Bovine

Question 1

what is the most important disease of young cattle in terms of reduced weight gain and mortality

Answer 1

enzootic pneumonia

Question 2

what are the 3 factors that determine respriatory disease in calves

Answer 2

stress, calf immunity and pathogens that take advantage of the conditions

Question 3

what time of year is most likely to have outbreaks of respiratory disease

Answer 3

waning and moving of calves in the autumn

Question 4

how does enzootic pneumonia affect the future productivity of cattle

Answer 4

2 week delay to calving anf greater than 2% reduction in milk yield and beef cattle will grow slower

Question 5

name 3 ways in which you can provide calves with a good start in life with minimal disease risk

Answer 5

clean environment, good colostrum and good ventilation

Question 6

name 4 viruses involved in enzootic pneumonia

Answer 6

para-influenza, bovine respiratory syncytial virus , bovine herpes virus and bovine viral diarrhoea

Question 7

what are the main types of bacteria that are involved in enzootic pneumonia

Answer 7

mycoplasma and pasteurella

Question 8

what is the best clinical sign that indicated enzootic pneumonia

Answer 8

febrile - increased rectal temperature

Question 9

what are 4 differentials for enzootic pneumonia in calves

Answer 9

dictyocaulus viviparous, white muscle disease, salmonellosis, inhalation/aspiration pneumonia

Question 10

whats the most common cause of heart disease in calves

Answer 10

ventricular septal defect

Question 11

what are the first line antibiotics used to treat enzootic pneumonia

Answer 11

oxytetracycline, nuflur, resflor

Question 12

how would you treat enzootic pneumonia

Answer 12

antibiotics, NSAIDs and nursing

Question 13

what is the virus respnosible for post-housig pneumonia in cows

Answer 13

pasteurellosis

Question 14

main bacterial pathogens of pneumonia

Answer 14

mannheimia haemolytica, pasteurella multocida and histophilus somni

Question 15

what is bovine rhinotracheitis also known as and how is it spread

Answer 15

bovine herpes virus - respiratory form spread by aerosol

Question 16

where does herpes virus hide and what promotes reactivation

Answer 16

trigeminal nerve ganglia and corticosteroids

Question 17

what is bovine farmers lung also known as and what causes it

Answer 17

extrinsic allergic alveolitis - allergic reaction to fungal spores and bacterial antigens - mouldy feed

Question 18

when is fog fever most likely to affect cattle

Answer 18

soon after turn out onto lush pasture

Question 19

what is the pathogenesis of fog fever

Answer 19

amino acid i-tryptophan is converted to indole acetic acid and then to 3-methyl indole which is toxic to the cows lungs

Question 20

what bacteria causes necrotising pneumonia with the smell of rotting flesh in exhaled air

Answer 20

pasteurellosis multocida

Question 21

what disease is associated with squeaks/crackles all over the both lung fields on ausciltation and lungs being heavier than normal

Answer 21

diffuse fibrosing alveolitis

Question 22

what disease is associated with sudden death and haemoptysis - found dead in a pool of blood

Answer 22

pulmonary thromboembolism from the caudal vena cava

Question 23

what is the pathogenesis behind vena cava thrombosis - what can predispose cows to this condition

Answer 23

ruminal acidosis on a hgih carbohydrate diet
fermentation leads to decrease in rumen pH leading to ruminitis
organisms carried to the liver to form liver abscesses
liver opens to vena cavs leading to septic thrombosis of the caudal vena cava