Bovine Digestive Flashcards
Are dental carries a significant problem in cattle?
No
Grazing on sadly soil and wearing down teeth prematurely can lead to what condition?
Premature Dental Carries
Are fractured teeth common in cattle?
No
Staining of teeth in cattle is often from what?
Diet
Is calculus formation common in cattle?
Why?
- No
- High fiber diet usually keeps the teeth clean.
Pitting of the teeth in cattle is often caused by what?
How is this diagnosed?
- Fluorosis
- Removing bone from the tail and having it analyzed.
A condition where extra fluid is in the uterus is called what?
Hydrops Uterus
What are 2 specific locations for the extra fluid seen with a hydrops uterus?
- Amnion
- Allantoic sac
With a hydrops uterus, what is the calf unable to do?
Unable to swallow so can’t recall fetal fluids.
What is the term used for a short mandible or “weak jaw”?
Brachygnathia
What does the calf have trouble doing with brachygnathia?
Difficulty eating since teeth and mandible don’t meet dental pad.
A tumor of the teeth is known as what?
Adamantonoma
Are salivary problems common in cattle?
No
Excessive salivation is known as what?
Ptyalism
Ptyalism can be a clinical sign seen in what 5 other conditions besides oral disease?
- Choke
- Ruminal problems
- Abomasa problems
- Toxicities
- Rabies
What are 3 salivary problems that can be seen in cattle?
- Sialandenitis
- Salivary cyst
- Salivary gland neoplasia
Actinobacillosis is also known as what?
Wooden Tongue
Actinomycosis is also known as what?
Lumpy Jaw
Which condition affects soft tissue such as the tongue?
Actinobacillosis (Wooden Tongue)
What bacteria causes “Wooden Tongue”?
Actinobacillus lingniersi
To diagnose Actinobacillosis (Wooden Tongue), examine the pus for what?
Sulfur granules and gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria
What bacteria causes “Lumpy Jaw”?
Actinomyces bovis
Actin mycosis usually affects what?
Boney tissue such as the mandible.
How is actinomycosis diagnosed?
Gram-positive filamentous bacteria seen on biopsy.
What virus causes “Bluetongue”?
Orbivirus
Which species does Bluetongue affect more, cattle or sheep?
Sheep
Blue tongue is transmitted by what?
Culicoides
What time of year is Bluetongue more likely to occur?
End of the summer months
T/F: Bluetongue can potentially affect only one member of the herd?
True
What is a clinical sign that Blue Tongue often presents with?
Hyperemia of the mucous membranes and skin
How is Blue Tongue usually diagnosed?
ELISA
Foot and Mouth Disease is caused by what type of virus?
Highly contagious picornavirus
Which of the following species is not affected by Foot and Mouth Disease:
- Cattle
- Pigs
- Horses
- Sheep
- Goats
Horses
What are 2 forms of transmission for Foot and Mouth Disease?
- Direct contact
- Airborne
What is the primary clinical sign for Foot and Mouth Disease in pigs?
Foot lesions
Foot and Mouth Disease can survive for months in what?
Food products from infected animals
How do outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease often start in pigs?
Feeding uncooked garbage to pigs.
Why are pigs considered to be very infective to other animals when it comes to Foot and Mouth Disease?
Breathe out high concentrations of the virus.
What is the control method used for Foot and Mouth Disease?
Quarantine and destruction
What type of virus causes Vesicular stomatitis?
Vesiculovirus
How is Vesicular Stomatitis transmitted?
Direct contact
Can vesicular stomatitis infect horses?
Yes
Vesicular stomatitis can look similar to what other disease?
Foot and Mouth disease
What is the main form of control used with vesicular stomatitis?
Insect vector control
What virus causes Bovine Papular Stomatitis?
Parapoxvirus
A mild viral disease of calves that is characterized by proliferative lesions around or in the south is known as what?
Bovine Papular Stomatitis
What type of virus causes Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)?
Pestivirus
Which type of BVD is more mild and usually subclinical?
Type 1
Which type of BVD is more acute and shows more clinical signs?
Type 2
Which type of BVD causes immunosuppression?
Type 1
The outcome of a BVD infection in a pregnant animal may be dependent on what 3 factors?
- Strain of BVD
- Stage of gestation
- Immune status of cow
If a cow becomes infected with BVD during the 1st or 2nd trimester, what happens to the fetus?
Fetal death or abortion
If a cow becomes infected with BVD before the fetus is immunocompetent (day 90-120) then what happens?
Calf is persistently infected.
A mucosal disease may result if a persistently infected animal becomes infected with what strain of BVD?
This eventually results in what?
- Cytopathic strain
- Eventually results in death
If a cow is infected with BVD during days 120-180, what results?
What is an example of this?
- Birth defects
- Cerebellar hypoplasia
If a cow is infected with BVD after day 180, what are 2 possible results?
- Normal calf
- Seropositive calf
What form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever can be seen in the US and Europe?
From what species can sheep get this from?
- Sheep associated form
- White-tailed deer and cattle
The African form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever can be spread by what 2 species?
- Wildebeest
- Bison
T/F: Malignant Catarrhal Fever can be spread from cow to cow and sheep to cow.
False - Does not spread from cow to cow but can spread from sheep to cow.
In the US the disease of cattle which is characterized by symptoms similar to those in Rinderpest is:
- BVD/MC
- IBR
- PI3
- Malignant catarrhal fever
- Vesicular stomatitis
BVD/MC
What is the treatment for malignant catarrhal fever?
No treatment
Is there a vaccine available for malignant catarrhal fever?
No
What is a disease affecting ruminants that has been eliminated worldwide?
Rinderpest
Fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, erosion of entire GIT, severe diarrhea and wasting can be seen with what disease?
Rinderpest
What disease primarily affects goats and sheep?
Rinderpest
Pharyngeal trauma and abscesses are often cause by what?
Iatrogenic
Why can bloat be seen with choke or other esophageal structures?
Failure of eructation causes gas to be trapped in the rumen due to blockage of the esophagus.
What is the first concern to address with choke or esophageal disorders?
Relief of the bloat
The wither depression test is also known as what?
“Scootch test”
A test where you roll the skin under your hand where the scapulas come together on the cow is known as what?
What is a normal response to this?
- Wither Depression Test/”Scootch Test”
- Normal response is cow moving away from the stimulus
A negative response to the withers depression test indicates what?
Means the cow is very painful.
A cow can display an expiratory grunt with what 2 pain response tests?
- Withers depression test
- Deep palpation at the xiphoid process
If a cow gives an expiratory grunt during a deep palpation at the xiphoid process, is this a positive or negative response?
Positive response
Blood in the feces can indicate what?
Red - bleed in rectum
Black - upper GI bleed
Mucus in the feces can indicate what?
Obstruction
Fibrin in the feces can indicate what?
Inflammation/infection (salmonella, BVD)
Sand/stones in the feces can indicate what?
Dietary deficiency (fiber)
What are 2 of the most common clinical signs seen with cattle diseases?
- Ruminal stasis
- Anorexia
What are 2 types of gas produced by microbial fermentation?
- Methane
- Carbon dioxide
What hay combination produces more gas in the rumen, clover/alfalfa or timothy/Bermuda?
Clover/alfalfa
Is bloat due to excess gas production?
No
What is the general etiology behind bloat?
Failure of eructation
What are 3 possibles of bloat?
- Failure of the cardia to relax
- Obstruction of the esophagus or cardia (choke)
- Failure of reticulo-ruminal muscular contraction
What are 3 forms of frothy bloat?
- Legume pasture bloat
- Legume hay bloat
- High concentrate bloat
Failure of reticulo-ruminal muscular contraction can be caused by what?
Hypocalcemia
Treatment of frothy bloat in cattle will often involve the administration of what?
A surfactant orally
What is the DOC for frothy acute bloat?
Poloxalene (Therabloat)
What is an example of a surfactant used to destabilize foam so an animal can eructate?
Poloxalene
Free gas and chronic bloat are common in what type of cattle?
Why?
- Feedlot cattle
- Due to pain from respiratory disease
What are 3 factors that increase ruminal motility?
- Mild distension, tension generated during contraction
- Eating/chewing
- Increased acidity as abomasum empties
What are 4 factors that decrease ruminal motility?
- Severe ruminal distension
- Pain (esp. abdominal)
- Abomasa distention (severe)
- Increased concentration of undissociated VFAs associated with ruminal acidosis
What are 2 other names for Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
- Traumatic gastritis
- Hardware disease
What are 4 clinical signs that can be seen with traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
- Trembling of triceps muscle
- Expiratory grunt
- Arched back stance
- Neutrophilic leukocytosis with a left shift
What are 2 forms of conservative treatment for reticuloperitonitis?
- Magnet
- Antibiotics
