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FWS 2024 > Bourgogne > Flashcards

Bourgogne Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the difference between lieu-dit and climat

A

Lieu-diet means “named place” - these are cadastral units whose name refers to a geographical feature within a single commune and are not always to do with wine - the names have often been in existence for centuries and can appear on regional and village level labels as a more specific point of origin.

Climat refers to a winegrowing plot within an AOC - the word comes from the greek work ‘klima’ meaning incline, which conveys the notion of exposure to the sun. generally, the climats are more of a vigneron’s notion of a site - the climats were turned into the premier and grands crus

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2
Q

Explain why quality varies greatly midst one Grand Cru parcel

A

Variation in soil & slope gradient - for example, Clos de Vougeot has 13 climats

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3
Q

Recall the influence of the various Dukes of Burgundy

A

Philippe the Bold: outlawed Gamay to promote Pinot Noir (1363-1404)
John the Fearless: died attempting to control the french state (1404-1419)
Philippe the Good: establishes Hospices de Beaune (1419-1467)
Charles the Rash: died attempting to conquer alsace and lorraine (1467-1477)

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4
Q

Explain the repercussions of King Louis-Philippe granting Gevrey the right to append Chambertin to its name

A

Gave the lesser vineyards the reflected glory of the greatest ones to help market the wine, others followed suit

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5
Q

Give examples of how the French Revolution & Napoléonic Code impacted the Burgundian wine industry

A

The French revolution caused a power shift away from the aristocrats and the church - the new government dismantled the monasteries and broke up the great estates - few monopoles survived - the land was parcelled up and sold to ordinary citizens. After the revolution, Napoleon restored stability & government - he introduced the Napolenic Code requiring landowners to diving their holdings equally among their heirs, further subdividing the land with each generation

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6
Q

Explain the reason for Bourgogne’s shift in focus from red wine to white wine in the 1980s

A

Due to skyrocketing demand for white wine in the 1980’s - Chablis and Maconnais expanded vineyard plantings in response

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7
Q

Account for why Bourgogne, representing only 4.5% of France’s total wine production, is so important on the global wine stage

A

Represents 21% of French wine revenue

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8
Q

Define the general climate of Bourgogne; detail how this varies from north to south and how the differing climatic influences impact the growing season

A

Continental overall - oceanic influences in the north (cooler) and mediterranean influences in the south (warmer)

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9
Q

Discuss the geologic forces that formed the Bourgogne region, especially the Côte d’Or escarpment

A

Continental upheaval formed the Saone graben - posses colluvial soils formed from rain driven slope wash (rather than alluvial soils from river sediment)

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10
Q

Name the two uplifts of the Saône Graben

A

Morvan uplands & Cote d’Or escarpment

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11
Q

Explain how vineyard location on the slope (and slope aspect) relates to wine quality

A

Top of the slope has thinnest soils & retains least amount of water (rain runs down hill before it can be absorbed) - premier crus
Middle of the slope moderate topsoil and adequate water, captures maximum sunlight - grand crus
Bottom of the slope has deepest soils & retains the most water - village AOCs

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12
Q

List the primary grape varieties of Bourgogne

A

White grapes: Chardonnay, Aligote, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Blanc, Sacy, Melon de Bourgogne

Rose grapes: Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Gris

Red grapes: Pinot Noir, Gamay

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13
Q

List the chief viticultural hazards in Bourgogne

A

frost, hail, ripening

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14
Q

Compare and contrast the viticultural practices throughout Bourgogne’s sub-zones

A

Lutte Raisonee is most common farming method - more are adopting organic practices
Machine harvesting used extensively in Chablis and Maconnais
Handpicking dominates in cote dor
Both used in Cote Chalonnaise
Guyot is most common vine training method (cordon growing in popularity)

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15
Q

Describe how global warming is impacting the region

A

Resulted in earlier bud break and warmer summers - has moved harvest forward 10 days than it was 20 years ago
Challenge to delay harvest so that sugar & phenolic ripening happen together while retaining acid

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16
Q

Detail the important role of the négociant in Bourgogne wine sales

A

Negociants purchase grapes or even wine from growers who are too small & bottle and market the wine from their vineyards. Enables the negociant to blend from multiple growers and put wine on the market in decent quantities. They have the staff, knowhow and capital to purchase new equipment, barrels and tanks to increase quality.

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17
Q

Explain the classification hierarchy of vineyard sites (as opposed to Bordeaux)

A

Unlike Bordeaux, which classifies its chateaux, Burgundy classifies vineyards themselves

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18
Q

Describe winemaking practices within the various sub-regions of Bourgogne

A

Bourgogne whites are fermented in stainless or 228L barrels.
Maconnais & Chablis - mostly fermented in stainless & matured in neutral vat
Cote d’Or and Cote Chalonnaise - oak maturation common, new oak accounts for 20-50%
Bourgogne Chardonnay has less fruit, alcohol, aroma, overt oak, and more structure, acid, and mineral notes than from warmer climates

Bourgogne pinot noir is typically de-stemmed, some adding in whole bunches now for brighter flavors.

Red wines of the Cote d’Or and Chalonnaise will spend 12-18 months in oak barrels with some level of new oak.

With increasing ripeness, many switching to pump over method & shorter maceration times compared to traditional punch down method in open top fermenters

Small producers still use indigenous yeasts, large negociants more likely to use commercial yeasts

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19
Q

Define the term “premox”

A

Premature oxidation - multiple supposed causes - certain clones, fully ripe fruit, less use of sulfur, less batonnage - problem is diminishing

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20
Q

Name the 7 regional AOCs

A

Bourgogne AOC
Coteaux Bourguignons AOC
Macon AOC
Cremant de Bourgogne AOC
Bourgogne Mousseux AOC
Bourgogne Aligote AOC
Bourgogne Passe-tout-grains AOC

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21
Q

Bourgogne AOC wine style & grapes

A

Dry white, rose, red

White regional Bourgogne AOC is usually 100% chardonnay, red is 100% pinot noir
Could include pinot blanc & pinot gris

Red could include gamay from Beaujolais Crus (if from Yonne, could contain Cesar)
If 85% or more gamay, must be labeled Bourgogne Gamay & Gamay must come from Beaujolais Crus

Bourgogne Rose is usually Pinot noir

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22
Q

Coteaux Bourguignons AOC wine style & grapes

A

Dry white, rose, red

Most general of the regional AOCs
Red, White, & Rose

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23
Q

Macon AOC wine style & grapes

A

Dry white, rose, red

whites: 100% Chardonnay
reds & rose: pinot noir & gamay
Macon DGCs must use Chardonnay or Gamay (no pinot noir)
Macon Villages are white only

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24
Q

Understand Crémant de Bourgogne, where it is made and the grapes likely used in its production

A

Grapes: chardonnay, pinot blanc, pinot gris, pinot noir (most common), gamay, aligote, melon and sacy can also be used
Must be made in traditional method and aged for a minimum of 9 months on the lees

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25
Q

Understand the production distinctions between Eminent and Grand Eminent Crémant de Bourgogne

A

Eminent: Must undergo a minimum of 24 months aging sur lie

Grand Eminent: must undergo a min of 36 months aging sur lie plus spend 3 months in the cellar, it must be brut and have less than 15g/L dosage with a min alcohol level of 10%
Only 75% of first juice extracted can be used
Whites must be chardonnay & pinot noir, rose can include up to 20% gamay

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26
Q

Bourgogne Mousseux wine style & grapes

A

Sparkling Red made primarily from Gamay and Pinot Noir
must age 9 months on the lees
must be at least 3.5 atm

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27
Q

Bourgogne Aligote AOC wine style & grapes

A

Dry white
100% aligote

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28
Q

Bourgogne Passe-Tout-Grains AOC wine style & grapes

A

Rose, Red

Must be at least 30% pinot noir & 15% gamay and must be vinified together
Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, & Chardonnay can be used if a field blend

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29
Q

Summarize the hierarchical AOCs of Chablis and the specificities of their climate, topography and soils

A

Continental climate with oceanic influences
Vineyards on the slopes of the Serein river valley
Grand Cru, Premier Cru, and Chablis AOC on Kimmeridgean marl
Petit Chablis on Portlandian marl - higher altitude, cooler, more sharp & tart wines

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30
Q

Identify the seven climats of the Chablis Grand Cru

A

Blanchot, Bougros, Les Clos, Grenouilles, Preuses, Valmur, Vaudesir

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31
Q

Name the 3 AOCs of the Grand Auxerrois

A

Saint Bris AOC
Irancy AOC
Vezelay AOC

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32
Q

Saint-Bris AOC wine style & grapes

A

Grand Auxerrois
Dry white
Sauvignon Blanc & Sauvignon Gris
soils are Kimmeridgean & Portlandian

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33
Q

Irancy AOC wine styles & grapes

A

Grand Auxerrois
Red
Pinot noir & optionally Cesar & pinot gris
soils are Kimmeridgean

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34
Q

Vezelay AOC wine styles & grapes

A

Grand Auxerrois
Dry White
Chardonnay
soils are clay and limestone

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35
Q

What is the Chatillonais

A

This region produces regional bottlings under Bourgogne AOC & Cremant

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36
Q

Name the 9 AOCs of the Cote de Nuits

A

Marsannay AOC
Fixin AOC
Gevrey-Chambertin AOC
Morey-Saint-Denis AOC
Chamoblle-Musigny AOC
Vougeot AOC
Vosne-Romanee AOC
Nuit-Saint-Georges AOC
Cote de Nuits Villages AOC

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37
Q

Name the Appellations of the Cote de Nuits with Grand Crus

A

Gevrey-Chambertin
Morey-Saint-Denis
Chambolle-Musigny
Vougeot
Vosne-Romanee

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38
Q

Marssanay AOC wine styles & grapes

A

Cote de Nuits
Dry white, rose, red
Known for its delicate & fruity rose made from Pinot Gris &/or Pinot Noir

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39
Q

Fixin AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Nuits
Dry white, red - mostly red

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40
Q

Gevrey-Chambertin AOC wine styles & grand crus

A

Cote de Nuits
Red only

9 Grand Crus (most Grand Crus):
Chambertin
Chambertin-Clos de Beze
Chapelle-Chambertin
Charmes-Chambertin
Mazoyeres-Chambertin
Griotte-Chambertin
Latricieres-Chambertin
Mazis-Chambertin
Ruchottes-Chambertin

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41
Q

Morey-Saint-Denis AOC wine styles & grand crus

A

Cote de Nuits
Dry white, red

5 Grand Crus:
Bonnes-Mares (shared with Chambolle)
Clos de la Roche
Clos Saint Denis
Clos des Lambrays
Clos de Tart

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42
Q

Chambolle-Musigny AOC wine styles & grand crus

A

Cote de Nuits
Red only

2 Grand Crus:
Bonnes-Mares (shared with Morey-Saint-Denis)
Musigny - can produce both red and white

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43
Q

What 2 Grand Crus can produce both red & white wines in the Cote de Nuits?

A

Musigny (Chambolle-Musigny)
Corton (Aloxe-Corton)

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44
Q

Vougeot AOC wine styles & grand cru

A

Cote de Nuits
Dry white and red - mostly red

1 Grand Cru:
Clos de Vougeot - only grand cru that rests at the bottom of the slope

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45
Q

Vosne-Romanee AOC wine styles & grand crus

A

Cote de Nuits
Red only

8 Grand crus:
La Romanee
Romanee-Conti
Romanee-Saint-Vivant
Richebourg
La Tache
Echezeaux
Grands-Echezeux

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46
Q

Nuit-Saint-Georges AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Nuits
Dry white, red

Premier Cru accounts for 45%
no Grand crus

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47
Q

Cote de Nuit Villages AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Nuits
Dry white, red - mostly red

shared by 5 villages: Fixin, Brochon, Premeaux, Comblanchien, Corgoloin

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48
Q

Cote de Nuits climate, soil, aspect

A

Vineyards face East
Continental climate
soils: sedimentary limestone & limestone rich marls - best suited for Pinot noir

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49
Q

Cote de Beaune soil & aspect

A

Vineyards face southeast
soils: limestone and limestone rich marls - younger than Cote de Nuit

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50
Q

Ladoix AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red

located in the village of Ladoix-Serrigny

Shares 2 Grands Crus with Aloxe-Corton & Pernand-Vergelesses:
Corton
Corton-Charlemagne

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51
Q

Name the 5 AOCs with Grands Crus in the Cote de Beaune

A

Aloxe-Corton
Ladoix
Puligny-Montrachet
Chassagne-Montrachet
Pernand-Vergelesses

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52
Q

Aloxe-Corton AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red

3 Grand Crus shared with Ladoix & Pernand Vergelesses
Corton
Corton-Charlemagne
Charlemange (shared with Pernand-Vergelesses) - whites only

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53
Q

Pernand-Vergelesses AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red

3 Grand Crus shared with Ladoix & Aloxe-Corton:
Corton
Corton-Charlemagne
Charlemagne

54
Q

Name the 4 appellations around the city of Beaune

A

All produce both white & red

Chorey-les-Beaune AOC
Savigny-les-Beaune AOC- mostly red, 22 premier crus
Beaune AOC - mostly red, 75% premier cru
Cote de Beaune AOC - split between red & white, higher altitude vineyards

55
Q

Which 2 AOCs produce red wines in the Cote de Beaune

A

Pommard
Volnay

56
Q

Pommard AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Beaune
Red only

soils are clay.& active limestone - powerful, robust wines

57
Q

Volnay AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Beaune
Red only
soft, supple mouthfeel

58
Q

Monthelie AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Beaune
dry white, red - primarily red

surrounded by Meursault, Volnay, & Saint-Romain
overlooked due to mostly gamay in 19th century

59
Q

Saint-Romain AOC wine styles

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red, -2/3 white

Set in a side valley at high elevation - piercing acidity (cooler)

60
Q

Auxey-Duresses AOC wine style

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red - 2/3 red

was previously bottled as Volnay, Pommard, or Meursault

61
Q

Saint-Aubin AOC wine style

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red - 80% white
75% premier cru

62
Q

Meursault AOC wine style

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red - 96.5% white

1/4 is premier cru

63
Q

Puligny-Montrachet AOC wine style

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red

Most white wine grand crus in the Cote d’Or - the first 2 are shared with Chassange-Montrachet

Montrachet
Batard-Montrachet
Chevalier-Montrachet
Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet

64
Q

Chassange-Montrachet AOC wine style

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red - 2/3 white

3 grands crus:
Montrachet
Batard-Montrachet
Criots-Batard-Montrachet

65
Q

Blagny AOC wine style

A

Cote de Beaune
Red only

straddles Meursault & Puligny-Montrachet

66
Q

Santenay AOC wine style

A

Cote de Beaune
Dry white, red

67
Q

Maranges AOC wine style

A

Cote de Beaune
dry white, red

southernmost appellation, mostly red

68
Q

Cote de Beaune Villages AOC wine style

A

Cote de Beaune
red only

All vollage appellations have the option of labeling the wine Cote de Beaune villages except for: Beaune, Aloxe-Corton, Pommard, and Volnay

69
Q

Understand the traditional style of Bourgogne Pinot Noir and Chardonnay and compare it with their New World equivalents

A

Bourgogne Chardonnay has less fruit, alcohol, aroma, overt oak, and more structure, acid, and mineral notes than from warmer climates

Bourgogne pinot noir has less pigment, tannin, fruit, alcohol, overt oak, and more structure and spice than from warmer areas

70
Q

Cote Chalonnaise soil & aspect

A

East facing slopes - but not contiguous like cote de nuits
slightly cooler due to less shelter from prevailing westerlies

soil is limestone rich marl similar to cote de beaune

71
Q

Bouzeron AOC wine style

A

Cote Chalonnaise
Dry white

Aligote

72
Q

Rully AOC wine style

A

Cote Chalonnaise
Dry white, red

known for Cremant de Bourgogne - first one made here in 1822

73
Q

Mercury AOC wine style

A

Cote Chalonnaise
Dry white, red

mostly red, 75% village level despite having 32 premier crus

74
Q

Givry AOC wine style

A

Cote Chalonnaise
Dry white, red - mostly red
soils transition here to older sandier marls of the Maconnais

75
Q

Montagny AOC wine style

A

Cote Chalonnaise
White only

76
Q

Maconnais climate, aspect & soil

A

continental mediterranean influence

soil: limestone and marl - oldest in Bourgogne, and granite & schist - same soils as Beaujolais

90% planted to Chardonnay on limestone marls & flinty clay

80% bottled under regional appellations

77
Q

Name the 5 AOCs of the Maconnais

A

Pouilly-Fuisse AOC
Pouilly-Loche AOC
Pouilly-Vinzelles
Saint-Veran AOC
Vire-Clesse AOC

78
Q

Name the 5 AOCs of the Cote Chalonnaise

A

Rully AOC
Bouzeron AOC
Mercury AOC
Givry AOC
Montagny AOC

79
Q

Pouilly-Fuisse AOC wine style

A

Maconnais
White only
powerful wines, many oaked

22 climats are ranked as premier cru

80
Q

Pouilly-Loche AOC wine style

A

Maconnais
White only

81
Q

Pouilly-Vinzelles AOC wine style

A

Maconnais
White only

82
Q

Saint-Veran AOC wine style

A

Maconnais
White only

83
Q

Vire-Clesse AOC wine style

A

Maconnais
Dry white, Semi-Sweet white

makes a small amount of late harvest semi-sweet wine labeled as demi-sec or Levroute

84
Q

Which wine appellation in Bourgogne contains semi-sweet white wine made from Chardonnay?

A

Vire-Classe AOC

85
Q

By what name is Pinot Gris sometimes known in Bourgogne?

A

Pinot Beurot

86
Q

Which Duke of Burgundy outlawed Gamay?

A

Philippe the Bold

87
Q

Irancy AOC is a red wine made chiefly from Pinot Noir, but what other grape variety can make up to 10% of the blend?

88
Q

In Bourgogne, which AOC is for sparkling red wines made by the traditional method?

A

Bourgogne Mousseux

89
Q

Which village AOC is the only one allowed to produce Rosé?

90
Q

What is the capacity of the traditional Bourgogne barriques – or barrel ?

91
Q

What is the primary soil type where Petit Chablis is grown?

A

Portlandian

92
Q

The Grand and Premier Cru vineyards of Chablis sit on what kind of soil?

A

Kimmeridgean marl

93
Q

Which Côte de Nuits Grand Cru is the only one located at the bottom of a slope?

A

Clos de Vougeot

94
Q

The Côte de Beaune has just one Grand Cru for Red wines – which one of these is it?

95
Q

Bouzeron AOC makes wines from which grape variety?


96
Q

Bouzeron and Montagny are both village AOCs in the Côte Chalonnaise. What is unusual about them?

A

They only make white wines - Bouzeron from Aligote and Montagny from Chardonnay

97
Q

How many Premier Cru climats are there in Pouilly-Fuissé?

98
Q

All village level AOCs in the Mâconnais make dry white wines from Chardonnay, but one AOC makes some sweeter wines as well. Which AOC is that?

A

Viré-Clessé

99
Q

What are the two primary grapes of Bourgogne?

A

Pinot Noir & Chardonnay

100
Q

Which grape varieties are used in Saint-Bris AOC?

A

Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris

101
Q

What are the two sub-divisions of the Côte d’Or called?

A

Côte de Nuits and Côte de Beaune

102
Q

What are the five main sub-regions of Bourgogne?

A

Chablis/Grand Auxerrois/Châtillonnais,

Côte de Nuits,

Côte de Beaune,

Côte Chalonnaise,

Mâconnais

103
Q

What is marl?

A

Limestone-rich clay

104
Q

Generally, vineyards in the Côte d’Or face in which direction?

A

East/Southeast

105
Q

What is the climate of Bourgogne

A

Continental, with maritime influence in the north and Mediterranean influence in the south

106
Q

Which Bourgogne sub-region has soils of granite and schist?

A

Mâconnais

107
Q

Wines labeled Mâcon-Villages can only be red.

True or False?

A

FALSE.

Mâcon-Villages wines can only be white.

108
Q

How many climats are there in the Chablis Grand Cru?

A

Seven official climats, plus one unofficial climat called La Moutonne.

109
Q

Passe-Tout-Grains is a blend of which two red grapes?

A

Pinot Noir & Gamay

110
Q

What soil type does Chardonnay prefer in Bourgogne?

111
Q

What is a “négociant”?

A

A company that buys grapes or finished wine to be released under their own label.

112
Q

What soil type does Pinot Noir prefer in Bourgogne?

A

Limestone or marls with high limestone content

113
Q

What are “alluvial” soils?

A

Soils formed by river deposits.

114
Q

What are “colluvial” soils?

A

Soils formed by slope wash.

115
Q

Red Mâcon + DGC wines are made from Pinot Noir.

True or False?

A

FALSE.

They are made only from Gamay.

116
Q

What is the most common vine training system in Bourgogne?

117
Q

Which river runs through Chablis?

118
Q

How many Grand Cru vineyards are there in Bourgogne?

119
Q

In Bourgogne most Grands Crus are located at which part of the slope?

120
Q

Grand Cru wines have the name of their village in their name. True or False?

A

FALSE.

With the exception of Chablis, Grand Cru wines in Bourgogne do not have the village name on the label.

121
Q

In Bourgogne, it is the estate or domaine that is classified as either Premier Cru or Grand Cru. True or False?

A

FALSE.

In Bourgogne, the vineyard is classified, not the domaine.

122
Q

Bourgogne produces more red wine than white. True or False?

A

False

Over 60% of Bourgogne’s production is white.

123
Q

Which Bourgogne AOC produces wines from Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Saint-Bris

124
Q

In which village will you find the La Tâche Grand Cru?


A

Vosne-Romanée

125
Q

50% of the production of the Côte de Nuits is white wine.

True or False?

A

False

Around 90% of what the Côte de Nuits produces is red wine.

126
Q

The Grand Cru, Premiers Crus and most village level Chablis vineyards sit on which kind of soil?

A

Kimmeridgean Marl

127
Q

Which Bourgogne AOC produces red wine from Pinot Noir and César grapes?

A

Irancy AOC

128
Q

Bourgogne’s Premiers Crus have their own AOC just as the Grands Crus do. True or False?

A

False
In Bourgogne the Premiers Crus are designated climats within a village AOC.

129
Q

Which of these is NOT a Village AOC found in the Grand Auxerrois?

Saint-Bris

Irancy

Auxerre

Vézelay

130
Q

Which of these is an important centre of production for Crémant de Bourgogne?


131
Q

Saint-Romain is the only AC in Bourgogne authorized to grow Sauvignon Blanc and Sauvignon Gris.

True or False?

A

False

Saint-Bris is the only AOC in Bourgogne that uses Sauvignon Blanc and Sauvignon Gris.

132
Q

Which of the following is an AOC in the Mâconnais?

Saint-Roman

Marsannay

Saint-Véran

Givry

A

Saint-Véran

FWS 2024 (8 decks)

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