bovine Flashcards
halter
-Lead should be on the cow’s left unless procedure requires different
-Quick release knot MUST be used
-Tie the cow’s head high
cattle prod
device that administers an electrical shock to move cattle
chute
metal restraining device that secures head and body
stanchion
metal restraining device that only holds the head
tail restraint
used as a distraction;
lift tail directly over backbone when only the head has been secured
nose lead
mechanism to divert the cow’s
attention from what is taking place;
Never use to lead or pull a cow;
always quick release not for easy escape
observation: presence of joint swelling
-interaction with herd
-attitude
-chewing cud
-quality of droppings
-weight of the animal
-PE
on left side
auscultate lungs, heart, ruminations, and displaced abomasum
on right side
auscultate lungs, displaced abomasum
bull
male
steer
castrated
cow
female who has weaned a calf
heifer
female who hasn’t weaned a calf
calf`
baby
herd
group of cattle
calving
giving birth; parturition; rest 60 days prior/no milking
beef
meet from mature bovine
veal
meat from calf under 3 months old (usually young male)
type of digestive system
ruminent
gestation period
283 days (based on ovulation date)
number of mammary glands
4
normal temp
100.4-103.1
respiration rate
18-28 rpm
heart rate
60-70bpm
normal amount of ruminations
1-2/min; place in paralumbar fossa
digestive tract
esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, anus
esophagus
a tube which carries the
food from the mouth to the stomach
compartments
rumen
-absorbs most fatty acids by fermentation
-lighter material; contains up to 50 gal
-maintain and correct balance of resident bacteria
-Narrow spectrum of antibiotics should always be avoided
-Balance is upset = irritation to digestive system
-Irritation can cause fatal type of diarrhea
-mixes contents
reticulum
-heavy material swallowed is stored
-honeycomb structure
-cud is formed
-natural place for collecting foreign bodies (hardware disease)
omasum
-leaves of tissue
-absorbs water from digestive contents
-removes slurry moisture and most excess water
abomasum
-true stomach
-glandular lining
-secretes hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
small intestine
amino acids, sugar and
fatty acids are absorbed
cecum
blind pouch; moisture is absorbed
large intestine
moisture is absorbed
anus
feces is excreted through here
cow-calf programs
purebred (production of purebred strain - one breed); F-1 cattle (production of mixed breed from purebred - 2 breeds); commercial cow-calf operation (cattle of mixed breeds)
dual purpose
cattle can be used for meat or milk
triple purpose
cattle can be used for meat, milk, and draft
baby beef production
cattle are creep-fed up to weaning time and pushed for rapid weight gain 1000lbs live weight
veal production
usually a dairy bull calf marketed at less than 3 months of age
feedlots
place to finish cattle quickly
stocker systems
heifers which are used to replenish herd
growth promoting substances
-supplements that encourages muscle/weight gain
-hormones or steroids
-in feed or small pellet implanted under skin
castration
removal of testicles
surgical
incision made in the scrotum and testicles removed
elastrator
stretches a rubber ring around spermatic cords to cut off blood supply
burdizzo pincer
cord is crushed by pincer, cuts off circulation to testicle
chemical castration
used on calves up to 150 injections made directly into the testicles
branding
Allows for identification
Hot iron branding
Freeze branding
-destroying hair follicle so hair grows back white
dehorning
-on young animals
-– Chemical paste may be used to destroy horn bud
– The horn bud may be destroyed by heat
-very bloody procedure in older animals (cut or sawed off)
drenching
administration of oral medication to treat for internal parasites
balling gun
used to administer a bolus of medication
spraying and dipping
treats external parasites
frick speculum
hollow metal tube used to facilitate the passing of a stomach tube
subcutaneous injection
16 or 18 g ½” or ¾” long
intramuscular injection
16 or 18 g 1” or 1 ½” long
blood sampling
obtaining blood from jugular vein in neck or caudal vein in tail
conjunctivitis
inflammation around eye
purulent
puss
fistulated cow
hole opening on flank
duodonal canula
hole in flank with tubing
digestive facts
-uses tongue to wrap around
the grass and twist it off
-Front teeth on lower jaw only
-Grass or feed is mixed with saliva
before it is swallowed
-Estimates are that an adult cow
produces 100-150 liters of saliva per
day
scours
severe diarrhea in young cattle and sheep
hardware disease
-decrease in appetite, milk production, and weight
-magnets used to help lodges objects
displaced abomasum
-right side is emergency
-hear ping
-after calving
-loss of appetite
-milk production and ruminations decrease
-fills with gas
-left side can be fixed with rolling
cosmetic dehorn
horn is removed below the skin
ovary
-two ovaries
-each contains about 75,000
eggs
-20-30 will be utilized
Fallopian tube
-carries egg
-site of fertilization
uterus
-has two horns
-Fetal development takes place in one
cervix
sphincter which separates the uterine horns from vaginal area to prevent infection
vagina
-copulatory organ of female
-Dilates to allow baby to pass
testes
-located in the scrotum which keeps them at a lower temperature than the body
epididymus
transports, stores, concentration of sperm, sperm matures here
vas deferens
transports mature sperm from epididymis past accessory sex glands
accessory of secondary sex glands
produce fluid which caries the sperm
penis
-copulatory organ of male
-deposits sperm
cryptorchidism
absence of one or both testicles from the scrotum
sperm
male reproductive cell
puberty in males
marked by viable sperm production
puberty in females
marked by first heat cycle
signs of estrus
swelling and redness of vulva, restlessness, desire for company
Rectal palpation
60 days post breeding a gloved arm inserted in rectum can palpate for presence of fetus
Signs of parturition
six weeks prior to calving udder will develop; one week prior the vulva will swell and redden; imminent –distention of teats and mucus discharge from vulva – more than normal
normal calf presentation
feet first – head between the legs
fetatomy
removing dead calf with giggly wire
milk production
-Dairy cows drink up to 35 gallons of water per day
-They produce on average 100 lbs or about 15 gallons of milk per day
-eat 40 pounds of corn silage daily
-The cow must have a calf and generate the required hormones in order to produce milk
dairy cow breeding cycle
-bred; Milked for a total of 305 days during cycle
-milked up to 60 days before birthing
-gives birth
-milking begins again
-rebred about 60 days later
dairy cow breeding cycle pt 2
Calf is often removed from mother 24-48 hours after birth
Female then goes into the milking cycle
Calf must receive colostrum
Colostrum secreted by mammary glands – contains hormones, antibodies, proteins, minerals, etc.
each quarter (teat)
milk is secreted by epithelial cells which is synthesized by raw materials in the blood which flows through the udder
milk production pt 2
-Milk stored in udder must be stimulated to be “let down” to be available for the milking process
* “let down” is a result of a stimuli
* Stimuli could be the calf nursing, washing of the teats or the smells, sights, sounds of the milking parlor
* Oxytocin hormone is released
* Milking process can be complete in 5 minutes by machine
milking parlor
a room maintained exclusively for the mechanical milking of cows
strip cup
metal cup with black filter on top where milk is examined for coagulated proteins
Clinical Mastitis
– Characterized by rapid onset
– Visual changes in udder and milk
– Caused by e-coli
Sub-Clinical Mastitis
– No visual changes in milk
– Cow has no symptoms
– Slight decrease in milk production
– Caused by staph or strep bacteria
checking for mastitis
which is an inflammation of the udder – a milk sample must be obtained manually from each quarter
* The sample is tested using the
California Mastitis Test (CMT)
* Positive quarters are treated and milk from those quarters cannot be sold
