as a cause of infertility in the herd

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17
Q

What signs are typically seen with Trichomoniasis?

A

Cows come back into heat
Low pregnancy rates
Affecting wide range of gestational ages
Post-coital pyometra

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18
Q

How do you diagnose Trichomoniasis?

A

PCR or culture of smegma or vaginal mucus
Easier to check the bull

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19
Q

What are the commonly seen clinical signs of Campylobacteriosis?

A

Early embryonic death
Prolonged luteal phases
Irregular estrous cycles
Repeated breeding –> Protracted calving periods

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20
Q

How does Campylobacter cause infertility/abortion?

A

Early Embryonic Death from local inflammation (Does not directly affect fertilization or embryo development)

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21
Q

How do you diagnose Campylobacter?

A

rtPCR to detect antigens in cervical swab or uterine wash

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22
Q

What are the organisms that cause mollicute infections?

A

Ureoplasma/Mycoplasma

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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of Mollicute infections in both bulls and cows?

A

Bulls: Vesiculitis, posthitis
Cows: Vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, abortions

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24
Q

How do mollicute infections cause infertility?

A

Reluctance to breed due to infertility

25
Q

How do you diagnose mollicute infections?

A

Culture or PCR of vulva/vaginal swabs
Clinical signs +/- abortions

26
Q

What are the best control methods for mollicute infections?

A

Antibiotic treatments
Biosecurity

27
Q

What is the virus that causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

Bovine Herpesvirus 1.2b

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bovine Herpesvirus 1.2b in both bulls and cows?

A

Bulls: Infectious balanoposthitis
Cows: Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, endometritis and oophoritis, decreased luteal function

29
Q

How to we diagnose bovine herpesvirus 1.2b?

A

Viral isolation/PCR of nasal, vaginal, or preputial swabs/semen;
Paired serology
Concurrent clinical signs or abortions

30
Q

Which leptospirosis serovar is associated with infertility in cattle?

A

Hardjo

31
Q

How does Histophilus somnus cause infertility?

A

Adheres to zona pellucida of intact embryos and causes degeneration

32
Q

How do we diagnose Histophilus somnus infections in cattle?

A

R/O other causes
Heavy culture growth from animals with post-breeding endometritis/vaginitis

33
Q

What clinical signs are seen in infertility cases caused by BVDV?

A

Oophoritis, salpingitis, hormone alteration

34
Q

What are some non-infectious causes of infertility (in individual animals)?

A

Endometritis
Cystic Ovarian Disease
Stress/Pyrexia
Vitamin/mineral deficiency
Congenital defects (I.e. freemartinism)
Neoplasia
Age/parity
Breed
BCS
Season

35
Q

What are some things that can cause infertility in the entire herd?

A

Heat stress
Vitamin/mineral deficiences
Management
Bull issues

36
Q

What is the primary clinical sign of endometritis?

A

Decreased first service pregnancy rate
Purulent exudate on inspection of vulva (clinical)
Can be subclinical

37
Q

What is the grading scale for clinical endometritis?

A

0-3 Scale
0: Clear or translucent mucus
1: Mucus containing flecks of white or off-white pus
2: Mucopurulent exudate containing <50% white or off-white material
3: Exudate containing >50% purulent material (can be white or yellow, occ. sanguinous)

38
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosing subclinical endometritis?

A

> 18% neutrophils in uterine cytology samples collected 20-33 days post partum
10% neutrophils at 34-47 days post partum

39
Q

What is pyometra defined as?

A

Voluminous intraluminal fluid of medium echogenicity, persistent CL

40
Q

What is the treatment for pyometra in cattle?

A

Prostaglandin, time

41
Q

What are some common causes that can lead to pyometra formation in cattle?

A

Dystocia
AI Trauma
Retained fetus

42
Q

What is a mucometra/hydrometra?

A

Accumulation of sterile anechoic or slightly echoic fluid in uterine lumen not associated with pregnancy

43
Q

What are some causes of mucometra/hydrometra?

A

Complete hymen or congenital tubal blockage (heifers)
Cervical trauma from dystocia

44
Q

Mucometra/hydrometra is most common in what species?

A

Dairy goats

45
Q

What are the 3 main types of reproductive neolpasia?

A

Uterine lymphosarcoma
Uterine/vaginal carcinoma, leiomyoma, etc.
Granulosa cell tumor (ovaries)

46
Q

What causes lymphosarcoma in cattle?

A

Bovine Leukosis Virus

47
Q

What is an ovarian follicular cyst?

A

Persistent, anovulatory follicular structures
2.5cm or bigger, persists in the absence of a CL
10% Dairy cows affected- calving interval ~50 days longer

48
Q

What hormonal changes cause ovarian follicular cysts?

A

Lack of LH surge when follicle reaches ovulatory size

49
Q

What is the treatment for ovarian follicular cysts?

A

Treat with GnRH agonist (luteinization) or CIDR placement (atresia)
Begin OvSynch protocols for timed breeding

50
Q

Fertility declines when rectal temperature reaches:

A

102.2 degrees Fahrenheit

51
Q

How does heat stress impact fertility?

A

Embryonic loss due to elevated body temperature on oocyte function and embryonic development

52
Q

What is one of the MOST important plants to avoid in pregnant or cycling cattle?

A

Endophyte infected tall fescue

53
Q

What is the most commonly recognized non-inflammatory condition resulting in infertility in cattle?

A

FREEMARTINISM

54
Q

How common is freemartinism?

A

92% of heterosexual twin births

55
Q

How does freemartinism occur?

A

There is shared blood supply and fusion of the chorioallantois between both fetuses
Female is exposed to Anti-Mullerian hormone

56
Q

How do we diagnose freemartinism?

A

Clinical signs (vaginal length/US), PCR, karyotyping

57
Q

What is a male pseudohermaphrodite?

A

Genetic & gonadal males with female external genitalia
RARE compared to freemartins

58
Q

What is “white heifer disease”?

A

Segmental aplasia of paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts
Shorthorn females- prevalent

59
Q

Incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts causes:

A

Vaginal band
Double external cervical os
Uterine didelphys (2 uteri)

FA Therio- Exam 1 (1 decks)

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