BotMed Flashcards
Achillea Millefolium
“Yarrow”
Constituents: thujone, sesquiterpene lactones, bioflavanoids, bitters, alkaloids, tannins, coumarins
Actions: Hemostatic, bitter, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic
Indications:
Topical: wounds, skin ulcers
Internal: passive hemorrhage, meno/metrorrhagia, hematuria, hemorrhoids, poor digestions
CI: GERD, active peptic ulcer, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea, ASTERACEA ALLERGY
Large doses CI in Pgx
AdvFx: emenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions (from thujone)
Interactions: Antagonistic effects with PPIs, may decrease absorption of meds dt increased gut motility
Constituents: thujone, sesquiterpene lactones, bioflavanoids, bitters, alkaloids, tannins, coumarins
Actions: Hemostatic, bitter, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic
Indications:
Topical: wounds, skin ulcers
Internal: passive hemorrhage, meno/metrorrhagia, hematuria, hemorrhoids, poor digestions
CI: GERD, active peptic ulcer, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea, ASTERACEA ALLERGY
Large doses CI in Pgx
AdvFx: emenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions (from thujone)
Interactions: Antagonistic effects with PPIs, may decrease absorption of meds dt increased gut motility
Achillea Millefolium (Yarrow)
Aconitum Napellus
“Monkshood”
Constituents (root and leaf): Tropane alkaloids
Actions: andoyne, anti-pyretic, sensory and motor depressant, sedative
Indications: neuralgias, pain
CI: Pregnancy, Lactation, high or sustained doses
AdvFX: narrow therapeutic window, lethal (this is a LOW DOSE herb). OD Sxs (Parasympatholytic): numb mouth, throat, hands, dizziness, restless, loss of speech, HA, pinpoint pupils, arrhythmias, chest pains, VFIB, sweat, hypothermia, anxiety, diarrhea, convulsions, death from cardiac/pulm paralysis
Interactions: none known
“Monkshood”
Constituents (root and leaf): Tropane alkaloids
Actions: andoyne, anti-pyretic, sensory and motor depressant, sedative
Indications: neuralgias, pain
CI: Pregnancy, Lactation, high or sustained doses
AdvFX: narrow therapeutic window, lethal (this is a LOW DOSE herb). OD Sxs (Parasympatholytic): numb mouth, throat, hands, dizziness, restless, loss of speech, HA, pinpoint pupils, arrhythmias, chest pains, VFIB, sweat, hypothermia, anxiety, diarrhea, convulsions, death from cardiac/pulm paralysis
Interactions: none known
Aconitum Napellus
Actea (Cimicifuga) Racemosa
“Black Cohosh”
Constituents: Triterpene glycosides, aromatic acids, fatty acids, starch, volatile oils
Actions: Uterine tonic, pituitary/estrogen mimetic, parturifacient, anti-rheumatic, spasmolytic, antitussive, nervine
Indications: dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause, early labor, rheumatism, myalgia, OA, RA, whooping cough, tinnitus
CI: First trimester of pregnancy, lactation, estrogen dependent tumors
AdvFX: Nausea
OD Sxs: sedative, bradycardia, hypotension, blurred vision, N/V, HA
Interactions: HRT therapy leading to estrogen excess (but does not affect uterus), reduces hot flashes from tamoxifen.
Constituents: Triterpene glycosides, aromatic acids, fatty acids, starch, volatile oils
Actions: Uterine tonic, pituitary/estrogen mimetic, parturifacient, anti-rheumatic, spasmolytic, antitussive, nervine
Indications: dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause, early labor, rheumatism, myalgia, OA, RA, whooping cough, tinnitus
CI: First trimester of pregnancy, lactation, estrogen dependent tumors
AdvFX: Nausea
OD Sxs: sedative, bradycardia, hypotension, blurred vision, N/V, HA
Interactions: HRT therapy leading to estrogen excess (but does not affect uterus), reduces hot flashes from tamoxifen.
Actea (Cimicifuga) Racemosa (Black Cohosh)
Aesculus Hippocastanum
“Horse Chestnut”
Constituents: glycoside lactones, saponins
Actions: astringent, vasoconstrictive, veno-tonic, anti-inflammatory, mild expectorant
Indications: bruises, hemorrhoids, pruritis ani, varicose veins, venous insufficiency, DVT, thrombophlebitis, edema, hemorrhoids, chronic prostitis
CI: high doses
AdvFX: nausea. unprocessed fruit is highly toxic, IM injection may cause hepatitis or renal failure.
Interactions: N/A
Allium Sepa/ Allium Sativum
“Onion”/ “Garlic”
Constituents: disulfides, phenolic acids, flavanoids, sterols, saponins, pectin, oils
Actions: Anti-atherosclerotic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiplatelet, immune modulator, antimicrobial, carminitive, anti-helminthic (garlic)
Indications: dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, warts, vaginitis, otitis media, athersclerosis, hypercoagulation, dyslipidemia, intermittent claudication, HTN, DM, insufficient lactation, candidiasis, gastroenteritis, h.pylori, UTIs, internal parasites (garlic)
CI: bleeding d/o, anticoag therapy, thyroid disease (inhibits iodine uptake!)
AdvFX: increased bleeding time, may worsen colicky infants through breast milk
Interactions: potentiates warfarin and other anticoagulants, insulin, hypoglycemic drugs
Aloe Vera (Gel)
Constituents: polysaccharides
Actions: inflammation/immune moderator, vulnerary, demulcent
Indications: burns, wounds, frost bite, ulcerations, stretch marks, warts, varicose, veins, gastritis, IBD, peptic ulcer, interstitial/infectious cystitis
CI: 3rd degree burns, deep or infected wounds, wounds healing by secondary intention
AdvFX: very safe herd, may cause diarrhea or abd cramping
Interactions: hypoglycemia effects with glyburide
may reduce absorption of drugs dt polysaccharide action
Aloe Vera (Latex)
Constituents: anthraquinone glycosides
Actions: cathartic
Indications: atonic constipation
CI: use over 10 days, bulimia, obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abdominal pain, under 12yo, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: acute GI cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea
Interactions: Avoid hypokalemic drugs (Diuretics, furosemide, HCTZ, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitalis, leonorus), anti-arrythmics (atenolol, propranolol, amiodarone), pseudoephedrine, GLYCYRRHIZA
may reduce drug absorption dt increased TT
Althea Officinalis
"Marshmallow" Constituents: Mucilage, polysaccharides Actions: demulcent, vulnerary Indications: (root): gastritis, PUD, IBS, colitis (leaves): Pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, dry cough, asthma, interstitial cystitis, lower UTI
CI: wet cough
AdvFX: N/A
Interactions: may reduce drug abs dt polysaccharides
Angelica Sinensis
“Dong quai”
Constituents: coumarins, polysaccharides, ferulic acid
Actions: uterine tonic, liver tonic, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative
Indications: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometritis, estrogen imbalance, menopause, PMS
Hepatitis, cirrhosis, poor digestion, migraine, HA, arthritis
CI: menorrhagia, bleeding diathesis
AdvFX: slight anti-platelet activity, otherwise safe
Interactions: potentiates anticoagulants (warfarin)
Arctium Lappa
“Burdock”
Constituents: lignins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, mucilage, pectin
Actions: alterative, bitter, hepatoprotective, diuretic, diaphoretic, anti-pyretic, phytoestrogen, anti-rheumatic, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, demulcent
Indications:
(root) : psoriasis, eczema, rheumatism, OA, RA, poor digestions (hypochlorhydria, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas, hepatitis
(leaves) : mastitis, OA, RA, sprains
CI: GERD, active PUD, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea
PREGNANCY (at high doses)
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: antagonistic effect with PPIs, may require insuin adjustment, decreased drug abs dt increased gut motility
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
“bearberry”
Constituents: glycosides, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: urinary antiseptic and sedative
Indications: Alkali UTIs, chronic bladder irritation with pain, tenesmus, blood mucus
CI: pregnancy, use beyond 10 days
AdvFX: Nausea, chronic use may be carcinogenis
OD Sxs: tinnitus, vomiting, delirium, convulsions, collapse, death
Interactions: Vitamin C, cranberry acidify urine
Arnica Montana
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, polysaccharides
Actions: topical vulnerary, anti-inflammatory, immune stimulant
Indictions: bruises, phlebitis, rheumatism, strains/sprains, myalgia, small wounds, skin ulcers
CI: use over large areas of broken skin, ASTERACEA allergy, internal use
AdvFX: gastroenteritis, HA, nervous disturbance, altered HR, HTN, muscle weakness, dyspnea, drowsiness, cardiovasc collapse, convulsions, coma, death
Interactions: N/A
Artemisia Absinthum
“Wormwood”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones (thujone), lignans, flavanoids
Actions: bitter, vermifuge, febrifuge, nervine, carminitive, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antidepressant, emmenagogue
Indications: poor digestion (hypochlorhydria, dyspepsia), biliary insufficiency, biliary dyskinesia, anorexia, intestinal roundworms, pinworms, depression, colds, influenza
CI: Large doses, pregnancy, lactation
GERD, active PUD, gastritis, obstruction, cholelithiasis, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: intoxication, vomiting, Gi upset, HA, dizziness, impotence, convulsions
Interactions: PPIs, dec drug absoprtion dt increased motility
Artemisia Annua
“sweet annie”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, volatile oils
Actions: antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, bitter
Indications: MALARIA, parasitic infx, cancer
CI: pregnancy, lactation, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea, whole herb is safe but sesquiterpene lactones may be neurotoxic
Interactions: combine with IRON for optimum efficiency
Artemisia Vulgaris
“Mugwort”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, volatile oil, falvanoids, coumarins
Actions: bitter, nervine, emmenagogue, carminative
Indications: poor digestion, depression, amenorrhea
CI: GERD, active, PUD, obstruction (GI and biliary), Pregnancy, Lactation, ASTERACEA allergy, diarrhea
AdvFX: (from thujone) emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions
Interactions: PPIs, potentiates hypoglycemics, dec drug abs dt increased motility
Ascelpias Tuberosa
“pleurisy root”
Constituents: Glucosides, tannins, resins
Actions: diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-tussive, antispasmodic
Indications: infection, respiratory tract congestion (bronchitis, pleurisy, pertussis, pneumonia, cough, cold, flu)
CI: Pregnancy, large doses for several days
AdvFX: N/V, GI upset, diarrhea, anorexia
Interactions: cardiac glycosides (digoxin, leonorus convallaria, digitalis)
Aspidosperma Quebracho
Constituents: alkaloids, tannins
Actions: stimulating expectorant, anti-tussive, antimicrobial
Indications: Dyspnea, asthma, emphysema, TB, hemoptysis, wet cough, bronchitis, pneumonia, periodic fevers
CI: dry cough, pregnancy, lactation, infants, long-term use
AdvFX: N/V
Interactions: N/A
Astragalus Membranaceus
Constituents: triterpenoid saponins, glycosides, polysaccharides, flavonoids
Actions: adaptogen, immune modulator, antibacterial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, hypoglycemic
Indications: depressed immune system, infection (viral myocardiopathy), pharyngitis, tonsilitis, cancer, male infertility
CI: may exacerbate AD and acute infections
AdvFX: May increase fibrin formation
Interactions: potentiates acyclovir, IF 1, IF2. may antagonize corticosteroids.
reduced drug absorption dt polysaccharides
Atropa Belladonna
Constituents: atropine, tropane alkaloids
Actions: spasmolytic, vasoconstrictor, bronchodilator, analgesic, ANTI-MUSCARINIC (sympathetic/ anti-cholinergic)
Indications: smooth muscle spasm, spastic constipation, asthma, Parkinsonism, tremors
Pain from SM contractions- PMS, dysmenorrhea, GERD, peptic ulcer, gastritis, hyperchlorhydria
CI: Long term use, High doses, BPH, urinary retention, prostate cancer, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed-angle glaucoma, acute pulmonary edema, GI stenosis, megacolon, pregnancy, lactation, children
AdvFX: hyperthermia, flushed face, dry membranes, mydriasis, blurred vision, giddiness, loquacity, delirium, tachycardia, hyperventilation, sleepiness, hallucinations, dysphagia, convulsion, coma, death
“Hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter”
Interactions: potentiates anticholinergics (atropine, burproprion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tolterodine tricyclic antidepressants, amantadine…
Avena Sativa
“oat”
Constituents: starch, polysaccharides, fiber, indole alkaloids
Actions: anxiolytic, nervine, hypolipidemic, nutritive
Indications: eczema, inflamed skin, seborrhea, fatigue, anxiety, general debility, hyperlipidemia, cardiac rheumatism, nicotine/opiate withdrawl.
CI: none
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none
Bacopa Monierri
“Brami”
Constituents: triterpenoid saponins
Actions: analgesic, anti-helminthis, antifungal, antioxidant
Indications: cognition, anxiety, epilepsy, poor memory
CI: none
AdvFX: palpitations, nausea, dry mouth, thirst, fatigue
Interactions: may induce CYP450 (increase thyroid hormon and potentiate levothyroxine)
may potentiate Ca-channel blockers (amlodipine) and sedatives, antihistamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opiates, trazadone, zolpidem
Baptisia Tinctoria
“wild indigo”
Constituents: alkaloids, isoflavones, flavanoids, coumarins, polysaccharides
Actions: immune stimulant, anti-microbial, anti-catarrhal, alterative
Indications: URI with catarrh, pharyngitis, tonsilitis, mastitis, delirium with fever, chronic fatigue
CI: long term use, high dose, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: anorexia, N/V, hypersalivation, tachypnea, tachycardia, respiratory paralysis
Interactions: none
Berberis (Mahonia) Aquifolium
“Oregon Grape”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids
Actions: bitter, alterative, hepatoprotective, cholagogue
Indications: poor digestion, dyskinesia, anorexia, atopic constipation, gas
Chronic skin disease, acne, candida, mastitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, lower UTI, vaginitis, cancer
CI: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea, late pregnancy
AdvFX: N/V, mucus membrane irritation, hypotension, heart failure, convulsions, parethesias
Interactions: PPIs, increased gut motility, may cause vaginal dysbiosis
Berberis Vulgaris
“Barberry”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids, chelidonic acid, tannins
Actions: bitter, antimicrobial, cholagogue, choleretic, antiparasitic
Indications: poor digestion, gastritis, Hpylori, gastroenteritis, chronic hepatitis, liver disease, gallstones, malaria, splenomegaly
CI: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, hyperbilirubinemia, kidney disease, acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: N/V, mucus membranes irritation, hypotension, heart failure, convulsions, paresthesias
Interactions: PPIs, potentiates barbiturates (phenobarbital), dec drug abs dt increased gut motility.
Boswelia Serrata
“Frankincense”
Constituents: resins, volatile oils
Actions: anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiseptic, astringent
Indications: asthma, chrons, UC, OA, RA, chronic prostatitis, inflammation
CI: none
AdvFX: GI upset, pain
Interations: enhances NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib)
Bryonia Alba
Constituents: cucurbitacins, fatty acids, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: anodyne, sedative, anti-rheumatic, antiviral, cathartic
Indications: pain, pain from ovarian cysts, infection, rheumatism, PUD, asthma, bronchitis, pleurisy
CI: pregnancy, lactation, not for internal use
AdvFX: abd pain, N/V, diarrhea, hypothermia, bronchial irritation, mydriasis, HA, delirium, dizziness, cold sweat, jaundice, kidney irritation, weak pulse, tachycardia, paralysis, collapse
Interactions: none
Calendula Officinalis
“Marigold”
Constituents: flavonoids, triterpenoids, carotenoids, resin, polysaccharides, tannins
Actions: demulcent, anti-inflammatory, vulnerary, anti-pruritic, antiseptic
Indications: dermatitis, wounds, skin ulcers, chronic prostitis, periodontal disease, gingivitis, conjunctivitis
PUD, indigestion, hepatic congestion.
CI: topically on deep wounds, ASTERACEA FAMILY
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none
Camella sinensis
“Tea”
Constituents: polyphenols, caffeine, L-theonine
Actions: anti-tumor, antimicrobial, stimulant, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
Indications: asthma, cancer prevention, infection, cavity prevention, weight loss, memory enhancement, stimulant
CI: children, beriberi
(CVD, Kidney dz, duodenal ulcer, psychological do, pregnancy- theoretically)
AdvFX: insomnia, agitation, tremors, potentially hepatotoixic
Interactions: Reduces Iron absorption
potentiates: acetaminophen, clopidogrel, doxorubicin, warfarin, CNS stimulants (caffeine, MDMA, dextromethorphan, pseudoephedrine),
Antagonizes sedatives: bendryl, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazadone, zolpidem
caffeine effects
Cannabis sativa
“Marijuana”
Constituents: cannabinoids (THC, CBD), flavonoids
Actions: analgesic, sedative, anti-emetic, antiinflammatory, hypotensive, psychoactive
Indications: cancer (cachexia, pain), glaucoma, MS, cerebral palsy, HTN, pain, anxiety, depression, insomnia, neuropathy, N/V, AIDS, asthma
CI: Pregnancy, Lactation, schizophrenia, prolonged inhalation, use of heavy equipment
AdvFX: dry mouth, impaired short-term memory, paranoia, anxiety, panic attacks
(long term): decreased LH, FSH, genital dysfxn, infertility, impaired judgement, impaired REM sleep, arrested for illegal use
Interactions: potentiates opiates (codeine, hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone, methadone), barbiturates (phenobarbital)
Capsella bursa-pastoris
“Shephards purse”
Constituents: volatile oils, bioflavanoids
Actions: diuretic, astringent, styptic
Indications: mild menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, mild post-partum hemorrhage, hemorrhoids
CI: major bleeding, pregnancy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may potentiate anticoagulants (warfarin)
Capsicum Frutescens
“Cayenne”
Constituents: phenolic acids, carotenoids, saponins
Actions: anodyne, anti-neuralgic, anti-pruritic (depletes substance P), counter-irritant, anti-inflammatory.
digestive stimulant, carminitive, hypolipidemic, anticatarrhal, antiplatelet, circulatory stimulant
Indications: diabetic neuropathy, pruritis, psoriasis, OA, RA, migraines
hypochlorhydria, Hpylori, maldigestion, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, atonic constipation, athersclerosis, stimulant, capillary atony, hypercoagulation
CI: contact with eyes, GERD, active PUD, obstruction, pregnancy, bleeding do
AdvFX: N/V, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Interactions: anticoagulants (warfarin), inhibits CYP450, may aggravate cough from ACE-inhibitors
Cassia Spp.
Senna Alexandrina
Constituents: anthraquinone glycosides, mucilage, flavonoids
Actions: cathartic, stimulant
Indications: ATONIC CONSTIPATION
CI: use beyond 10 days, bulimia, obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abdominal pain, under 12yo, pregnancy, SAFE DURING LACTATION
AdvFX: GI cramps, colic, harmless red urine/feces, p.coli, diarrhea, miscarraige
Interactions: Avoid with hypokalemic drugs (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza)
Caulophyllum thalictroides
“Blue cohosh”
Constituents: quinolizidine alkaloids, steroidal saponins
Actions: Uterine tonic, parturifacient, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, diuretic, diaphoretic
Indications: amenorrhea, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, cyclic mastalgia, female infertility, uterine prolapse, facilitate labor, rheumatism, OA, RA
CI: early pregnancy
AdvFX: dermatitis, GI irritation, nausea, HA, HTN, pharyngitis, thirst, mydriasis, weakness, incoordination, CV collapse, convulsions, 2 cases of fetal harm
Interactions: may interfere with nitroglycerin dt vasoconstriction
Ceanothus Americanus
“Jersey tea”
Constituents: tannins, alkaloids
Actions: hepatoprotective, splenoprotective, lymphatics, alterative, astringent, anti-spasmodic, hypotensive, expectorant, hemostatic
Indications: fatty liver, hepatitis, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bronchitis, asthma, cough, dysentery, GI bleeding, malaria, thalassemia, SCanemia, TB, non-hodgkins lymphoma, chronic EBV, skin conditions
CI: none
AdvFX: may increase clotting
Interactions: may antagonize warfarin
Centella asiatica
“Gotu Kola”
Constituents: triterpenoid sapnonins
Actions: nervine, anti-pyretic, vulnerary, venotonic, keratolytic, antimycobacterial, nootropic
Indications: insomnia, dementia, poor memory, mycobacterial infx, sore throat, tonsillitis, cystitis, hepatitis, measles, wounds (scars, keloids, ulcers), leprosy, eczema, syphillis, varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency
CI: none
AdvFX: HA, dizziness, HTN, hematochezia, pruritis, photosensitivity, contact derm.
Interactions: none
Chamaelirium Luteum
“False unicorn”
Constituents: steroidal saponins
Actions: uterine tonic, ovarian tonic, emmengogue, diuretic
Indications: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, leucorrhea, estrogen imbalance, menopause, female infertility, uterine infections, ovarian cysts, leiomyomas, PMS, threatened miscarraige, premature labor, dyspepsia
CI: early pregnancy, GI irritation
AdvFX: N/V, slight antiplatelet activity
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin
Chelidonium Majus
“Greater Celandine”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids
Actions: alterative, choleretic, cholagogue, bitter, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antimicrobial, antiviral (HPV).
Indications: topical warts, eczema, corns, malignant tumors, biliary insufficiency, gall stone prevention, whooping cough, asthma
CI: biliary obstruction, hepatic failure, acute diarrhea, cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, pregnancy, lactation, children.
AdvFX: N/V, burning in mouth, abd pain, diarrhea, topical dermatitis, stupor, coma
Interactions: none
Chionanthus virginicus
“Fringe Tree”
Constituents: lignan glycosides, saponins
Actions: cholagogue, alterative, bitter, diuretic, mild laxative, anti-emetic, antipyretic
Indications: wounds, inflammation, liver and GB dysfxn, jaundice, hepatomegaly, biliary insufficiency, gall stones, chronic skin conditions, constipation, dyspepsia, typhoid fever, malaria
CI: biliary obstruction, hepatic failure, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none
Cineraria (Centaurium) Maritima
“Dusty Miller”
Constituents: unsaturrated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, sesquiterpine lactones
Actions: Anti-cataract
Indications: topical application to cataracts
CI: Internal use, over broken skin, pregnancy, lactation, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea, hepato veo-occlusive disease, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergistic with hepatotoxic drugs
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum
“Cinnamon”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, tannins, essential oils, lignans
Actions: astringent, carminative, antibacterial (Hpylori), antimicrobial, vasodilator, diaphoretic, antispasmodic
Indications:
(topical): fungal infx, along spine for cough, relaxation
(internal): hemorrhage, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, hemoptysis, diarrhea, hypochlorhydria, dyspepsia, Hpylori ulcer, maldigestion, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas
CI: GERD, gastritis, obstruction, high doses of EO in pregnancy
AdvFX: OD of essential oil: N/V, Convulsions, pulmonary edema, liver damage, kidney damage,
Interactions: EO may deplete glutathione in liver with long-term use, tannins may reduce drug absorption
Coleus Forskohlii
Constituents: Diterpene glycosides
Actions: activates adenylate cyclase, positive inotropic, VASODILATOR, hypotensive, bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, hypoglycemic, antihistamine, anti-platelet
Indications: Asthma, DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY, HTN, allergies, glaucoma, hypothyroidism, obesity
CI: active PUD, pregnancy, lactation, children
AdvFX: Gi stimulation, nausea
Interactions: may potentiate cardiac glycosides, anticoagulants, insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, antihistamines
May inrease risk of bleeding from NSAIDs, antagonizes PPIs
Commiphora Mukul
“guggul”
Constituents: sesquiterpenoids, EO
Actions: hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory
Indications: hyperlipidemia, elevated LDL, inflammation, OA, nodulocystic acne
CI: IBD, pregnancy, lactation, coagulation do
AdvFX: GI symptoms, HA
Interactions: may induce CYP450, may decrease bioavailability of propranolol and diltiazem
Commiphora Myrrha (MolMol)
“Myrrh”
Constituents: resins, gums, EO
Actions: antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, expectorant, antitussive
Indications: excess mucus, leucorrhea, infectious vaginitis, gastroenteritis, dyspepsia, infection, aphthous stomatitis
CI: high doses in pregnancy
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: may potentiate insulin and hypoglycemic drugs
Convallaria Majalis
“Lily of the valley”
Constituents: cardioactive glycosides, flavonoids
Actions: positive inotropic, negative chronotropic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor
Indications: CHF, atrial arrythmias, hypotension
CI: hypokalemia, hypmagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, ventricular arrythmias, kidney failure, severe carditis, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: Gi symptoms, yellow/green halo around objects, bradycardia, gynecomastia,
Interactions: avoid with hypokalemic drugs (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza
Calcium promotes arrhhtymia, potentiates beta-blockers
Cordyceps Sinensis
“Caterpillar fungus”
Constituents: polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids
Actions: bronchodilator, antibiotic, anti-cancer
Indications: acute infection, anemia, protects bone marrow, fatigue, asthma, impotence, chronic cough, debility
CI: none
AdvFX: constipation, abd distention, irregular menses, amenorrhea
Interactions: potentiates epinephrine
Corydalis Spp.
Constituents: isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloids, carboxylic acids
Actions: strong analgesic, hypnotic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiarrythmic
Indications: pain management, dysmenorrhea, protects against NSAID ulcers, H.pylori, angina, arrythmias, parasties, gastritis
CI: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: decreased menstrual flow, HA, fatigue
Interactions: may have similar action to Ca-channel blockers (amlodipine)
Cratageus Oxycantha (Laevigata)
“Hawthorn”
Constituents: proanthocyanidines (tannins), flavonoids
Actions: anti-atherosclerotic, antioxidant, hypotensive, cariotonic, positive inotropic, negative chronotropic, anti-inflammatory
Indications: CHF, angina, arrhythmias, cardiac weakness, capillary fragility, mild HTN
CI: none
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: may cause HTN with beta-blockers, tannins may reduce other drug absorptions
Curcuma longa
“Turmeric”
Constituents: curcuminoids, EO
Actions: hepatoprotective, cholagogoue, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antineoplastic, antibacterial, antiplatelet
Indications: gallstone prevention, jaundice, hepatitis, IBS, cancer, OA, RA, inflammation, asthma, skin do, protection from NSAID ulcers, stroke and MI prevention
CI: biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, hyperchlorhyria, pregnancy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin
Cynara Scolymus
“globe artichoke”
Constituents: flavonoids, phytosterols, sesquiterpene lactones, inulin
Actions: bitter, hypolipidemic
Indications: dyslipidemia, poor digestion
CI: GERD, active PUD, gastritis, biliary obstruction, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: PPIs, decreased drug abs
Datura stramonium
“Jimson weed”
Constituents: tropane alkaloids
Actions: spasmolytic (anti-muscarinic), secretolytic, analgesic
Indications: acute asthma, smooth muscle spasm, whooping cough, pertussis, epilepsy, delirium
CI: BPH, urinary retention, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed-angle glaucoma, acute pulmonary edema, GI stenosis, megacolon, pregnancy, lactation, children
AdvFX: hyperthermia, flushed face, dry membranes, mydriasis, blurred vision, giddines, loquacity, delirium, tachycardia, hyperventilation, sleepiness, hallucinations, dysphagia, convulsions, coma
“hot as hare, red as beet, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter, blind as a bad”
Interactions: potentiates anticholinergics (atropine, buproprion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, benadryl, tolterodine, TCAs, amantidine)
Digitalis Purpurea
“Foxglove”
Constituents: cardioactive glycosides
Actions: cardiac stimulant, postivie inotropic, negative chronotropic, diuretic, vaso-constrictor
Indications: CHF, atrial arrhythmias
CI: partial heart block, severe carditis, angine, arrythmias, bradycardia, gynecomastia, cardiac hypertrophy, aortic stenosis, kidney failure, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: Gi symptoms, yellow/green halo around objects, bradycardia, gynecomastia
Interactions: avoid hypokalmeic drugs (see “lily of the valley’/convallaria)
Dioscorea villosa
“wild yam”
Constituents: steroidal saponins, phytosterols, alkaloids, tannins
Actions: spasmolytic, anti-rheumatic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, diaphoretic, hepatic, cholagogue
Indications: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, threatened miscarraige, premature labor, smooth muscle spasm, intestinal colic, mylagia, neuralgia, OA, RA, acute rheumatism
CI: biliary obstruction, cholecystitis, biliary cancer, pancreatic cancer, heatitis, cirrhosis, high doses during pregnancy
AdvFX: N/V diarrhea
Interactions: none
Echinacea spp.
Constituents: alkylamides, caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, volatile oils
Actions: immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, vulnerary, alterative, antioxidant, topical anodyne
Indications: influenza, URI, pharyngitis, tonsilitits, staph skin infections, vaginitis, mastitis, wounds, skin ulcer, acne, chronic skin disease, cancer, HIV, mycobacterial infx.
CI: ASTERACEA allergy, TB, MS, AIDS, HIV, auto-immune disease, long-term use
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may antagonize immune-suppressive therapy (corticosteroids, adalimumab, cyclosporine)
Eleutherococcus senticosus
“siberian ginseng”
Constituents: phenylpropanoid, triterpenoid saponins, glycosides, polysaccharides, coumarins
Actions: adaptogen, immune modulator, adrenal support
Indications: pharyngitis, tonsilitis, infections, cancer, chronic inflammation, fatigue, hypoadrenocorticism, angina, insomnia
CI: long term use, acute infections, HTN (above 180/90)
AdvFX: insomnia, mild anxiety, irritability
Interactions: may antagonize immune-suppressive therapy
Ephedra sinica
“Ma Huang”
Constituents: alkaloids (ephedrine), phytosterols
Actions: adrenergic agonist, bronchodilator, anti-tussive, anti-allergic, decongestant, anti-secretory, vasoconstrictor, HTNive, diaphoretic, diuretic
Indications: bronchitis, asthma, COPD, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, enuresis, urinary incontinence, weight loss*
CI: HTN, hyperthyroidism, DM, BPH, glaucoma, CAD, anorexia, pregnancy, lactation, long term use
AdvFX: mild agitation, increased alertness, MI, cerebral vasculitis, stroke
Sympathomimetic OD Sxs: N/V, vertigo, diaphoresis, termor, HA, nervousness, agitation, insomnia, urinary retention, tachycardia, palpitations, dizziness, weakness, seizure
Interactions: potentiates sympathomimetics (albuterol, epinephrine, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine), caffeine, dextromethorphn, methylphenidate, MAOIs
Antagonizes alpha/beta blockers: atenolol, carvedilol, propranolol, TCAs, increased clearance of dexamethasone
Equisetum Arvense
“Horsetail”
Constituents: saponins, flavonoids, silica, mucilage
Actions: alterative, aquaretic, astringent
Indications: acne, chronic skin dz, lower UTI, urolithiasis, edema, nocturnal enuresis
CI: use of other species (toxic), HTN, hypokalemia, coag do
AdvFX: long term use depletes thiamine, beriberi
Interactions: Avoid with hypokalemic drugs (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza
may antagonize warfarin
Eschscholzia californica
“california poppy”
Constituents: alkaloids
Actions: nervine, hypnotic, anti-spasmodic, anodyne
Indications: nerve related pain, neuraglia, sciatica, insomnia, anxiety, panic attacks
CI: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: addictive
Interactions: may potentiate MAOIs (phenelzine), SSRIs (fluoxetine)
Eucalyptus Globulus
Constituents: volatile oils, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: antimicrobial, counter-irritant, expectorant, antiperiodic
Indications: OA, RA, myalgia, strains, sprains, HA, URI, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, malaria (when cinchona is not indicated)
CI: hypotension, high dose EO, use over large areas of skin if pregnany
AdvFX: diarrhea, GI upset, cold skin, irregular breathing, mydriasis, depression, hypothyroidism
Interactions: none
Eupatorium Perfoliatum
“Boneset”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, unsaturrated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, EOs, falvonoids, resins
Actions: diaphoretic, immune stimulant, anti-cattarhal
Indications: mild to moderate fever, infection, pain from cough, SOB, urinary frequency, GI spasm, bone pain
CI: high fever, internal use of isolated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, chronic use, hepatotoxicity, use with hepatotoxic drugs, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea, hepato veno-occlusive disease, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergistic with hepatotoxic drugs
Eupatorium purpureum
“Gravel root”
Constituents: unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, oleoresins
Actions: anti-lithic, diuretic
Indications: urolithiasis, dysuria, hematuria from prostatitis, gout
CI: internal use of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, chronic use, hepatotoxicity, use with hepatotoxic drugs, ASTERACEA ALLERGY
AdvFX: nausea, hepato veno-occlusive disease, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergist with hepatotoxic drugs
Euphrasia Officinalis (stricta)
“eye bright”
Constituents: iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: anti-inflammatory, anti allergic, anti-catarrhal, astringent, vasoconstrictor
Indications: opthalmias, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis (allergic), sinusitis, blepharitis, hordeolums, eye trauma
CI: none
AdvFX: confusion, HA, lacrimation, sneezing, insomnia, poyuria, sweating
Interactions: none
Foeniculum vulgare
“Fennel”
Constituents: flavonoids, volatile oils
Actions: carminative, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogen, galactogogue
Indications: infant colic, non-ulcer dyspepsia, maldigestion, IBS, gas, hyperestrogenism, hypoestrogenism, insufficient lactation
CI: GERD, biliary obstruction, high dose EO, pregnancy
AdvFX: CNS toxicity
Interactions: none
Fucus Vesiculosus
“Kelp”
Constituents: phenolic compounds, mucopolysaccharides, iodine
Actions: anti-hypothyroid, anti-rheumatic
Indications: hypothyroidism, goiter, rheumatism, RA, obesity
CI: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, lactation, long term consumption of iodine
AdvFX: decreased K, Fe, Na absorption, abnml CBC, diarrhea, heavy metal toxicity, urine arsenic
Interactions: levothyroxine, may potentiate amiodarone, lithium
Galium Aparine
“Cleavers”
Constituents: iridoid glycosides, organic acids, tannins
Actions: alterative, aquaretic
Indications: acne, chronic skin disease, nodular growths, lower UTI, lymphadenitis
CI: none
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none
Ganoderma, Lucidum
“Reishi”
Constituents: polysaccharides, ergosterol, triterpenes
Actions: adaptogen, immune modulator, deep immune activator, anti-allergy, antibacterial anti-cancer, antioxidant, nervine, hepatoprotective, hypotensive
Indications: insomnia, allergies, bronchial asthma, liver disease, adjunct to cancer treatment, chronic immune deficiency
CI: organ transplant, mold sensitivity
AdvFX: dark stool, diarrhea
Interactions: antagonizes amphetamines (dextromethorphan), immune suppressant therapy, corticosteroids, cyclosporine
may potentiate barbiturates, anticoagulants, atorvastatin
Gelsemium Sempervirens
“Yellow jasmine”
Constituents: indole alkaloids
Actions: anodyne, sedative, parturifacient, antispasmodic
Indications: ovarian cyst pain, topical to os to induce labor, insomnia, fever, nervous unrest, HA, convulsions, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, asthma
CI: hypotension, myasthenia gravis, early pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: sedation, diplopia, ptosis, weak, slow respirations, hypothyroidism, hypothermia, drowsy, GI pain, convulsions, respiratory failure, cardiac failure
Interactions: may potentiate aspirin
Gentian Lutea
Constituents: iridoid glycosides, phenolic acids, alkaloids
Actions: bitter, cholagogue, hepatotonic, sialogogue, antimicrobial, emmenagogue
Indications: poor digestion, gastritis, Hpylori, gastroenteritis, chronic hepatitis, liver disease
CI: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, acute hepatitis, acute choelithiasis
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: antagonistic to PPIs, may decrease abs dt increased gut motility
Geranium Maculatum
Constituents: tannins
Actions: styptic, astringent, venotonic, anti-inflammatory
Indications: mild hemorrhage, menorrhagie, hemorrhoids, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, gastritis, IBS, varicose veins, gingivitis
CI: use to stop diarrhea, long-term use
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: tannins may reduce drug absorption
Ginkgo Biloba
Constituents: flavonoids, terpene lactones, alkylphenols
Actions: anti-atherosclerotic, antiplatelet, vasodilator, antioxidant, inflammation modulator, antineoplastic, nootropic
Indications: atherosclerosis, intermittent claudication, impotence from insufficient blood flow, post-ischemic stroke, phlebitis, cerebrovascular insufficiency (depression, dementia, poor memory), cancer, asthma, COPD
CI: bleeding diathesis, history of hemorrhagic stroke
AdvFX: rash, bleeding, HA
Interactions: potentiates warfarin
Glycyrrhiza Glabra
“Licorice”
Constituents: triterpene glycosides, glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, polysaccharides
Actions: adaptogen, phytoestrogen, antiviral, hepatoprotective, expectorant, antiinflammatory, demulcent, antibacterial (H pylori)
Indications: viral infection, hepatitis, cirrhosis, hormona balance, inflammation, cancer, asthma, COPD, hypothyroidism, sinus bradycardia, hypoadrenocorticism, chronic fatigue syndrome, gastritis, PUD, esophagitis, Hpyori, IBD, lower UTI, OA, RA, inosmnia
CI: HTN, hyperaldosteronism, cirrhosis, hepatitis, CHF, diabetes, pregnancy, long term use
AdvFX: pseudoaldosteronism (fatigue, edema, weight loss, hypertension, rhabdomyolysis, kidney failure, hypokalemia, encephalopathy), reduced thyroid activity
Interactions: potentiates cardiac glycosides, corticosteroids
avoid with hypokalemic drugs (diuretics, corticosteroids, anti-arrythmics…)
protects against mucosal damage from aspirin
Grindelia Robusta
“Gumweed”
Constituents: resin, alkaloids, EO
Actions: inflammation modulator, respiratory stimulant, antioxidant, relaxing expectorant, antispasmodic
Indications: asthmatic breathing, dry cough, URI bronchitis
CI: ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: hypermagnesemia, hyperselenemia, bradycardia
Interactions: none
Gymnema Sylvestre
Constituents: saponins, triterpene gycosides
Actions: hypolipidemic, anti-obesity
Indications: DM, metabolic syndrome, weight loss, hypercholesterolemia
CI: GERD
AdvFX: aggravates reflux
Interactions: decreases insulin requriement, potentiates hypoglycemics, may potentiate atorvastatin
Hamamelis Virginiana
“Witch hazel”
Constituents: tannins, flavonoids, volatile oils
Actions: styptic, astringent, venotonic, anti-inflammatory
Indications: mild hemorrhage, hemorrhoid, diarrhea, varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, thrombophlebitis, DVT, enlarged cervix, mucousy leucorrhea
CIs: use to stop diarrhea
AdvFX: nausea, red-irritated skin, contact dermatitis
Interactions: tannins may reduce other drug abs
Harpagophytum Procumbens
“Devils Claw”
Constituents: iridoid glycosides, falvonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols
Actions: bitter, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, anodyne, hepatic
Indications: poor digestion, gout, OA, RA, rheumatism, myalgia, tendonitis
CIs: GERD, active PUD, obstruction (biliary/GI), diarrhea, acute hepatitis, acute cholecystitis
AdvFX: nausea, diarrhea, gas
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, may decrease abs of other drugs
Humulus lupulus
“hops”
Constituents: resin, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: hypnotic, nervine, phytoestrogen, bitter, cholagogue
Indications: poor digestion, insomnia, restlessness, estrogen imbalance, menopause, dysmenorrhea
CIs: GERD, active PUD, obstruction (GI/biliary), diarrhea, acute hepatitis, acute cholecystitis
AdvFX: nausea, headache
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, decreased drug abs
Hydrangea arborescens
Constituents: glucosides, saponins, volatile oils
Actions: diuretic, anti-lithic, demulcent, renal sedative
Indications: prostatitis, BPH, urolithiasis, dysuria, cystitis, urethritis, acute nephritis, acute pyelonephritis
CIs: none
AdvFX: vertigo, chest oppression
Interactions: none
Hydrastis canadensis
“Golden seal”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids, tannins, fatty acids, resin
Actions: bitter, choleretic, anti-catarrhal, antimicrobial, immune modulator, antineoplastic, spasmolytic, astringent, “king of mucus membranes”
Indications: poor digestion, cattarrh on mucus membranes (URI, candidiasis, vaginitis, mastitis, staph skin infx, cancer….)
CIs: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, renal failure, pregnancy, lactation, long-term high dose use
AdvFX: nausea, dysbiosis, *berberine displaces bilirubin from albumin, dyspnea, bradycardia, spasms, paralysis, delirium, hallucinations,
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, may dec other drug abs
Hyoscyamnus niger
Constituents: tropane alkaloids, glucosides, scopolamine
Actions: spasmolytic (anti-muscarinic), analgesic, secretolytic, sedative, hypnotic
Indications: Any smooth muscle spasm, intermittent claudication, tremor, delirium, insomnia, schizophrenia, cough, PMS, dysmenorrhea, GERD, hypochlorhydria
CIs: long term use, high doses, BPH, urinary retention, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed-angle glaucoma, acute pulmonary edema, GI stenosis, megacolon, pregnancy, lactation, chidren
AdvFX: hyperthermia, flushed face, dry mucus membranes, mydriasis, blurred vision, giddines….
“hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter”
Interactions: potentiates anticholinergics (atropine, buproprion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tolterodine, TCAs, amantadine
similar to: belladonna, datura stramonium
Hypericum Perforatum
“St Johns Wort”
Constituents: sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, naphthadianthones, volatile oils, flavanoids
Actions: antidepressant, antineoplastic, antimicrobial, nervine, anxiolytic, antiinflammatory
Indications: depression, spinal injury, shock, deep and painful wounds, cancer, CMV, EBV, HIV, AIDS
CIs: suicidal ideation, high doses in pregnancy
AdvFX: photosensitivity rash, alopecia, diarrhea, indigestion, fatigue, depression, elevated liver enzymes
Interactions: similar action to benzodiazepines, TCAs, may cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs, used to wean pts off MAOIs
potentiates antiretrovirals, antagonizes theophylline, cyclosporine, digoxin, warfarin
induces CYP450 3A4
Inula helenium
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, polysaccharides
Actions: antiparasitic, expectorant, anticatarrhal, demulcent, antitussive, diaphoretic, antimicrobial
Indications: asthma, COPD, wet cough, dry cough, spasmodic cough, URI, bronchitis, intestinal parasite
CIs: EO taken internally
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may reduce other drug abs
Iris Versicolor
Constituents: triterpenoids, resins, oleoresins, EOs, tannins
Actions: cholagogue, choleretic, alterative
Indications: biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, chronic skin disease, mild hepatitis, chronic prostatitis, thyroid and lymphadenopathy
CIs: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, pregnancy, lactation, long term use, high doses
AdvFX: contact dermatitis, increased salivation, N/V, catharsis, toxic at high doses
Interactions: none
Juglans Nigra
“Black Walnut”
Constituents: naphthoquinones, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: antiparasitic, antihelminthic, astringent, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic
Indications: intestinal parasites and worms, chronic constipation, dysentery, OA, RA, hemorrhoids, high cholesterol
CIs: pregnancy, long term use
AdvFX: nausea, carcinogenic, mutagenic
Interactions: none
Juniperus Communis
“Juniper”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones (thujone), resin, monoterpenoids
Actions: bitter, antimicrobial, diuretic, antirheumatic, counter-irritant
Indications:
(topical) myalgia, OA, RA, HA, sprains/strains
(internal) hypochlorhydria, dyspepsia, maldigestion, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas, myalgia, OA, RA, rheumatism, lower UTI, renal atonia
CIs: active PUD, GERD, hyperchlorhydria, gastritis, obstruction, cholelithiasis, pregnancy, high doses, long term use
AdvFX: emmengogue, abortifacient, convulsions
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, may decrease drug abs
Larrea Tridentata
“Chaparral”
Constituents: lignans, resins, flavonoids
Actions: antinflammatory, antiallergy, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antineoplastic, antispasmodic, expectorant
Indications: herpes simplex (topical), allergic rhinits, cancer, infection
CIs: liver disease, over large areas of broken skin, pregnancy, lactation, high doses, long term use
AdvFX: strong taste, N/V, anorexia, jaundice, hepatotoxicity, cancer
Interactions: with hepatotoxic drugs, CYP450
Leonorus cardiaca
“Motherwort”
Constituents: cardioactive glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils
Actions: anti-arrythmic, nervine, hypotensive, diuretic
Indications: palpitations, PMS, menopause, endometriosis, leiomyoma, delirium, HYPERthyroidism
CIs: none
AdvFX: GI upset, diarrhea, uterine bleeding
Interactions: none
Other cardiac glycosides: convallaria majalis, digitalis
Leptandra virginica (Veronicastrum virginicum)
“Culver’s Root”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, volatile oils, tannins, phytosterols, resins
Actions: bitter, hepatotonic, diaphoretic
Indications: poor digestion, hepatitis, liver congestion, cholecystitis
CIs: GERD, active PUD, gastritis, obstruction, diarreha
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, decreased abs of other drugs
Ligusticum porteri
“Osha”
Constituents: alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, EOs
Actions: antimicrobial, immune stimulant, inflammation modulator, platelet aggragation inhibitor, vasodilator
Indications: URI, LRespInfx, angina
CIs: high doses in pregnancy
AdvFX: whole body rash
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin
Ligustrum Lucidum
“Chinese privet”
Constituents: oleanolic acid, flavonoids
Actions: adaptogen, immune modulator, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic
Indications: infection, cancer, hypercholesterolemia, hepatitis, adjunct to chemotherapy (protects marrow), HTN
CIs: none
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may antagonize immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids, cyclosporine, adalimumab
Linum Usitatissimum
“Flax”
Constituents: Alpha-linolenic acid, mucilage, cyanogenic glycosides, phytoestrogens
Actions: demulcent, emollient, laxative, antitussive, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic
Indications: constipation, GI irritation, UTI, hormone imbalance, cancer prevention, high cholesterol, respiratory catarrh, chronic cough, bronchitis, pleurisy, burns, boils
CIs: GI obstruction, low water intake, early pregnancy, IDA, osteoporosis
AdvFX: B6 deficiency
Interactions: interferes with aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole), 5-A-reductase inhibitors (finasteride)
reduces drug absorption, iron absorption, may potentiate warfarin
Lobelia Inflata
“Indian tobacco”
Constituents: piperidine alkaloids
Actions: parturtifacient (applied to os), stimulating expectorant, lung tonic, spasmolytic, nervine, diuretic, cathartic
Indications: rigid os preventing labor, wet/spasmodic cough, asthma, URI, dyspnea, smooth muscle spasms
CIs: cardiac hypertrophy, HTN, heart block, weak constitution, dry cough, bulimia, pregnancy
AdvFX: N/V, GI irritation, stupor, tremor, tachycardia, diaphoresis, respiratory depression, unconsciousness
Interactions: none
Lomatium Dissectum
“Indian balsam”
Constituents: sesquiterpene, volatile oils
Actions: antiviral, antibacterial, immune stimulant, anti-tussive, expectorant
Indications: viral respiratory infx
CIs: high doses of unprocessed herb, pregnancy, concurrent UV therapy
AdvFX: whole body pruritic rash
Interactions: none
Lycopus virginicus
“Bugleweed”
Constituents: phenolic acids
Actions: Thyroid and gonadotropin hormone suppressant, diuretic, cardiac sedative, nervine, astringent
Indications: HyPERthyroidism, palpitations, hemorrhage, hemoptysis
CIs: infertility, pregnancy, lactation, children, euthyroid, hypothyroidism
AdvFX: nausea, infertility, hormone imbalance, possible hypothyroidism
Interactions: may antagonize levothyroxine
Matricaria chamomilla (recutita)
“German chamomile”
Constituents: flavonoids, coumarins, polysaccharides, tannins, volatile oils
Actions: antiinflammatory, antiallergy, antimicorbial, vlunerary, anti-emetic, carminative, spasmolytic, diaphoretic, hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine
Indications: atopic derm, skin ulcer, wounds, N/V in pregnancy, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leucorrhea, infant colic, gas, gastritis, gastroeneterieis, IBD, smooth muscle spasm, fever, periodontal disease, gingivitis, insomnia, anxiety, pharyngitis, tonsilitis, sinusitis
CIs: high fever, high doses of EO, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: contact derm
Interactions: may potentiate sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem
may dec other drug abs
Medicago sativa
“Alfalfa”
Constituents: isoflavones, alkaloids, saponin glycosides
Actions: phytoestrogens, hepatoprotective, antioxidant
Indications: endometriosis, hyperestrogenism, hypoestrogenism, infertility, menopause
CIs: high doses in pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: spoiled sprouts may cause lupus-like syndrome
Interactions: may potentiate hypoglycemics, may antagonize warfarin, HRT, induces CYP450
Melaleuca alternifolia
“Tea Tree”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, volatile oils
Actions: antifungal, antimicrobial, immune stimulant
Indications: dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, acne, thrush, vaginitis, staph skin infx, wounds
CIs: over large areas of broken skin, internal use
AdvFX: burning sensation, topical dermatitis, neurotoxicity if ingested
Interactions: none
Melissa officinalis
“Lemon Balm”
Constituents: monterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: antiviral, spasmolytic, carminative, nervine
Indications: HSV, skin irritations, HYPERthyroidism, anxiety, insomnia, nonulcer dyspepsia, maldigestion, IBS, infant colic, gas, smooth muscle spasm
CIs: GERD, hypothyroidism
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none
Mentha X piperita
“Peppermint”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: spasmolytic, carminative, antiemetic, counter-irritant, antimicrobial, nervine
Indications: (topical) myalgia, OA, RA< HA, sprain/strain
(internal): cholelithiasis, infant colic, non-ulcer dyspepsia, flatus, maldigestion, IBS, IBD, N/V, smooth muscle spasm, viral URI
CIs: pregnancy, cholelithiasis, hiatal hernia, GERD, G6PD deficiency, high doses of EO
AdvFX: heartburn, neurotoxicity from EOs
Interactions: none
Mitchella repens
“Partridge berry”
Constituents: alkaloids, saponins, tannins
Actions: parturifacient, uterine tonic, emmenagogue, alterative, astringent, diuretic
Indications: Dysmenorrhea, infertility, leiomyoma, menorrhagia, threatened miscarraige, premature labor, stimulate labor, colitis, diarrhea
CIs: early pregnancy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none
Momordica Charantia
“Bitter melon”
Constituents: polypeptides, alkaloids, glycosides
Actions: Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, digestive, emmenagogue, anti-helminthic
Indications: DM, psoriasis, skin eruptions, stomach ulcer, intestinal worms, urolithiasis, colitis
CIs: Pregnancy
AdvFX: possible food intolerance
Interactions: may potentiate insulin and hypoglycemics
Olea Europa
“olive”
Constituents: glycosides, fatty oils, monoterpenes
Actions: hypotensive, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cholagogue, hypoglycemis, demulcent, vulnerary
Indications: HTN, Hyperlipidemia, increased risk of MI, viral infection, gut hypotonicity, constipation, GI irritation, appendicitis, cholelithiasis, dysentery, cradle cap, dry skin, bruises, sprains
CIs: hyperactive gut, large gallstones
AdvFX: GI distress, HA, Herxheimers reaction
Interactions: may potentiate hypoglycemics and warfarin
Panax Ginseng/ Panax Quinquefolium
“korean”/”american” ginseng
Constituents: saponin glycosides, polysaccharides, volatile oils
Actions: adaptogen, vulnerary, antitumor, hypoglycemic, phytoestrogen, yang tonic (korean), yin tonic (american)
Indications: pharyngitis, tonsilitis, cancer, infection, autoimmune disease, male infertility, fatigue, stress, diabetes, hyperestrogentism, hypoestrogenism, opiate withdrawl
CIs: HTN, hemorrhage, astham, anxiety, depression, psoriasis, long term use, high doses, pregnancy
AdvFX: mastalgie, post-menopausal bleeding, Ginseng Abuse Syndrome (euphoria, diarrhea, nervousness, insomnia, HTN, skin eruptions)
Interactions: may potentiate caffeine, MAOIs, morphine, insulin, hypoglycemics, immune drugs
may antagonize warfarin, immune suppressive therapy, corticosteroids…
Passiflora incarnata
“Passion flower”
Constituents: alkaloids, flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides
Actions: Hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine, sedative, spasmolytic, antibacterial
Indications: insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, spasms, convulsions, nervous palpiations, tachycardia
CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: convulsions, paralysis, CNS depression, respiratory depression, hypothermia, hypotension, bradycardia
Interactions: may potentiate SSRIs, MAOIs, seadatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem
Pausinystalia Yohimbe
Constituents: Indole alkaloids, tannins
Actions: aphrodisiac, stimulant, lipolytic, appetitis suppressant, anxiogenic, Alpha-2 adrenergic blocker
Indications: impotence, ED, depression, narcolepsy
CIs: schizophrenia, panic attacks, PTSD, CAD, severe edemea, HTN, angina, PUD, renal dz, liver dz, prostatitis, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: nausea, salivation, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, mania, mydriasis, HTN, edema, fatigue, paralysis, HA, diuresis, palpitations, tachypnea, respiratory/cardiac paralysis
Interactions: potentiates a-adrenergic blockers (carvedilol, risperidone, tamsulosin, trazodone), TCAs, MAOIs, sympathomimetics (albuterol, epinephrine,…)
may antagonize clonidine, atropine
Phytolacca americana
“Poke root”
Constituents: lectins, lignans, saponin glycosides, tannins, alkaloids
Actions: alterative, lymphatic, anti-rheumatic, antiviral, cathartic
Indications: lymphadenopathy, cysts, mastitis, aphthous stomatitis, cough, diphtheria, myalgia, OA, RA, rheumatism
CIs: pregnancy, long term use during lactiation, high doses
AdvFX: GI irritation, ulcer, N/V, diarrhea, GI pain, dermatitis, slow respiration, tingling, weakness, diaphoresis, bradycardia, hypotension, resp paralysis, arrythmia, catharsis, leukocytosis,
Interactions: none
Piper Methysticum
“kava kava”
Constituents: lactones, phenolic acids, starch
Actions: anxiolytic, anodyne, nervine, sedative, sapsmolytic, muscle relaxant
Indications: anxiety, interstitial cystitis, neuralgia, anorexia, GI cattarh, urinary cattarh, bronchitis, leprosy, gout
CIs: lactation, long term high dose
AdvFX: hepatotoxic, addictive, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcers, vomiting, unconsciousness
Interactions: potentiates anti-psycotics (risperidone), benzodiazepines (alprazolam, diazepam)
Piscidia Erythrina (Piscipula)
“jamaican Dogwood”
Constituents:glycosides, isoflavonoids, resins
Actions: anodyne, sedative, spasmolytic, nervine, analgesic
Indications: myalgia, neuralgia, HA, insomnia, pain, spams
CIs: pregnancy, high doses
AdvFX: N/V, salivation, diaphoresis, hyporeflexia, bradycardia, mydriasis, depressed consciousness, convulsion, heart failure
Interactions: may potentiate sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem
Plantago major
“Plantain”
Constituents: flavonoids, polysaccharides, mucilage, tannins
Actions: demulcent, vulnerary, antinflammatory, analgesic, immune modulator, astringent
Indications: (topical) dermatitis, wounds, skin ulcers
(internal): gastritis, PUD, diarrhea, interstitial cystitis, lower UTI, respiratory infx, pharyngitis, tonsilitys, dry cough
CIs: wet cough
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may dec drug abs
Podophyllum peltatum
“Mayapple”
Constituents: flavonoids, resins, lignans (podophyllotoxin)
Actions: antineoplastic, antiviral, cholagogue, cathartic (no longer used for this purpose)
Indications: warts, cancer
CIs: ingesting fresh root, gallstones, GI obstruction, topical over large areas, pregnancy, lactation, internal use
AdvFX: dermatitis, keratitis, ulceration, conjunctivitis, erythema, edema, neuropathy, death, nausea, diarrhea, severe catharsis, colitis, gastritis, hallucinations…
Interactions: none
Prunus serotina
“black cherry”
Constituents: cyanogenic glycosides, rannins, resins, volatile oils
Actions: relaxing expectorant
Indications: spasmodic cough, dry and irritating cough, dyspnea
CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: cyanide OD: dyspnea, spasms, stupor, vocal cord paralysis, convulsions, coma
Interactions: none
Prunus (pygeum) africanum
“red stinkwood”
Constituents: phytosterols, triterpenoid saponins, tannins
Actions: prostatic tonic, 5-a-reductase inhibitor, anti-inflammatory
Indications: BPH, chronic prostatitis, low prostatic secretions
CIs: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: GI irritation, nausea, stomach pain
Interactions: may potentiate 5-a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, serenoa)
Pulsatilla vulgaris
“Wind flower”
Constituents: alkaloids, sapnonins
Actions: anodyne, sedative, nervine
Indications: pain, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, leucorrha, insomnia, nervousness, HA, URI, asthma, indigestion, IBS
CIs: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: hypersalivation, abd pain, N/V, arrythmia, weakness, dyspnea, mydriasis, hypothermia, sedation, paralysis, convulsions, stupor
Interactions: none
Quercus rubra
“red oak”
Constituents: tannins
Actions: astringent, styptic, antinflammatory, antiseptic
Indications: varicosities, anal fissure, wounds, small burns, strains, sprains, weeping eczema, hemorrhoids, leucorrhea, vaginal prolapse, post-partum uterine bleeding, diarrhea, dysentery, rectal bleeding, IBD, ulcers
CIs: heart failure, large areas of skin damage, constipation, IDA
AdvFX: IDA, malabsorption with long term use
Interactions: may reduce other drug abs.
Rauwolfia serpentina
“snake root”
Constituents: alkaloids
Actions: systemic vasodialtor, hypotensive, anti-arrythmic, antipsychotic
Indications: HTN, pre-ecclampsia, Raynauds, restlessness, schizophrenia, isnomnia, vasospasm
CIs: depression, Parkinsons, hyperprolactinemia, active PUD, UC, pregnancy
AdvFX: nasal congestion, transient loose stool, sodium retentation, edema, hypotension, severe catacholamine depletion (nightmares, hyperchlorhyria, peptic ulcer, bradycardia, depression, Parkinsonism)
Interactions: depletes catecholamines (Epi/Norepi/serotonin/dopamine)
antagonizes HCTZ, MAOIs, TCAs, digoxin, sympathomimetics
Rhamnus Frangula/ Rhamnus Purshiana
“Alder Buckthorn/ Cascara
Constituents: anthroquinone glycosides
Actions: cathartic
Indications: ATONIC CONSTIPATION
CIs: use beyond 10 days, bulimia, GI obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abd pain, under 12yo, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: acute GI crmapin, colic, red urine/feces, p.coli, diarrhea and related SE of diarrhea
Interactions: avoid with hypokalemics (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, GLycyrrhiza
may reduce other drug abs
Rhodiola Rosea
Constituents: flavonoids, lignans, monoterpenes glycosides
Actions: adaptogen, antidepressant
Indications: stress, suppressed immune system, cancer, depression
CIs: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: dizziness, xerostomia, HTN, palpitations, tachycardia
Interactions: inhibits CYP450, may antagonize immune suppression therapy, corticosteroids
may potentiate SSRIs, MAOIs, sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, opiates, benzos)
Ricinus communis
“Castor bean”
Constituents: glycerides, alkaloids, lectins, resins
Actions: anodyne, inflammation modulator, parturtifacient, cathartic, emetic
Indications: dysmenorrhea, ovarian cysts, PMS, colic, myalgia, labor stimulant, intestinal parasites,
ATONIC constipation
CIs: over large areas of broken skin, use beyond 10 days, bulimia, intestinal obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abd paoin, under 12yo, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: acute GI cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, p.coli, diarrhea, hemorrhage, convulsions
Interactions: avoid with hypokalemics (diuretics, corticosteroids, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza
may reduce other drug abs
Rosmarinus off
Constituents: monoterpenoids, phenolic acids, volatile oils
Actions: antimicorbial, HTN, circulatory stimulant, nootropic, counter-irritant, antioxidant, carminative
Indications: mylagia, neuralgia, arthritis, alopecia, cerebrovasc insufficiency (dementia, poor memory, debility), hypotensive HAs, URI, enhances Phase I/II detox, maldigestion
CIs: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: neurotoxicity, death
Interactions: may potentiate doxorubicin, vinblastine
Rubus idaeus
“Raspberry”
Constituents: Flavonoids, tannins
Actions: parturifacient, uterine tonic, astringent, inflammation modulator
Indications: preparation for labor, diarrhea, leucorrhea, aphthous ulcers, wounds, gingivitis, conjunctivitis
CIs: use to stop diarrhea, early pregnancy
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: may antagonize warfarin, inhibits CYP450
may reduce other drug abs
Rumex Crispus
“Yellow dock”
Constituents: anthraquinone glycosides, tannins
Actions: alterative, hepatoprotective, cholagogue, laxative
Indications: atonic constipation, chronic skin infx, acne, anemia
CIs: use beyond 10 days, bulimia, intestinal obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abdominal pain, under 12yo, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: acute GI crmapin, colic, harmless red urine/feces, p. coli, diarrhea and related SE
Interactions: avoid with hyperkalemics (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine
may dec other drug abs
Salix Alba
“white willow”
Constituents: phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: antiinflammatory, antipyretic, anti-rheumatic, analgesic, astringent
Indications: pain, IC, lower UTI, diarrhea, fever, myalgia, OA, RA, rheumatism, HA, gout, menopause
CIs: viral exanthema (Reye’s risk), salicylate sensitivity, G6PD deficiency lactation, long-term use
AdvFX: salicylism (N/V, Gi irritation, tinnitus, lethargy, dizziness, cerebral edema, seizures)
Interactions: may potentiate NSAIDs, Aspirin, warfarin
Salvia Officinalis
“sage”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, tannins, sesquiterpenes lactones (thujone), volatile oils
Actions: antimicrobial, antisecretory, astringent, anti-asthmatic
Indications:
(topical) pharyngitis, tonsilities, gingivitis, warts, peritonsillar abscess
(oral) hot flashes, night sweats, URI, cystitis, infx, gas, post-lactation
CIs: Large doses, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: xerostomia, tremor, tachycardia, neurotoxicity, death from EO
thujone: emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions
Interactions: none
Sambucus Nigra
“elderberry”
Constituents: flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins
Actions:
(flower) diaphoretic, inflammation modulator, antiallergic astringent
(fruit): antiviral, antioxidant, anticatarrhal, antirheumatic
Indications:
(flower): fever, allergic conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitie, sinusitis, skin ulcers, burns
(fruit): influezna, URI, neuralgia, rheumatism
CIs: high fever
AdvFX: HA, N/V, vertigo, GI distress, diarrhea, tachycardia, convulsions
Interactions: none
Sanguinaria Canadensis
“bloodroot”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids, resin
Actions: stimulating expectorant, escharotic, antimicrobial, cholagogue, sialogogue
Indications: cervical dysplasia, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, tinea pedis, warts, nasal polyps
gingivitis, periodontal disease, tickling cough, amenorrhea, hepatitis A
CIs: dry cough (no longer used for any cough); closed angel glaucoma, pregnancy, lactation, infants
AdvFX: ulcerations, skin necrosis, local nerve/musc damage, oral leukoplakia with long term use; N/V, diarrhea, abd pain, diaphoresis, HA, arrythmia, mitochondrial poisoning, coma, cardiac failure
Interactions: Nausea from other medications mb enhanced
Schizandra Chinensis
“Schisandra”
Constituents: lignans, phytosterols, volatile oils
Actions: adaptogen, hepatoprotective, stimulant, sedative, expectorant, antitussive, sexual tonic
Indications: chronic hepatitis, liver damage, fatigue, physical stress, debility, depression, insomnia, SOB, liver detox
CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: GERD, restlessness, insomnia, dyspnea
Interactions: potentiates barbiturates, decrease acetominophen toxicity, inhibits CYP450, used for benzo withdrawl
Scutellaria Baicalensis
“Chinese Skullcap”
Constituents: flavonoids, EO
Actions: anti allergic, antioxidant, antinflammatory, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, anticancer
Indications: asthma, hay fever, dermatitis, acute infection, cancer, OA, RA, ADHD, HBV
CIs: early pregnancy
AdvFX: possible hepatotoxicity, sedation, hypotension
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin, sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazadone, zolpidem)
Scutellaria lateriflora
“skullcap”
Constituents: flavonoids, tannins, iridoid glycosides, volatile oils
Actions: hypnotic, anxiolytic, anodyne, nervine, spasmolytic, anticonvulsant
Indications: insomnia, anxiety, pain, nervousness, HA, delirium, seizures, irregular arrythmias, fasciculations
CIs: none
AdvFX: tremors, hepatotoxicity from adulteration
Interactions: none
Selenicereus (cactus) grandiflorus
“cereus”
Constituents: alkaloids (hordenine acts as mild cardiac glycoside), mucilage
Actions: anti-arrythmic, positive inotropic, diuretic
Indications: arrythmia, palpitations, CHF, angina, prostatitis, kidney congestion, dysmenorrhea, tinnitus, rheumatism
CIs: pregnancy, lactation, high doses
AdvFX: N/V, arrythia, tachycardia, confusion, HA, GI distress, heart failure
Interactions: may potentiate MAOIs (phenelzine)
Serenoa repens
“Saw palmetto”
Constituents: steroidal saponins, fatty acids, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: Prostatic tonic, 5-a-reductase inhibitor, diuretic
Indications: BPH, Hyperestrogenism, impotence
CIs: use prior to surgery (hemorrhage risk)
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin, 5-a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, Pygeum)
Silybum Marianum
“Milk thistle”
Constituents: flavonolignans, sterols, mucilage
Actions: hepatoprotective, hepatorestorative, cholagogue, anti-fibrotic, galactogogue
Indications: Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, fatty liver, prevention of cholelithiasis, Jaundice, psoriasis
CIs: ASTERACEA allergy, pregnancy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: protects againts acetominophen hepatotoxicity, cisplatin/cyclosporine/methotrexate hepato and nephro toxicity
potentiates doxorubicin
Smilax spp.
“Sarsaparilla”
Constituents: steroidal saponins, phytosterols, resin, volatile oils
Actions: alterative, anti-rheumatic, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic
Indications: chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, fevers, OA, RA, rheuamtism, gout, cancer
CIs: GERD
AdvFX: GERD
Interactions: increased digitalis absorption
Solidago spp.
“Goldenrod”
Constituents: volatile oils, saponins, flavonoids
Actions: anti-catarrhal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, carminative
Indications: wound healing, URI with cattarh, influenza, flatulent dyspepsia, cystitis, urethritis, dysuria, anuria, amenorrhea
CIs: high doses, ASTERACEA family
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none
Symphytum officinale
“Comfrey”
Constituents: polysaccharides, unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, tannins, mucilage
Actions: demulcent, relaxing expectorant, vulnerary
Indications: wounds, dermatitis, osseus fractures, ulcers, mastitis, gingivitis, dry cough, hemoptysis, lung/GI inflammation, UTI dysentery, GU bleed
CIs: pregnancy, lactation, children, wet cough, topical application to large areas of broken skin, chronic use, hepatotoxicity
AdvFX: nausea, HVOD, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergistic with hepatotoxic drugs
Tanacetum Parthenium
“Feverfew”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, volatile oils
Actions: inflammation modulator, carminative, insecticide
Indications: migraine headaches, maldigestion, RA, irregular menses, toothache
CIs: pregnancy, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: fresh leaves may burn/ cause ulcerations, GI upset, withdrawl: nervousenss, insomnia, HA, jointpain
Interactions: may antagonize morphine, may potentiate warfarin
Tanacetum vulgare
“Tansy”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones (thujone), flavonoids, volatile oils
Actions: antiparasitic, antihelminthis, emmenagogue, astringent
Indications: intestinal parasites, worms, weak digestion, amenorrhea, gingivitis
CIs: large doses, pregnancy, lactation, ASTERACEA
AdvFX: vomiting, diarrhea, GI pain, rigid pupils, flushing, uterine bleeding, tachypnea, arrythmia, convulsion, loss of consciousness
thujone: emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions, possible carcinogen
Interactions: none
Taraxacum off.
“Dandelion”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, polysaccharides, triterpenes, resin, falvonoids
Actions: bitter, diretic, antiviral, choleretic; hepatoprotective, antirheumatic, antiinflammatory
Indications: lower UIT, urolithiasis, edema, warts topical;
poor digestion, cholecystitis
CIs: GERD, active PUD, gastritis, obstruction, diarrhea, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs; may potentiate lithium, hypoglycemics, reduces B vitamin absorption
may dec other drug abs
Theobroma cacao
“cocoa tree”
Constituents: alkaloids, caffeine, phytosterols, flavonoids
Actions: stimulant, vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant, diuretic
Indications: bronchial smooth muscle spasm, HTN, anxiety, cardiovascular health, cirrhosis
CIs: heart disease (theoretical)
AdvFX: migraine, eczema
Interactions: reduces iron absorption, HTN crisis with MAOI concomitant use
Thuja occidentalis
“Cedar”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, volatile oils
Actions: immune modulator, antimicrobial, diuretic
Indications: warts, leucorrhea, anal fissures, chancre, ulcers, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, incontinence, enuresis, GU catarrh
CIs: large doses (thujone), pregnany and lactation
AdvFX: N/V, impotence, fatty liver, insomnia, nightmares, hallucinations, convulsion
Interactions: none
Thymus vulgaris
“Thyme”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, tannins, resins
Actions: antimicrobial, counter-irritant, antiplatelet, vasodilator, carminative, anti-tussive, expectorant
Indications: myalgia, neuralgia, OA, RA, HA, sprains, strains, gastroenteritis, Hpylori, viral infx, bacterail infx, parasitic infx, asthma, COPD, pertussi, IBS, TB
CIs: long term use of EO at high doses
AdvFX: N/V, stupor, potentially neurotoxic, lethal
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin
Tilea Europa
“Linden”
Constituents: volatile oils, mucilage, tannins, flavonoids, saponins
Actions: diaphoretic, vasodilator, spasmolytic, bervine, antimicrobial
Indications: bath or enema for anxiety, HTN, rheumatism, dermatitis, pruritis, eczema, restlessness, migraine, HA< URI, HTN, arteriosclerosis
CIs: none
AdvFX: urticaria, allergic rhinitis
Interactions: decreased iron absorption
Tribulus Terrestris
“Bindii”
Constituents: steroidal saponins, phytosterols, alkaloids
Actions: sex-hormone enhancer (estrogenic/androgenic); negative chronotropic
Indications: infertility, impotence, decreased libido, fatigue, convalescence, CAD
CIs: GERD, cholestasis, BPH, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: aggravated GERD, insomnia, menorrhagia
Interactions: may potentiate cardiac glycosides (digoxin, convallaria, digitalis, leonorus), beta blockers, ca-channel blockers (amlodipine)
Trifolium pratense
“Red Clover”
Constituents: isoflavones, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides
Actions: phytoestrogen, nervine, anti-tussive, spasmolytic, anti-cancer
Indications: hyperestrogenism, hypoestrogenism, menopause, acne, cancer, gout, arthritis, spasmodic cough, ulcers, psoriasis, eczema
CIs: estrogen sensitive breast Ca (recently disproven), bleeding do
AdvFX: contact derm
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin
Tussilago farfara
“Colt’s foot”
Constituents: polysaccharides, unsaturated pyrrolizidne alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids
Actions: demulcent, relaxing expectorant, anti-catarrhal, vulnerary, anti-tussive
Indications: wounds, dermatitis, dry cough, sinusitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, lung inflammation, GI inflammation
CIs: internal use, chronic use, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea, HVOD, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergistic with hepatotoxic drugs
Ulmus rubra (fulva)
“slippery elm”
Constituents: polysaccharides, mucilage, tannins
Actions: demulcent, astringent, anti-inflammatory
Indications: gastritis, GI inflammation, diarrhea, GERD, IBS, IBD, peptic ulcer, lower UTI, IC, sore throat, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, dry cough
CIs: wet cough, not sustainable
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may rdec other drug abs
Urtica dioica
“stinging nettle”
Constituents: flavonoids, resin, volatile acids, histamine, 5-HT, tannins, lignans
Actions: diuretic, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, counter-irritant, astringent, galactogogue, nephroprotective, prostatic tonic
Indications: OA, RA< eczema, neuralgia, warts, lower UTI, urolithiasis, gout, allergic rhinitis, arthritis, chronic renal failure (seeds), BPH (root)
CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: stinging from fresh leaf
Interactions: none
Usnea barbata
“old mans beard”
Constituents: organic acids
Actions: antimicrobial, antifungal, antiinflammatory
Indications: infections, RA, vaginitis
CIs: none
AdvFX: hepatotoxicity when using isolated usnic acid
Interactions: none
Vaccinium Myrtillus
“Blueberry”
Constituents: proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: antioxidant, venotonic, anti-adhesions, astringent, hypoglycemic (leaf)
Indications: chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins, fragile capillaries, diabetic retinopathy, UTI, hemorrhoids, gastroeneteritis, UTI, diarrhea, constipation, aphthous ulcers,
CIs: use to stop diarrhea
AdvFX: diarrhea, long term use may damage liver
Interactions: may potentiate insulins and hypoglycemics,
may reduce other drug abs.
Valeriana off.
Constituents: monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, tannins, volatile oils
Actions: hypnotic, anxiolytic, anodyne, spasmolytic, nervine
Indications: insomnia, anxiety, smooth muscle spasm, HA, epilepsy
CIs: none
AdvFX: drowsines, HA, vertigo, restlessness, insomnia, GERD, CNS paralysis
Interactions: may potentiate sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem)
Veratrum album
“White hellebore”
Constituents: steroid alkaloids, glycosides
Actions: hypotensive, circulatory depressant, spasmolytic
Indications: HTN, cholera, gout, fever, convulsions
CIs: DO NOT PRESCRIBE< EXTREMELY TOXIC, long term use, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: N/V, GI burning, diarrhea, weakness, mydriasis, convulsions, AV block, coma, death
Interactions: none (bc you wont be prescribing it, according to core NPLEX)
Verbascum thapsus
“mullein”
Constituents: irirod glycosides, bioflavanoids, saponins, resin, mucilage
Actions: demulcent, relaxing expectorant, antitussive, GU sedative, diuretic
Indications: acute otitis media, otitis externa, rheumatism, ulcers, tonsillitis, athma, COPD, TB, ANY TYPE OF COUGH, cystitis, GU cancer
CIs: none
AdvFX: smoking with Datura and KNO3 may cause vertigo?
Interactions: none
Verbena off.
“Blue vervain”
Constituents: iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: pituitary balancing, nervine, diaphoretic, galactogogue, emmenagogue
Indications: anovulation, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, galactorrhea, insufficient lactation, infertility, hypoprogesteronism, HEPATITIS, jaundice
CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: may antagonize warfarin
Viburnum opulus/ Viburnum prunifolium
“Cramp bark”/”Black haw”
Constituents: coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, salicin
Actions: spasmolytic, astringent, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, hypotensive
Indications: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, threatened miscarraige, premature labor, smooth msucle spasms, acute urolithiasis, myalgia, HTN, arthritis, opiate withdrawl
CIs: eating raw fruit, UTI
AdvFX: GI irritation, salicyclate hypersensitivity
Interactions: none
Vinca major/minor
“Periwinkle”
Constituents: indole alkaloids, tannins
Actions: astringent, circulatory stimulant, hypotensive
Indications: menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, hematuria, epistaxis, aphthous ulcers, severe HTN, HTNsive visual changes, HA, vertigo, restlessness, cerebral atherosclerosis, poor memory, Hodgkins lymphoma, leukemia
CIs: pregnancy, lactation, hypotension
AdvFX: drowsy, blurred vision, xerostomia, nausea, ataxia, psychosis, convulsions, alopecia, hypotension, death
Interactions: none
Viscum album/ Viscum (Phoradendron) Falvescens
“European mistletoe”/ “American mistletoe”
Constituents:lectins, flavonoids, alkaloids
Actions: hypotensive, immune modulator, antitumor, cerebral circulatory stimulant
Indications: HIV, AIDS, cancer, HTN, HA, vertigo, epilepsly, neuralgia, rheumatism, tachycardia
CIs: migraines, pregnancy, lactation, high doses
AdvFX: anemia, mydriasis, hemorrhae, liver damage, thymus damage, convulsions, local inflammation at injection site if doing IM/IV
Interactions: may potentiate MAOIs (phenelzine)
Vitex Agnus-Castus
“Chaste-tree”
Constituents: deterpenoids, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, alkaloids
Actions: pituitary balancing, galactogogue, emmenagogue, uterine tonic
Indications: dysmenorrhea, breast tenderness, depression, migrain, HA< menopause, PMS, PMS acne, hyperprolactinemia, anovulation, galactorrhea, insufficient lactation, hypoprogesteronism, ovarian cysts, aphrodisiac at high doses
CIs: pregnancy, impotence
AdvFX: formication
Interactions: none
Withania Somnifera
“Ashwaganda”
Constituents: steroidal lactones, alkaloids
Actions: adaptoge, immune modulator, relaxing expectorant, aphrodisiac, sedative, enhancing cognition
Indications: chronic stress, chronic inflammation, insomnis nervous exhaustion, asthma, bronchitis, infection, anxiety, low libido, impotens, opiate withdrawl, auto-immune disease, hypothyroidism
CIs: pregnancy, auto-immune disease
AdvFX: none
Interactions: potentiates barbiturates, epileptics
may antagonize immune suppressant therapy
Zingiber off
Ginger
Constituents: resins, sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids
Actions: digestive stimulant, carminative, anti-emetic, antiparasitic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, hypolipidemic
Indications: hypochlorhydria, maldigestion, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, atonic constipation, gas, nausea, vomiting, parasitic infx, motion sickness, inflammation, arthritis, rheumatism, infx, fever, atherosclerosis
CIs: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlorhydria, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea, Raynauds
AdvFX: Gi burning, contact derm
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin, antagonize antacids
dec other drug abs
protects against mucosal damage from aspirin
What herbs are in the Asteracea family? (15)
Yarrow Anica Artemisia (absinthium, annua, vulgaris) Calendula off. Cineraria maritima cynara scolymus Echinacea Eupatorium Grindelia Matricaria Silybum Solidago Tanacetum Taraxacum Tussilago
