BotMed Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Achillea Millefolium

Answer

A

“Yarrow”
Constituents: thujone, sesquiterpene lactones, bioflavanoids, bitters, alkaloids, tannins, coumarins

Actions: Hemostatic, bitter, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic

Indications:
Topical: wounds, skin ulcers
Internal: passive hemorrhage, meno/metrorrhagia, hematuria, hemorrhoids, poor digestions

CI: GERD, active peptic ulcer, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea, ASTERACEA ALLERGY
Large doses CI in Pgx

AdvFx: emenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions (from thujone)

Interactions: Antagonistic effects with PPIs, may decrease absorption of meds dt increased gut motility

Question 2

Q

Constituents: thujone, sesquiterpene lactones, bioflavanoids, bitters, alkaloids, tannins, coumarins

Actions: Hemostatic, bitter, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic

Indications:
Topical: wounds, skin ulcers
Internal: passive hemorrhage, meno/metrorrhagia, hematuria, hemorrhoids, poor digestions

CI: GERD, active peptic ulcer, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea, ASTERACEA ALLERGY
Large doses CI in Pgx

AdvFx: emenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions (from thujone)

Interactions: Antagonistic effects with PPIs, may decrease absorption of meds dt increased gut motility

Answer

A

Achillea Millefolium (Yarrow)

Question 3

Q

Aconitum Napellus

Answer

A

“Monkshood”
Constituents (root and leaf): Tropane alkaloids

Actions: andoyne, anti-pyretic, sensory and motor depressant, sedative

Indications: neuralgias, pain

CI: Pregnancy, Lactation, high or sustained doses

AdvFX: narrow therapeutic window, lethal (this is a LOW DOSE herb). 
OD Sxs (Parasympatholytic): numb mouth, throat, hands, dizziness, restless, loss of speech, HA, pinpoint pupils, arrhythmias, chest pains, VFIB, sweat, hypothermia, anxiety, diarrhea, convulsions, death from cardiac/pulm paralysis

Interactions: none known

Question 4

Q

“Monkshood”
Constituents (root and leaf): Tropane alkaloids

Actions: andoyne, anti-pyretic, sensory and motor depressant, sedative

Indications: neuralgias, pain

CI: Pregnancy, Lactation, high or sustained doses

AdvFX: narrow therapeutic window, lethal (this is a LOW DOSE herb). 
OD Sxs (Parasympatholytic): numb mouth, throat, hands, dizziness, restless, loss of speech, HA, pinpoint pupils, arrhythmias, chest pains, VFIB, sweat, hypothermia, anxiety, diarrhea, convulsions, death from cardiac/pulm paralysis

Interactions: none known

Answer

A

Aconitum Napellus

Question 5

Q

Actea (Cimicifuga) Racemosa

Answer

A

“Black Cohosh”
Constituents: Triterpene glycosides, aromatic acids, fatty acids, starch, volatile oils

Actions: Uterine tonic, pituitary/estrogen mimetic, parturifacient, anti-rheumatic, spasmolytic, antitussive, nervine

Indications: dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause, early labor, rheumatism, myalgia, OA, RA, whooping cough, tinnitus

CI: First trimester of pregnancy, lactation, estrogen dependent tumors

AdvFX: Nausea
OD Sxs: sedative, bradycardia, hypotension, blurred vision, N/V, HA

Interactions: HRT therapy leading to estrogen excess (but does not affect uterus), reduces hot flashes from tamoxifen.

Question 6

Q

Constituents: Triterpene glycosides, aromatic acids, fatty acids, starch, volatile oils

Actions: Uterine tonic, pituitary/estrogen mimetic, parturifacient, anti-rheumatic, spasmolytic, antitussive, nervine

Indications: dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause, early labor, rheumatism, myalgia, OA, RA, whooping cough, tinnitus

CI: First trimester of pregnancy, lactation, estrogen dependent tumors

AdvFX: Nausea
OD Sxs: sedative, bradycardia, hypotension, blurred vision, N/V, HA

Interactions: HRT therapy leading to estrogen excess (but does not affect uterus), reduces hot flashes from tamoxifen.

Answer

A

Actea (Cimicifuga) Racemosa (Black Cohosh)

Question 7

Q

Aesculus Hippocastanum

Answer

A

“Horse Chestnut”
Constituents: glycoside lactones, saponins

Actions: astringent, vasoconstrictive, veno-tonic, anti-inflammatory, mild expectorant

Indications: bruises, hemorrhoids, pruritis ani, varicose veins, venous insufficiency, DVT, thrombophlebitis, edema, hemorrhoids, chronic prostitis

CI: high doses
AdvFX: nausea. unprocessed fruit is highly toxic, IM injection may cause hepatitis or renal failure.

Interactions: N/A

Question 8

Q

Allium Sepa/ Allium Sativum

Answer

A

“Onion”/ “Garlic”
Constituents: disulfides, phenolic acids, flavanoids, sterols, saponins, pectin, oils

Actions: Anti-atherosclerotic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiplatelet, immune modulator, antimicrobial, carminitive, anti-helminthic (garlic)

Indications: dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, warts, vaginitis, otitis media, athersclerosis, hypercoagulation, dyslipidemia, intermittent claudication, HTN, DM, insufficient lactation, candidiasis, gastroenteritis, h.pylori, UTIs, internal parasites (garlic)

CI: bleeding d/o, anticoag therapy, thyroid disease (inhibits iodine uptake!)
AdvFX: increased bleeding time, may worsen colicky infants through breast milk

Interactions: potentiates warfarin and other anticoagulants, insulin, hypoglycemic drugs

Question 9

Q

Aloe Vera (Gel)

Answer

A

Constituents: polysaccharides
Actions: inflammation/immune moderator, vulnerary, demulcent
Indications: burns, wounds, frost bite, ulcerations, stretch marks, warts, varicose, veins, gastritis, IBD, peptic ulcer, interstitial/infectious cystitis
CI: 3rd degree burns, deep or infected wounds, wounds healing by secondary intention
AdvFX: very safe herd, may cause diarrhea or abd cramping
Interactions: hypoglycemia effects with glyburide
may reduce absorption of drugs dt polysaccharide action

Question 10

Q

Aloe Vera (Latex)

Answer

A

Constituents: anthraquinone glycosides
Actions: cathartic
Indications: atonic constipation
CI: use over 10 days, bulimia, obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abdominal pain, under 12yo, pregnancy, lactation

AdvFX: acute GI cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea

Interactions: Avoid hypokalemic drugs (Diuretics, furosemide, HCTZ, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitalis, leonorus), anti-arrythmics (atenolol, propranolol, amiodarone), pseudoephedrine, GLYCYRRHIZA
may reduce drug absorption dt increased TT

Question 11

Q

Althea Officinalis

Answer

A

"Marshmallow"
Constituents: Mucilage, polysaccharides
Actions: demulcent, vulnerary
Indications:
(root): gastritis, PUD, IBS, colitis
(leaves): Pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, dry cough, asthma, interstitial cystitis, lower UTI

CI: wet cough
AdvFX: N/A
Interactions: may reduce drug abs dt polysaccharides

Question 12

Q

Angelica Sinensis

Answer

A

“Dong quai”
Constituents: coumarins, polysaccharides, ferulic acid
Actions: uterine tonic, liver tonic, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative

Indications: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometritis, estrogen imbalance, menopause, PMS
Hepatitis, cirrhosis, poor digestion, migraine, HA, arthritis

CI: menorrhagia, bleeding diathesis
AdvFX: slight anti-platelet activity, otherwise safe
Interactions: potentiates anticoagulants (warfarin)

Question 13

Q

Arctium Lappa

Answer

A

“Burdock”
Constituents: lignins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, mucilage, pectin

Actions: alterative, bitter, hepatoprotective, diuretic, diaphoretic, anti-pyretic, phytoestrogen, anti-rheumatic, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, demulcent

Indications:

(root) : psoriasis, eczema, rheumatism, OA, RA, poor digestions (hypochlorhydria, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas, hepatitis
(leaves) : mastitis, OA, RA, sprains

CI: GERD, active PUD, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea
PREGNANCY (at high doses)
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: antagonistic effect with PPIs, may require insuin adjustment, decreased drug abs dt increased gut motility

Question 14

Q

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Answer

A

“bearberry”
Constituents: glycosides, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: urinary antiseptic and sedative
Indications: Alkali UTIs, chronic bladder irritation with pain, tenesmus, blood mucus

CI: pregnancy, use beyond 10 days
AdvFX: Nausea, chronic use may be carcinogenis
OD Sxs: tinnitus, vomiting, delirium, convulsions, collapse, death
Interactions: Vitamin C, cranberry acidify urine

Question 15

Q

Arnica Montana

Answer

A

Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, polysaccharides
Actions: topical vulnerary, anti-inflammatory, immune stimulant
Indictions: bruises, phlebitis, rheumatism, strains/sprains, myalgia, small wounds, skin ulcers

CI: use over large areas of broken skin, ASTERACEA allergy, internal use
AdvFX: gastroenteritis, HA, nervous disturbance, altered HR, HTN, muscle weakness, dyspnea, drowsiness, cardiovasc collapse, convulsions, coma, death
Interactions: N/A

Question 16

Q

Artemisia Absinthum

Answer

A

“Wormwood”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones (thujone), lignans, flavanoids
Actions: bitter, vermifuge, febrifuge, nervine, carminitive, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antidepressant, emmenagogue
Indications: poor digestion (hypochlorhydria, dyspepsia), biliary insufficiency, biliary dyskinesia, anorexia, intestinal roundworms, pinworms, depression, colds, influenza

CI: Large doses, pregnancy, lactation
GERD, active PUD, gastritis, obstruction, cholelithiasis, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: intoxication, vomiting, Gi upset, HA, dizziness, impotence, convulsions
Interactions: PPIs, dec drug absoprtion dt increased motility

Question 17

Q

Artemisia Annua

Answer

A

“sweet annie”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, volatile oils
Actions: antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, bitter
Indications: MALARIA, parasitic infx, cancer

CI: pregnancy, lactation, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea, whole herb is safe but sesquiterpene lactones may be neurotoxic
Interactions: combine with IRON for optimum efficiency

Question 18

Q

Artemisia Vulgaris

Answer

A

“Mugwort”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, volatile oil, falvanoids, coumarins
Actions: bitter, nervine, emmenagogue, carminative
Indications: poor digestion, depression, amenorrhea

CI: GERD, active, PUD, obstruction (GI and biliary), Pregnancy, Lactation, ASTERACEA allergy, diarrhea
AdvFX: (from thujone) emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions
Interactions: PPIs, potentiates hypoglycemics, dec drug abs dt increased motility

Question 19

Q

Ascelpias Tuberosa

Answer

A

“pleurisy root”
Constituents: Glucosides, tannins, resins
Actions: diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-tussive, antispasmodic
Indications: infection, respiratory tract congestion (bronchitis, pleurisy, pertussis, pneumonia, cough, cold, flu)

CI: Pregnancy, large doses for several days
AdvFX: N/V, GI upset, diarrhea, anorexia
Interactions: cardiac glycosides (digoxin, leonorus convallaria, digitalis)

Question 20

Q

Aspidosperma Quebracho

Answer

A

Constituents: alkaloids, tannins
Actions: stimulating expectorant, anti-tussive, antimicrobial
Indications: Dyspnea, asthma, emphysema, TB, hemoptysis, wet cough, bronchitis, pneumonia, periodic fevers

CI: dry cough, pregnancy, lactation, infants, long-term use
AdvFX: N/V
Interactions: N/A

Question 21

Q

Astragalus Membranaceus

Answer

A

Constituents: triterpenoid saponins, glycosides, polysaccharides, flavonoids
Actions: adaptogen, immune modulator, antibacterial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, hypoglycemic
Indications: depressed immune system, infection (viral myocardiopathy), pharyngitis, tonsilitis, cancer, male infertility

CI: may exacerbate AD and acute infections
AdvFX: May increase fibrin formation
Interactions: potentiates acyclovir, IF 1, IF2. may antagonize corticosteroids.
reduced drug absorption dt polysaccharides

Question 22

Q

Atropa Belladonna

Answer

A

Constituents: atropine, tropane alkaloids
Actions: spasmolytic, vasoconstrictor, bronchodilator, analgesic, ANTI-MUSCARINIC (sympathetic/ anti-cholinergic)
Indications: smooth muscle spasm, spastic constipation, asthma, Parkinsonism, tremors
Pain from SM contractions- PMS, dysmenorrhea, GERD, peptic ulcer, gastritis, hyperchlorhydria

CI: Long term use, High doses, BPH, urinary retention, prostate cancer, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed-angle glaucoma, acute pulmonary edema, GI stenosis, megacolon, pregnancy, lactation, children
AdvFX: hyperthermia, flushed face, dry membranes, mydriasis, blurred vision, giddiness, loquacity, delirium, tachycardia, hyperventilation, sleepiness, hallucinations, dysphagia, convulsion, coma, death
“Hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter”

Interactions: potentiates anticholinergics (atropine, burproprion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tolterodine tricyclic antidepressants, amantadine…

Question 23

Q

Avena Sativa

Answer

A

“oat”
Constituents: starch, polysaccharides, fiber, indole alkaloids
Actions: anxiolytic, nervine, hypolipidemic, nutritive
Indications: eczema, inflamed skin, seborrhea, fatigue, anxiety, general debility, hyperlipidemia, cardiac rheumatism, nicotine/opiate withdrawl.

CI: none
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none

Question 24

Q

Bacopa Monierri

Answer

A

“Brami”
Constituents: triterpenoid saponins
Actions: analgesic, anti-helminthis, antifungal, antioxidant
Indications: cognition, anxiety, epilepsy, poor memory

CI: none
AdvFX: palpitations, nausea, dry mouth, thirst, fatigue
Interactions: may induce CYP450 (increase thyroid hormon and potentiate levothyroxine)
may potentiate Ca-channel blockers (amlodipine) and sedatives, antihistamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opiates, trazadone, zolpidem

Question 25

Q

Baptisia Tinctoria

Answer

A

“wild indigo”
Constituents: alkaloids, isoflavones, flavanoids, coumarins, polysaccharides
Actions: immune stimulant, anti-microbial, anti-catarrhal, alterative
Indications: URI with catarrh, pharyngitis, tonsilitis, mastitis, delirium with fever, chronic fatigue

CI: long term use, high dose, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: anorexia, N/V, hypersalivation, tachypnea, tachycardia, respiratory paralysis
Interactions: none

Question 26

Q

Berberis (Mahonia) Aquifolium

Answer

A

“Oregon Grape”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids
Actions: bitter, alterative, hepatoprotective, cholagogue
Indications: poor digestion, dyskinesia, anorexia, atopic constipation, gas
Chronic skin disease, acne, candida, mastitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, lower UTI, vaginitis, cancer

CI: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea, late pregnancy
AdvFX: N/V, mucus membrane irritation, hypotension, heart failure, convulsions, parethesias
Interactions: PPIs, increased gut motility, may cause vaginal dysbiosis

Question 27

Q

Berberis Vulgaris

Answer

A

“Barberry”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids, chelidonic acid, tannins
Actions: bitter, antimicrobial, cholagogue, choleretic, antiparasitic
Indications: poor digestion, gastritis, Hpylori, gastroenteritis, chronic hepatitis, liver disease, gallstones, malaria, splenomegaly

CI: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, hyperbilirubinemia, kidney disease, acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: N/V, mucus membranes irritation, hypotension, heart failure, convulsions, paresthesias
Interactions: PPIs, potentiates barbiturates (phenobarbital), dec drug abs dt increased gut motility.

Question 28

Q

Boswelia Serrata

Answer

A

“Frankincense”
Constituents: resins, volatile oils
Actions: anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiseptic, astringent
Indications: asthma, chrons, UC, OA, RA, chronic prostatitis, inflammation

CI: none
AdvFX: GI upset, pain
Interations: enhances NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib)

Question 29

Q

Bryonia Alba

Answer

A

Constituents: cucurbitacins, fatty acids, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: anodyne, sedative, anti-rheumatic, antiviral, cathartic
Indications: pain, pain from ovarian cysts, infection, rheumatism, PUD, asthma, bronchitis, pleurisy

CI: pregnancy, lactation, not for internal use
AdvFX: abd pain, N/V, diarrhea, hypothermia, bronchial irritation, mydriasis, HA, delirium, dizziness, cold sweat, jaundice, kidney irritation, weak pulse, tachycardia, paralysis, collapse
Interactions: none

Question 30

Q

Calendula Officinalis

Answer

A

“Marigold”
Constituents: flavonoids, triterpenoids, carotenoids, resin, polysaccharides, tannins
Actions: demulcent, anti-inflammatory, vulnerary, anti-pruritic, antiseptic
Indications: dermatitis, wounds, skin ulcers, chronic prostitis, periodontal disease, gingivitis, conjunctivitis
PUD, indigestion, hepatic congestion.

CI: topically on deep wounds, ASTERACEA FAMILY
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none

Question 31

Q

Camella sinensis

Answer

A

“Tea”
Constituents: polyphenols, caffeine, L-theonine
Actions: anti-tumor, antimicrobial, stimulant, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
Indications: asthma, cancer prevention, infection, cavity prevention, weight loss, memory enhancement, stimulant

CI: children, beriberi
(CVD, Kidney dz, duodenal ulcer, psychological do, pregnancy- theoretically)
AdvFX: insomnia, agitation, tremors, potentially hepatotoixic
Interactions: Reduces Iron absorption
potentiates: acetaminophen, clopidogrel, doxorubicin, warfarin, CNS stimulants (caffeine, MDMA, dextromethorphan, pseudoephedrine),
Antagonizes sedatives: bendryl, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazadone, zolpidem
caffeine effects

Question 32

Q

Cannabis sativa

Answer

A

“Marijuana”
Constituents: cannabinoids (THC, CBD), flavonoids
Actions: analgesic, sedative, anti-emetic, antiinflammatory, hypotensive, psychoactive
Indications: cancer (cachexia, pain), glaucoma, MS, cerebral palsy, HTN, pain, anxiety, depression, insomnia, neuropathy, N/V, AIDS, asthma

CI: Pregnancy, Lactation, schizophrenia, prolonged inhalation, use of heavy equipment
AdvFX: dry mouth, impaired short-term memory, paranoia, anxiety, panic attacks
(long term): decreased LH, FSH, genital dysfxn, infertility, impaired judgement, impaired REM sleep, arrested for illegal use
Interactions: potentiates opiates (codeine, hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone, methadone), barbiturates (phenobarbital)

Question 33

Q

Capsella bursa-pastoris

Answer

A

“Shephards purse”
Constituents: volatile oils, bioflavanoids
Actions: diuretic, astringent, styptic
Indications: mild menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, mild post-partum hemorrhage, hemorrhoids

CI: major bleeding, pregnancy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may potentiate anticoagulants (warfarin)

Question 34

Q

Capsicum Frutescens

Answer

A

“Cayenne”
Constituents: phenolic acids, carotenoids, saponins
Actions: anodyne, anti-neuralgic, anti-pruritic (depletes substance P), counter-irritant, anti-inflammatory.
digestive stimulant, carminitive, hypolipidemic, anticatarrhal, antiplatelet, circulatory stimulant
Indications: diabetic neuropathy, pruritis, psoriasis, OA, RA, migraines
hypochlorhydria, Hpylori, maldigestion, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, atonic constipation, athersclerosis, stimulant, capillary atony, hypercoagulation

CI: contact with eyes, GERD, active PUD, obstruction, pregnancy, bleeding do
AdvFX: N/V, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Interactions: anticoagulants (warfarin), inhibits CYP450, may aggravate cough from ACE-inhibitors

Question 35

Q

Cassia Spp.

Answer

A

Senna Alexandrina
Constituents: anthraquinone glycosides, mucilage, flavonoids
Actions: cathartic, stimulant
Indications: ATONIC CONSTIPATION

CI: use beyond 10 days, bulimia, obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abdominal pain, under 12yo, pregnancy, SAFE DURING LACTATION
AdvFX: GI cramps, colic, harmless red urine/feces, p.coli, diarrhea, miscarraige
Interactions: Avoid with hypokalemic drugs (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza)

Question 36

Q

Caulophyllum thalictroides

Answer

A

“Blue cohosh”
Constituents: quinolizidine alkaloids, steroidal saponins
Actions: Uterine tonic, parturifacient, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, diuretic, diaphoretic
Indications: amenorrhea, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, cyclic mastalgia, female infertility, uterine prolapse, facilitate labor, rheumatism, OA, RA

CI: early pregnancy
AdvFX: dermatitis, GI irritation, nausea, HA, HTN, pharyngitis, thirst, mydriasis, weakness, incoordination, CV collapse, convulsions, 2 cases of fetal harm
Interactions: may interfere with nitroglycerin dt vasoconstriction

Question 37

Q

Ceanothus Americanus

Answer

A

“Jersey tea”
Constituents: tannins, alkaloids
Actions: hepatoprotective, splenoprotective, lymphatics, alterative, astringent, anti-spasmodic, hypotensive, expectorant, hemostatic
Indications: fatty liver, hepatitis, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bronchitis, asthma, cough, dysentery, GI bleeding, malaria, thalassemia, SCanemia, TB, non-hodgkins lymphoma, chronic EBV, skin conditions

CI: none
AdvFX: may increase clotting
Interactions: may antagonize warfarin

Question 38

Q

Centella asiatica

Answer

A

“Gotu Kola”
Constituents: triterpenoid sapnonins
Actions: nervine, anti-pyretic, vulnerary, venotonic, keratolytic, antimycobacterial, nootropic
Indications: insomnia, dementia, poor memory, mycobacterial infx, sore throat, tonsillitis, cystitis, hepatitis, measles, wounds (scars, keloids, ulcers), leprosy, eczema, syphillis, varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency

CI: none
AdvFX: HA, dizziness, HTN, hematochezia, pruritis, photosensitivity, contact derm.
Interactions: none

Question 39

Q

Chamaelirium Luteum

Answer

A

“False unicorn”
Constituents: steroidal saponins
Actions: uterine tonic, ovarian tonic, emmengogue, diuretic
Indications: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, leucorrhea, estrogen imbalance, menopause, female infertility, uterine infections, ovarian cysts, leiomyomas, PMS, threatened miscarraige, premature labor, dyspepsia

CI: early pregnancy, GI irritation
AdvFX: N/V, slight antiplatelet activity
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin

Question 40

Q

Chelidonium Majus

Answer

A

“Greater Celandine”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids
Actions: alterative, choleretic, cholagogue, bitter, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antimicrobial, antiviral (HPV).
Indications: topical warts, eczema, corns, malignant tumors, biliary insufficiency, gall stone prevention, whooping cough, asthma

CI: biliary obstruction, hepatic failure, acute diarrhea, cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, pregnancy, lactation, children.
AdvFX: N/V, burning in mouth, abd pain, diarrhea, topical dermatitis, stupor, coma
Interactions: none

Question 41

Q

Chionanthus virginicus

Answer

A

“Fringe Tree”
Constituents: lignan glycosides, saponins
Actions: cholagogue, alterative, bitter, diuretic, mild laxative, anti-emetic, antipyretic
Indications: wounds, inflammation, liver and GB dysfxn, jaundice, hepatomegaly, biliary insufficiency, gall stones, chronic skin conditions, constipation, dyspepsia, typhoid fever, malaria

CI: biliary obstruction, hepatic failure, acute diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, hepatitis, cholecystitis, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none

Question 42

Q

Cineraria (Centaurium) Maritima

Answer

A

“Dusty Miller”
Constituents: unsaturrated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, sesquiterpine lactones
Actions: Anti-cataract
Indications: topical application to cataracts

CI: Internal use, over broken skin, pregnancy, lactation, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea, hepato veo-occlusive disease, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergistic with hepatotoxic drugs

Question 43

Q

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum

Answer

A

“Cinnamon”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, tannins, essential oils, lignans
Actions: astringent, carminative, antibacterial (Hpylori), antimicrobial, vasodilator, diaphoretic, antispasmodic
Indications:
(topical): fungal infx, along spine for cough, relaxation
(internal): hemorrhage, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, hemoptysis, diarrhea, hypochlorhydria, dyspepsia, Hpylori ulcer, maldigestion, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas

CI: GERD, gastritis, obstruction, high doses of EO in pregnancy
AdvFX: OD of essential oil: N/V, Convulsions, pulmonary edema, liver damage, kidney damage,
Interactions: EO may deplete glutathione in liver with long-term use, tannins may reduce drug absorption

Question 44

Q

Coleus Forskohlii

Answer

A

Constituents: Diterpene glycosides
Actions: activates adenylate cyclase, positive inotropic, VASODILATOR, hypotensive, bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, hypoglycemic, antihistamine, anti-platelet
Indications: Asthma, DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY, HTN, allergies, glaucoma, hypothyroidism, obesity

CI: active PUD, pregnancy, lactation, children
AdvFX: Gi stimulation, nausea
Interactions: may potentiate cardiac glycosides, anticoagulants, insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, antihistamines
May inrease risk of bleeding from NSAIDs, antagonizes PPIs

Question 45

Q

Commiphora Mukul

Answer

A

“guggul”
Constituents: sesquiterpenoids, EO
Actions: hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory
Indications: hyperlipidemia, elevated LDL, inflammation, OA, nodulocystic acne

CI: IBD, pregnancy, lactation, coagulation do
AdvFX: GI symptoms, HA
Interactions: may induce CYP450, may decrease bioavailability of propranolol and diltiazem

Question 46

Q

Commiphora Myrrha (MolMol)

Answer

A

“Myrrh”
Constituents: resins, gums, EO
Actions: antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, expectorant, antitussive
Indications: excess mucus, leucorrhea, infectious vaginitis, gastroenteritis, dyspepsia, infection, aphthous stomatitis

CI: high doses in pregnancy
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: may potentiate insulin and hypoglycemic drugs

Question 47

Q

Convallaria Majalis

Answer

A

“Lily of the valley”
Constituents: cardioactive glycosides, flavonoids
Actions: positive inotropic, negative chronotropic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor
Indications: CHF, atrial arrythmias, hypotension

CI: hypokalemia, hypmagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, ventricular arrythmias, kidney failure, severe carditis, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: Gi symptoms, yellow/green halo around objects, bradycardia, gynecomastia,
Interactions: avoid with hypokalemic drugs (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza
Calcium promotes arrhhtymia, potentiates beta-blockers

Question 48

Q

Cordyceps Sinensis

Answer

A

“Caterpillar fungus”
Constituents: polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids
Actions: bronchodilator, antibiotic, anti-cancer
Indications: acute infection, anemia, protects bone marrow, fatigue, asthma, impotence, chronic cough, debility

CI: none
AdvFX: constipation, abd distention, irregular menses, amenorrhea
Interactions: potentiates epinephrine

Question 49

Q

Corydalis Spp.

Answer

A

Constituents: isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloids, carboxylic acids
Actions: strong analgesic, hypnotic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiarrythmic
Indications: pain management, dysmenorrhea, protects against NSAID ulcers, H.pylori, angina, arrythmias, parasties, gastritis

CI: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: decreased menstrual flow, HA, fatigue
Interactions: may have similar action to Ca-channel blockers (amlodipine)

Question 50

Q

Cratageus Oxycantha (Laevigata)

Answer

A

“Hawthorn”
Constituents: proanthocyanidines (tannins), flavonoids
Actions: anti-atherosclerotic, antioxidant, hypotensive, cariotonic, positive inotropic, negative chronotropic, anti-inflammatory
Indications: CHF, angina, arrhythmias, cardiac weakness, capillary fragility, mild HTN

CI: none
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: may cause HTN with beta-blockers, tannins may reduce other drug absorptions

Question 51

Q

Curcuma longa

Answer

A

“Turmeric”
Constituents: curcuminoids, EO
Actions: hepatoprotective, cholagogoue, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antineoplastic, antibacterial, antiplatelet
Indications: gallstone prevention, jaundice, hepatitis, IBS, cancer, OA, RA, inflammation, asthma, skin do, protection from NSAID ulcers, stroke and MI prevention

CI: biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, hyperchlorhyria, pregnancy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin

Question 52

Q

Cynara Scolymus

Answer

A

“globe artichoke”
Constituents: flavonoids, phytosterols, sesquiterpene lactones, inulin
Actions: bitter, hypolipidemic
Indications: dyslipidemia, poor digestion

CI: GERD, active PUD, gastritis, biliary obstruction, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: PPIs, decreased drug abs

Question 53

Q

Datura stramonium

Answer

A

“Jimson weed”
Constituents: tropane alkaloids
Actions: spasmolytic (anti-muscarinic), secretolytic, analgesic
Indications: acute asthma, smooth muscle spasm, whooping cough, pertussis, epilepsy, delirium

CI: BPH, urinary retention, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed-angle glaucoma, acute pulmonary edema, GI stenosis, megacolon, pregnancy, lactation, children
AdvFX: hyperthermia, flushed face, dry membranes, mydriasis, blurred vision, giddines, loquacity, delirium, tachycardia, hyperventilation, sleepiness, hallucinations, dysphagia, convulsions, coma
“hot as hare, red as beet, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter, blind as a bad”
Interactions: potentiates anticholinergics (atropine, buproprion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, benadryl, tolterodine, TCAs, amantidine)

Question 54

Q

Digitalis Purpurea

Answer

A

“Foxglove”
Constituents: cardioactive glycosides
Actions: cardiac stimulant, postivie inotropic, negative chronotropic, diuretic, vaso-constrictor
Indications: CHF, atrial arrhythmias

CI: partial heart block, severe carditis, angine, arrythmias, bradycardia, gynecomastia, cardiac hypertrophy, aortic stenosis, kidney failure, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: Gi symptoms, yellow/green halo around objects, bradycardia, gynecomastia
Interactions: avoid hypokalmeic drugs (see “lily of the valley’/convallaria)

Question 55

Q

Dioscorea villosa

Answer

A

“wild yam”
Constituents: steroidal saponins, phytosterols, alkaloids, tannins
Actions: spasmolytic, anti-rheumatic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, diaphoretic, hepatic, cholagogue
Indications: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, threatened miscarraige, premature labor, smooth muscle spasm, intestinal colic, mylagia, neuralgia, OA, RA, acute rheumatism

CI: biliary obstruction, cholecystitis, biliary cancer, pancreatic cancer, heatitis, cirrhosis, high doses during pregnancy
AdvFX: N/V diarrhea
Interactions: none

Question 56

Q

Echinacea spp.

Answer

A

Constituents: alkylamides, caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, volatile oils
Actions: immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, vulnerary, alterative, antioxidant, topical anodyne
Indications: influenza, URI, pharyngitis, tonsilitits, staph skin infections, vaginitis, mastitis, wounds, skin ulcer, acne, chronic skin disease, cancer, HIV, mycobacterial infx.

CI: ASTERACEA allergy, TB, MS, AIDS, HIV, auto-immune disease, long-term use
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may antagonize immune-suppressive therapy (corticosteroids, adalimumab, cyclosporine)

Question 57

Q

Eleutherococcus senticosus

Answer

A

“siberian ginseng”
Constituents: phenylpropanoid, triterpenoid saponins, glycosides, polysaccharides, coumarins
Actions: adaptogen, immune modulator, adrenal support
Indications: pharyngitis, tonsilitis, infections, cancer, chronic inflammation, fatigue, hypoadrenocorticism, angina, insomnia

CI: long term use, acute infections, HTN (above 180/90)
AdvFX: insomnia, mild anxiety, irritability
Interactions: may antagonize immune-suppressive therapy

Question 58

Q

Ephedra sinica

Answer

A

“Ma Huang”
Constituents: alkaloids (ephedrine), phytosterols
Actions: adrenergic agonist, bronchodilator, anti-tussive, anti-allergic, decongestant, anti-secretory, vasoconstrictor, HTNive, diaphoretic, diuretic
Indications: bronchitis, asthma, COPD, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, enuresis, urinary incontinence, weight loss*

CI: HTN, hyperthyroidism, DM, BPH, glaucoma, CAD, anorexia, pregnancy, lactation, long term use
AdvFX: mild agitation, increased alertness, MI, cerebral vasculitis, stroke
Sympathomimetic OD Sxs: N/V, vertigo, diaphoresis, termor, HA, nervousness, agitation, insomnia, urinary retention, tachycardia, palpitations, dizziness, weakness, seizure
Interactions: potentiates sympathomimetics (albuterol, epinephrine, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine), caffeine, dextromethorphn, methylphenidate, MAOIs
Antagonizes alpha/beta blockers: atenolol, carvedilol, propranolol, TCAs, increased clearance of dexamethasone

Question 59

Q

Equisetum Arvense

Answer

A

“Horsetail”
Constituents: saponins, flavonoids, silica, mucilage
Actions: alterative, aquaretic, astringent
Indications: acne, chronic skin dz, lower UTI, urolithiasis, edema, nocturnal enuresis

CI: use of other species (toxic), HTN, hypokalemia, coag do
AdvFX: long term use depletes thiamine, beriberi
Interactions: Avoid with hypokalemic drugs (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza
may antagonize warfarin

Question 60

Q

Eschscholzia californica

Answer

A

“california poppy”
Constituents: alkaloids
Actions: nervine, hypnotic, anti-spasmodic, anodyne
Indications: nerve related pain, neuraglia, sciatica, insomnia, anxiety, panic attacks

CI: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: addictive
Interactions: may potentiate MAOIs (phenelzine), SSRIs (fluoxetine)

Question 61

Q

Eucalyptus Globulus

Answer

A

Constituents: volatile oils, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: antimicrobial, counter-irritant, expectorant, antiperiodic
Indications: OA, RA, myalgia, strains, sprains, HA, URI, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, malaria (when cinchona is not indicated)

CI: hypotension, high dose EO, use over large areas of skin if pregnany
AdvFX: diarrhea, GI upset, cold skin, irregular breathing, mydriasis, depression, hypothyroidism
Interactions: none

Question 62

Q

Eupatorium Perfoliatum

Answer

A

“Boneset”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, unsaturrated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, EOs, falvonoids, resins
Actions: diaphoretic, immune stimulant, anti-cattarhal
Indications: mild to moderate fever, infection, pain from cough, SOB, urinary frequency, GI spasm, bone pain

CI: high fever, internal use of isolated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, chronic use, hepatotoxicity, use with hepatotoxic drugs, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea, hepato veno-occlusive disease, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergistic with hepatotoxic drugs

Question 63

Q

Eupatorium purpureum

Answer

A

“Gravel root”
Constituents: unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, oleoresins
Actions: anti-lithic, diuretic
Indications: urolithiasis, dysuria, hematuria from prostatitis, gout

CI: internal use of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, chronic use, hepatotoxicity, use with hepatotoxic drugs, ASTERACEA ALLERGY
AdvFX: nausea, hepato veno-occlusive disease, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergist with hepatotoxic drugs

Question 64

Q

Euphrasia Officinalis (stricta)

Answer

A

“eye bright”
Constituents: iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: anti-inflammatory, anti allergic, anti-catarrhal, astringent, vasoconstrictor
Indications: opthalmias, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis (allergic), sinusitis, blepharitis, hordeolums, eye trauma

CI: none
AdvFX: confusion, HA, lacrimation, sneezing, insomnia, poyuria, sweating
Interactions: none

Answer 65

A

“Fennel”
Constituents: flavonoids, volatile oils
Actions: carminative, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogen, galactogogue
Indications: infant colic, non-ulcer dyspepsia, maldigestion, IBS, gas, hyperestrogenism, hypoestrogenism, insufficient lactation

CI: GERD, biliary obstruction, high dose EO, pregnancy
AdvFX: CNS toxicity
Interactions: none

Answer 66

A

“Kelp”
Constituents: phenolic compounds, mucopolysaccharides, iodine
Actions: anti-hypothyroid, anti-rheumatic
Indications: hypothyroidism, goiter, rheumatism, RA, obesity

CI: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, lactation, long term consumption of iodine
AdvFX: decreased K, Fe, Na absorption, abnml CBC, diarrhea, heavy metal toxicity, urine arsenic
Interactions: levothyroxine, may potentiate amiodarone, lithium

Answer 67

A

“Cleavers”
Constituents: iridoid glycosides, organic acids, tannins
Actions: alterative, aquaretic
Indications: acne, chronic skin disease, nodular growths, lower UTI, lymphadenitis

CI: none
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none

Answer 68

A

“Reishi”
Constituents: polysaccharides, ergosterol, triterpenes
Actions: adaptogen, immune modulator, deep immune activator, anti-allergy, antibacterial anti-cancer, antioxidant, nervine, hepatoprotective, hypotensive
Indications: insomnia, allergies, bronchial asthma, liver disease, adjunct to cancer treatment, chronic immune deficiency

CI: organ transplant, mold sensitivity
AdvFX: dark stool, diarrhea
Interactions: antagonizes amphetamines (dextromethorphan), immune suppressant therapy, corticosteroids, cyclosporine
may potentiate barbiturates, anticoagulants, atorvastatin

Answer 69

A

“Yellow jasmine”
Constituents: indole alkaloids
Actions: anodyne, sedative, parturifacient, antispasmodic
Indications: ovarian cyst pain, topical to os to induce labor, insomnia, fever, nervous unrest, HA, convulsions, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, asthma

CI: hypotension, myasthenia gravis, early pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: sedation, diplopia, ptosis, weak, slow respirations, hypothyroidism, hypothermia, drowsy, GI pain, convulsions, respiratory failure, cardiac failure
Interactions: may potentiate aspirin

Answer 70

A

Constituents: iridoid glycosides, phenolic acids, alkaloids
Actions: bitter, cholagogue, hepatotonic, sialogogue, antimicrobial, emmenagogue
Indications: poor digestion, gastritis, Hpylori, gastroenteritis, chronic hepatitis, liver disease

CI: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, acute hepatitis, acute choelithiasis
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: antagonistic to PPIs, may decrease abs dt increased gut motility

Answer 71

A

Constituents: tannins
Actions: styptic, astringent, venotonic, anti-inflammatory
Indications: mild hemorrhage, menorrhagie, hemorrhoids, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, gastritis, IBS, varicose veins, gingivitis

CI: use to stop diarrhea, long-term use
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: tannins may reduce drug absorption

Answer 72

A

Constituents: flavonoids, terpene lactones, alkylphenols
Actions: anti-atherosclerotic, antiplatelet, vasodilator, antioxidant, inflammation modulator, antineoplastic, nootropic
Indications: atherosclerosis, intermittent claudication, impotence from insufficient blood flow, post-ischemic stroke, phlebitis, cerebrovascular insufficiency (depression, dementia, poor memory), cancer, asthma, COPD

CI: bleeding diathesis, history of hemorrhagic stroke
AdvFX: rash, bleeding, HA
Interactions: potentiates warfarin

Answer 73

A

“Licorice”
Constituents: triterpene glycosides, glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, polysaccharides
Actions: adaptogen, phytoestrogen, antiviral, hepatoprotective, expectorant, antiinflammatory, demulcent, antibacterial (H pylori)
Indications: viral infection, hepatitis, cirrhosis, hormona balance, inflammation, cancer, asthma, COPD, hypothyroidism, sinus bradycardia, hypoadrenocorticism, chronic fatigue syndrome, gastritis, PUD, esophagitis, Hpyori, IBD, lower UTI, OA, RA, inosmnia

CI: HTN, hyperaldosteronism, cirrhosis, hepatitis, CHF, diabetes, pregnancy, long term use
AdvFX: pseudoaldosteronism (fatigue, edema, weight loss, hypertension, rhabdomyolysis, kidney failure, hypokalemia, encephalopathy), reduced thyroid activity
Interactions: potentiates cardiac glycosides, corticosteroids
avoid with hypokalemic drugs (diuretics, corticosteroids, anti-arrythmics…)
protects against mucosal damage from aspirin

Answer 74

A

“Gumweed”
Constituents: resin, alkaloids, EO
Actions: inflammation modulator, respiratory stimulant, antioxidant, relaxing expectorant, antispasmodic
Indications: asthmatic breathing, dry cough, URI bronchitis

CI: ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: hypermagnesemia, hyperselenemia, bradycardia
Interactions: none

Answer 75

A

Constituents: saponins, triterpene gycosides
Actions: hypolipidemic, anti-obesity
Indications: DM, metabolic syndrome, weight loss, hypercholesterolemia

CI: GERD
AdvFX: aggravates reflux
Interactions: decreases insulin requriement, potentiates hypoglycemics, may potentiate atorvastatin

Answer 76

A

“Witch hazel”
Constituents: tannins, flavonoids, volatile oils
Actions: styptic, astringent, venotonic, anti-inflammatory
Indications: mild hemorrhage, hemorrhoid, diarrhea, varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, thrombophlebitis, DVT, enlarged cervix, mucousy leucorrhea

CIs: use to stop diarrhea
AdvFX: nausea, red-irritated skin, contact dermatitis
Interactions: tannins may reduce other drug abs

Answer 77

A

“Devils Claw”
Constituents: iridoid glycosides, falvonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols
Actions: bitter, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, anodyne, hepatic
Indications: poor digestion, gout, OA, RA, rheumatism, myalgia, tendonitis

CIs: GERD, active PUD, obstruction (biliary/GI), diarrhea, acute hepatitis, acute cholecystitis
AdvFX: nausea, diarrhea, gas
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, may decrease abs of other drugs

Answer 78

A

“hops”
Constituents: resin, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: hypnotic, nervine, phytoestrogen, bitter, cholagogue
Indications: poor digestion, insomnia, restlessness, estrogen imbalance, menopause, dysmenorrhea

CIs: GERD, active PUD, obstruction (GI/biliary), diarrhea, acute hepatitis, acute cholecystitis
AdvFX: nausea, headache
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, decreased drug abs

Answer 79

A

Constituents: glucosides, saponins, volatile oils
Actions: diuretic, anti-lithic, demulcent, renal sedative
Indications: prostatitis, BPH, urolithiasis, dysuria, cystitis, urethritis, acute nephritis, acute pyelonephritis

CIs: none
AdvFX: vertigo, chest oppression
Interactions: none

Answer 80

A

“Golden seal”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids, tannins, fatty acids, resin
Actions: bitter, choleretic, anti-catarrhal, antimicrobial, immune modulator, antineoplastic, spasmolytic, astringent, “king of mucus membranes”
Indications: poor digestion, cattarrh on mucus membranes (URI, candidiasis, vaginitis, mastitis, staph skin infx, cancer….)

CIs: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, renal failure, pregnancy, lactation, long-term high dose use
AdvFX: nausea, dysbiosis, *berberine displaces bilirubin from albumin, dyspnea, bradycardia, spasms, paralysis, delirium, hallucinations,
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, may dec other drug abs

Answer 81

A

Constituents: tropane alkaloids, glucosides, scopolamine
Actions: spasmolytic (anti-muscarinic), analgesic, secretolytic, sedative, hypnotic
Indications: Any smooth muscle spasm, intermittent claudication, tremor, delirium, insomnia, schizophrenia, cough, PMS, dysmenorrhea, GERD, hypochlorhydria

CIs: long term use, high doses, BPH, urinary retention, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed-angle glaucoma, acute pulmonary edema, GI stenosis, megacolon, pregnancy, lactation, chidren
AdvFX: hyperthermia, flushed face, dry mucus membranes, mydriasis, blurred vision, giddines….
“hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter”
Interactions: potentiates anticholinergics (atropine, buproprion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tolterodine, TCAs, amantadine

similar to: belladonna, datura stramonium

Answer 82

A

“St Johns Wort”
Constituents: sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, naphthadianthones, volatile oils, flavanoids
Actions: antidepressant, antineoplastic, antimicrobial, nervine, anxiolytic, antiinflammatory
Indications: depression, spinal injury, shock, deep and painful wounds, cancer, CMV, EBV, HIV, AIDS

CIs: suicidal ideation, high doses in pregnancy
AdvFX: photosensitivity rash, alopecia, diarrhea, indigestion, fatigue, depression, elevated liver enzymes
Interactions: similar action to benzodiazepines, TCAs, may cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs, used to wean pts off MAOIs
potentiates antiretrovirals, antagonizes theophylline, cyclosporine, digoxin, warfarin
induces CYP450 3A4

Answer 83

A

Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, polysaccharides
Actions: antiparasitic, expectorant, anticatarrhal, demulcent, antitussive, diaphoretic, antimicrobial
Indications: asthma, COPD, wet cough, dry cough, spasmodic cough, URI, bronchitis, intestinal parasite

CIs: EO taken internally
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may reduce other drug abs

Answer 84

A

Constituents: triterpenoids, resins, oleoresins, EOs, tannins
Actions: cholagogue, choleretic, alterative
Indications: biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, chronic skin disease, mild hepatitis, chronic prostatitis, thyroid and lymphadenopathy

CIs: GERD, active PUD, obstruction, pregnancy, lactation, long term use, high doses
AdvFX: contact dermatitis, increased salivation, N/V, catharsis, toxic at high doses
Interactions: none

Answer 85

A

“Black Walnut”
Constituents: naphthoquinones, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: antiparasitic, antihelminthic, astringent, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic
Indications: intestinal parasites and worms, chronic constipation, dysentery, OA, RA, hemorrhoids, high cholesterol

CIs: pregnancy, long term use
AdvFX: nausea, carcinogenic, mutagenic
Interactions: none

Answer 86

A

“Juniper”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones (thujone), resin, monoterpenoids
Actions: bitter, antimicrobial, diuretic, antirheumatic, counter-irritant
Indications:
(topical) myalgia, OA, RA, HA, sprains/strains
(internal) hypochlorhydria, dyspepsia, maldigestion, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas, myalgia, OA, RA, rheumatism, lower UTI, renal atonia

CIs: active PUD, GERD, hyperchlorhydria, gastritis, obstruction, cholelithiasis, pregnancy, high doses, long term use
AdvFX: emmengogue, abortifacient, convulsions
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, may decrease drug abs

Answer 87

A

“Chaparral”
Constituents: lignans, resins, flavonoids
Actions: antinflammatory, antiallergy, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antineoplastic, antispasmodic, expectorant
Indications: herpes simplex (topical), allergic rhinits, cancer, infection

CIs: liver disease, over large areas of broken skin, pregnancy, lactation, high doses, long term use
AdvFX: strong taste, N/V, anorexia, jaundice, hepatotoxicity, cancer
Interactions: with hepatotoxic drugs, CYP450

Answer 88

A

“Motherwort”
Constituents: cardioactive glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils
Actions: anti-arrythmic, nervine, hypotensive, diuretic
Indications: palpitations, PMS, menopause, endometriosis, leiomyoma, delirium, HYPERthyroidism

CIs: none
AdvFX: GI upset, diarrhea, uterine bleeding
Interactions: none

Other cardiac glycosides: convallaria majalis, digitalis

Answer 89

A

“Culver’s Root”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, volatile oils, tannins, phytosterols, resins
Actions: bitter, hepatotonic, diaphoretic
Indications: poor digestion, hepatitis, liver congestion, cholecystitis

CIs: GERD, active PUD, gastritis, obstruction, diarreha
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs, decreased abs of other drugs

Answer 90

A

“Osha”
Constituents: alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, EOs
Actions: antimicrobial, immune stimulant, inflammation modulator, platelet aggragation inhibitor, vasodilator
Indications: URI, LRespInfx, angina

CIs: high doses in pregnancy
AdvFX: whole body rash
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin

Answer 91

A

“Chinese privet”
Constituents: oleanolic acid, flavonoids
Actions: adaptogen, immune modulator, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic
Indications: infection, cancer, hypercholesterolemia, hepatitis, adjunct to chemotherapy (protects marrow), HTN

CIs: none
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may antagonize immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids, cyclosporine, adalimumab

Answer 92

A

“Flax”
Constituents: Alpha-linolenic acid, mucilage, cyanogenic glycosides, phytoestrogens
Actions: demulcent, emollient, laxative, antitussive, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic
Indications: constipation, GI irritation, UTI, hormone imbalance, cancer prevention, high cholesterol, respiratory catarrh, chronic cough, bronchitis, pleurisy, burns, boils

CIs: GI obstruction, low water intake, early pregnancy, IDA, osteoporosis
AdvFX: B6 deficiency
Interactions: interferes with aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole), 5-A-reductase inhibitors (finasteride)
reduces drug absorption, iron absorption, may potentiate warfarin

Answer 93

A

“Indian tobacco”
Constituents: piperidine alkaloids
Actions: parturtifacient (applied to os), stimulating expectorant, lung tonic, spasmolytic, nervine, diuretic, cathartic
Indications: rigid os preventing labor, wet/spasmodic cough, asthma, URI, dyspnea, smooth muscle spasms

CIs: cardiac hypertrophy, HTN, heart block, weak constitution, dry cough, bulimia, pregnancy
AdvFX: N/V, GI irritation, stupor, tremor, tachycardia, diaphoresis, respiratory depression, unconsciousness
Interactions: none

Answer 94

A

“Indian balsam”
Constituents: sesquiterpene, volatile oils
Actions: antiviral, antibacterial, immune stimulant, anti-tussive, expectorant
Indications: viral respiratory infx

CIs: high doses of unprocessed herb, pregnancy, concurrent UV therapy
AdvFX: whole body pruritic rash
Interactions: none

Answer 95

A

“Bugleweed”
Constituents: phenolic acids
Actions: Thyroid and gonadotropin hormone suppressant, diuretic, cardiac sedative, nervine, astringent
Indications: HyPERthyroidism, palpitations, hemorrhage, hemoptysis

CIs: infertility, pregnancy, lactation, children, euthyroid, hypothyroidism
AdvFX: nausea, infertility, hormone imbalance, possible hypothyroidism
Interactions: may antagonize levothyroxine

Answer 96

A

“German chamomile”
Constituents: flavonoids, coumarins, polysaccharides, tannins, volatile oils
Actions: antiinflammatory, antiallergy, antimicorbial, vlunerary, anti-emetic, carminative, spasmolytic, diaphoretic, hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine
Indications: atopic derm, skin ulcer, wounds, N/V in pregnancy, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leucorrhea, infant colic, gas, gastritis, gastroeneterieis, IBD, smooth muscle spasm, fever, periodontal disease, gingivitis, insomnia, anxiety, pharyngitis, tonsilitis, sinusitis

CIs: high fever, high doses of EO, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: contact derm
Interactions: may potentiate sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem
may dec other drug abs

Answer 97

A

“Alfalfa”
Constituents: isoflavones, alkaloids, saponin glycosides
Actions: phytoestrogens, hepatoprotective, antioxidant
Indications: endometriosis, hyperestrogenism, hypoestrogenism, infertility, menopause

CIs: high doses in pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: spoiled sprouts may cause lupus-like syndrome
Interactions: may potentiate hypoglycemics, may antagonize warfarin, HRT, induces CYP450

Answer 98

A

“Tea Tree”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, volatile oils
Actions: antifungal, antimicrobial, immune stimulant
Indications: dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, acne, thrush, vaginitis, staph skin infx, wounds

CIs: over large areas of broken skin, internal use
AdvFX: burning sensation, topical dermatitis, neurotoxicity if ingested
Interactions: none

Answer 99

A

“Lemon Balm”
Constituents: monterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: antiviral, spasmolytic, carminative, nervine
Indications: HSV, skin irritations, HYPERthyroidism, anxiety, insomnia, nonulcer dyspepsia, maldigestion, IBS, infant colic, gas, smooth muscle spasm

CIs: GERD, hypothyroidism
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none

Answer 100

A

“Peppermint”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: spasmolytic, carminative, antiemetic, counter-irritant, antimicrobial, nervine
Indications: (topical) myalgia, OA, RA< HA, sprain/strain
(internal): cholelithiasis, infant colic, non-ulcer dyspepsia, flatus, maldigestion, IBS, IBD, N/V, smooth muscle spasm, viral URI

CIs: pregnancy, cholelithiasis, hiatal hernia, GERD, G6PD deficiency, high doses of EO
AdvFX: heartburn, neurotoxicity from EOs
Interactions: none

Answer 101

A

“Partridge berry”
Constituents: alkaloids, saponins, tannins
Actions: parturifacient, uterine tonic, emmenagogue, alterative, astringent, diuretic
Indications: Dysmenorrhea, infertility, leiomyoma, menorrhagia, threatened miscarraige, premature labor, stimulate labor, colitis, diarrhea

CIs: early pregnancy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none

Answer 102

A

“Bitter melon”
Constituents: polypeptides, alkaloids, glycosides
Actions: Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, digestive, emmenagogue, anti-helminthic
Indications: DM, psoriasis, skin eruptions, stomach ulcer, intestinal worms, urolithiasis, colitis

CIs: Pregnancy
AdvFX: possible food intolerance
Interactions: may potentiate insulin and hypoglycemics

Answer 103

A

“olive”
Constituents: glycosides, fatty oils, monoterpenes
Actions: hypotensive, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cholagogue, hypoglycemis, demulcent, vulnerary
Indications: HTN, Hyperlipidemia, increased risk of MI, viral infection, gut hypotonicity, constipation, GI irritation, appendicitis, cholelithiasis, dysentery, cradle cap, dry skin, bruises, sprains

CIs: hyperactive gut, large gallstones
AdvFX: GI distress, HA, Herxheimers reaction
Interactions: may potentiate hypoglycemics and warfarin

Answer 104

A

“korean”/”american” ginseng
Constituents: saponin glycosides, polysaccharides, volatile oils
Actions: adaptogen, vulnerary, antitumor, hypoglycemic, phytoestrogen, yang tonic (korean), yin tonic (american)
Indications: pharyngitis, tonsilitis, cancer, infection, autoimmune disease, male infertility, fatigue, stress, diabetes, hyperestrogentism, hypoestrogenism, opiate withdrawl

CIs: HTN, hemorrhage, astham, anxiety, depression, psoriasis, long term use, high doses, pregnancy
AdvFX: mastalgie, post-menopausal bleeding, Ginseng Abuse Syndrome (euphoria, diarrhea, nervousness, insomnia, HTN, skin eruptions)
Interactions: may potentiate caffeine, MAOIs, morphine, insulin, hypoglycemics, immune drugs
may antagonize warfarin, immune suppressive therapy, corticosteroids…

Answer 105

A

“Passion flower”
Constituents: alkaloids, flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides
Actions: Hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine, sedative, spasmolytic, antibacterial
Indications: insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, spasms, convulsions, nervous palpiations, tachycardia

CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: convulsions, paralysis, CNS depression, respiratory depression, hypothermia, hypotension, bradycardia
Interactions: may potentiate SSRIs, MAOIs, seadatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem

Answer 106

A

Constituents: Indole alkaloids, tannins
Actions: aphrodisiac, stimulant, lipolytic, appetitis suppressant, anxiogenic, Alpha-2 adrenergic blocker
Indications: impotence, ED, depression, narcolepsy

CIs: schizophrenia, panic attacks, PTSD, CAD, severe edemea, HTN, angina, PUD, renal dz, liver dz, prostatitis, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: nausea, salivation, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, mania, mydriasis, HTN, edema, fatigue, paralysis, HA, diuresis, palpitations, tachypnea, respiratory/cardiac paralysis
Interactions: potentiates a-adrenergic blockers (carvedilol, risperidone, tamsulosin, trazodone), TCAs, MAOIs, sympathomimetics (albuterol, epinephrine,…)
may antagonize clonidine, atropine

Answer 107

A

“Poke root”
Constituents: lectins, lignans, saponin glycosides, tannins, alkaloids
Actions: alterative, lymphatic, anti-rheumatic, antiviral, cathartic
Indications: lymphadenopathy, cysts, mastitis, aphthous stomatitis, cough, diphtheria, myalgia, OA, RA, rheumatism

CIs: pregnancy, long term use during lactiation, high doses
AdvFX: GI irritation, ulcer, N/V, diarrhea, GI pain, dermatitis, slow respiration, tingling, weakness, diaphoresis, bradycardia, hypotension, resp paralysis, arrythmia, catharsis, leukocytosis,
Interactions: none

Answer 108

A

“kava kava”
Constituents: lactones, phenolic acids, starch
Actions: anxiolytic, anodyne, nervine, sedative, sapsmolytic, muscle relaxant
Indications: anxiety, interstitial cystitis, neuralgia, anorexia, GI cattarh, urinary cattarh, bronchitis, leprosy, gout

CIs: lactation, long term high dose
AdvFX: hepatotoxic, addictive, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcers, vomiting, unconsciousness
Interactions: potentiates anti-psycotics (risperidone), benzodiazepines (alprazolam, diazepam)

Answer 109

A

“jamaican Dogwood”
Constituents:glycosides, isoflavonoids, resins
Actions: anodyne, sedative, spasmolytic, nervine, analgesic
Indications: myalgia, neuralgia, HA, insomnia, pain, spams

CIs: pregnancy, high doses
AdvFX: N/V, salivation, diaphoresis, hyporeflexia, bradycardia, mydriasis, depressed consciousness, convulsion, heart failure
Interactions: may potentiate sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem

Answer 110

A

“Plantain”
Constituents: flavonoids, polysaccharides, mucilage, tannins
Actions: demulcent, vulnerary, antinflammatory, analgesic, immune modulator, astringent
Indications: (topical) dermatitis, wounds, skin ulcers
(internal): gastritis, PUD, diarrhea, interstitial cystitis, lower UTI, respiratory infx, pharyngitis, tonsilitys, dry cough

CIs: wet cough
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may dec drug abs

Answer 111

A

“Mayapple”
Constituents: flavonoids, resins, lignans (podophyllotoxin)
Actions: antineoplastic, antiviral, cholagogue, cathartic (no longer used for this purpose)
Indications: warts, cancer

CIs: ingesting fresh root, gallstones, GI obstruction, topical over large areas, pregnancy, lactation, internal use
AdvFX: dermatitis, keratitis, ulceration, conjunctivitis, erythema, edema, neuropathy, death, nausea, diarrhea, severe catharsis, colitis, gastritis, hallucinations…
Interactions: none

Answer 112

A

“black cherry”
Constituents: cyanogenic glycosides, rannins, resins, volatile oils
Actions: relaxing expectorant
Indications: spasmodic cough, dry and irritating cough, dyspnea

CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: cyanide OD: dyspnea, spasms, stupor, vocal cord paralysis, convulsions, coma
Interactions: none

Answer 113

A

“red stinkwood”
Constituents: phytosterols, triterpenoid saponins, tannins
Actions: prostatic tonic, 5-a-reductase inhibitor, anti-inflammatory
Indications: BPH, chronic prostatitis, low prostatic secretions

CIs: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: GI irritation, nausea, stomach pain
Interactions: may potentiate 5-a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, serenoa)

Answer 114

A

“Wind flower”
Constituents: alkaloids, sapnonins
Actions: anodyne, sedative, nervine
Indications: pain, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, leucorrha, insomnia, nervousness, HA, URI, asthma, indigestion, IBS

CIs: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: hypersalivation, abd pain, N/V, arrythmia, weakness, dyspnea, mydriasis, hypothermia, sedation, paralysis, convulsions, stupor
Interactions: none

Answer 115

A

“red oak”
Constituents: tannins
Actions: astringent, styptic, antinflammatory, antiseptic
Indications: varicosities, anal fissure, wounds, small burns, strains, sprains, weeping eczema, hemorrhoids, leucorrhea, vaginal prolapse, post-partum uterine bleeding, diarrhea, dysentery, rectal bleeding, IBD, ulcers

CIs: heart failure, large areas of skin damage, constipation, IDA
AdvFX: IDA, malabsorption with long term use
Interactions: may reduce other drug abs.

Answer 116

A

“snake root”
Constituents: alkaloids
Actions: systemic vasodialtor, hypotensive, anti-arrythmic, antipsychotic
Indications: HTN, pre-ecclampsia, Raynauds, restlessness, schizophrenia, isnomnia, vasospasm

CIs: depression, Parkinsons, hyperprolactinemia, active PUD, UC, pregnancy
AdvFX: nasal congestion, transient loose stool, sodium retentation, edema, hypotension, severe catacholamine depletion (nightmares, hyperchlorhyria, peptic ulcer, bradycardia, depression, Parkinsonism)
Interactions: depletes catecholamines (Epi/Norepi/serotonin/dopamine)
antagonizes HCTZ, MAOIs, TCAs, digoxin, sympathomimetics

Answer 117

A

“Alder Buckthorn/ Cascara
Constituents: anthroquinone glycosides
Actions: cathartic
Indications: ATONIC CONSTIPATION

CIs: use beyond 10 days, bulimia, GI obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abd pain, under 12yo, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: acute GI crmapin, colic, red urine/feces, p.coli, diarrhea and related SE of diarrhea
Interactions: avoid with hypokalemics (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, GLycyrrhiza
may reduce other drug abs

Answer 118

A

Constituents: flavonoids, lignans, monoterpenes glycosides
Actions: adaptogen, antidepressant
Indications: stress, suppressed immune system, cancer, depression

CIs: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: dizziness, xerostomia, HTN, palpitations, tachycardia
Interactions: inhibits CYP450, may antagonize immune suppression therapy, corticosteroids
may potentiate SSRIs, MAOIs, sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, opiates, benzos)

Answer 119

A

“Castor bean”
Constituents: glycerides, alkaloids, lectins, resins
Actions: anodyne, inflammation modulator, parturtifacient, cathartic, emetic
Indications: dysmenorrhea, ovarian cysts, PMS, colic, myalgia, labor stimulant, intestinal parasites,
ATONIC constipation

CIs: over large areas of broken skin, use beyond 10 days, bulimia, intestinal obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abd paoin, under 12yo, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: acute GI cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, p.coli, diarrhea, hemorrhage, convulsions
Interactions: avoid with hypokalemics (diuretics, corticosteroids, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza
may reduce other drug abs

Answer 120

A

Constituents: monoterpenoids, phenolic acids, volatile oils
Actions: antimicorbial, HTN, circulatory stimulant, nootropic, counter-irritant, antioxidant, carminative
Indications: mylagia, neuralgia, arthritis, alopecia, cerebrovasc insufficiency (dementia, poor memory, debility), hypotensive HAs, URI, enhances Phase I/II detox, maldigestion

CIs: pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: neurotoxicity, death
Interactions: may potentiate doxorubicin, vinblastine

Answer 121

A

“Raspberry”
Constituents: Flavonoids, tannins
Actions: parturifacient, uterine tonic, astringent, inflammation modulator
Indications: preparation for labor, diarrhea, leucorrhea, aphthous ulcers, wounds, gingivitis, conjunctivitis

CIs: use to stop diarrhea, early pregnancy
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: may antagonize warfarin, inhibits CYP450
may reduce other drug abs

Answer 122

A

“Yellow dock”
Constituents: anthraquinone glycosides, tannins
Actions: alterative, hepatoprotective, cholagogue, laxative
Indications: atonic constipation, chronic skin infx, acne, anemia

CIs: use beyond 10 days, bulimia, intestinal obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abdominal pain, under 12yo, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: acute GI crmapin, colic, harmless red urine/feces, p. coli, diarrhea and related SE
Interactions: avoid with hyperkalemics (diuretics, corticosteroids, cardiac glycosides, anti-arrythmics, pseudoephedrine
may dec other drug abs

Answer 123

A

“white willow”
Constituents: phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: antiinflammatory, antipyretic, anti-rheumatic, analgesic, astringent
Indications: pain, IC, lower UTI, diarrhea, fever, myalgia, OA, RA, rheumatism, HA, gout, menopause

CIs: viral exanthema (Reye’s risk), salicylate sensitivity, G6PD deficiency lactation, long-term use
AdvFX: salicylism (N/V, Gi irritation, tinnitus, lethargy, dizziness, cerebral edema, seizures)
Interactions: may potentiate NSAIDs, Aspirin, warfarin

Answer 124

A

“sage”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, tannins, sesquiterpenes lactones (thujone), volatile oils
Actions: antimicrobial, antisecretory, astringent, anti-asthmatic
Indications:
(topical) pharyngitis, tonsilities, gingivitis, warts, peritonsillar abscess
(oral) hot flashes, night sweats, URI, cystitis, infx, gas, post-lactation

CIs: Large doses, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: xerostomia, tremor, tachycardia, neurotoxicity, death from EO
thujone: emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions
Interactions: none

Answer 125

A

“elderberry”
Constituents: flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins
Actions:
(flower) diaphoretic, inflammation modulator, antiallergic astringent
(fruit): antiviral, antioxidant, anticatarrhal, antirheumatic
Indications:
(flower): fever, allergic conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitie, sinusitis, skin ulcers, burns
(fruit): influezna, URI, neuralgia, rheumatism

CIs: high fever
AdvFX: HA, N/V, vertigo, GI distress, diarrhea, tachycardia, convulsions
Interactions: none

Answer 126

A

“bloodroot”
Constituents: isoquinolone alkaloids, resin
Actions: stimulating expectorant, escharotic, antimicrobial, cholagogue, sialogogue
Indications: cervical dysplasia, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, tinea pedis, warts, nasal polyps
gingivitis, periodontal disease, tickling cough, amenorrhea, hepatitis A

CIs: dry cough (no longer used for any cough); closed angel glaucoma, pregnancy, lactation, infants
AdvFX: ulcerations, skin necrosis, local nerve/musc damage, oral leukoplakia with long term use; N/V, diarrhea, abd pain, diaphoresis, HA, arrythmia, mitochondrial poisoning, coma, cardiac failure
Interactions: Nausea from other medications mb enhanced

Answer 127

A

“Schisandra”
Constituents: lignans, phytosterols, volatile oils
Actions: adaptogen, hepatoprotective, stimulant, sedative, expectorant, antitussive, sexual tonic
Indications: chronic hepatitis, liver damage, fatigue, physical stress, debility, depression, insomnia, SOB, liver detox

CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: GERD, restlessness, insomnia, dyspnea
Interactions: potentiates barbiturates, decrease acetominophen toxicity, inhibits CYP450, used for benzo withdrawl

Answer 128

A

“Chinese Skullcap”
Constituents: flavonoids, EO
Actions: anti allergic, antioxidant, antinflammatory, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, anticancer
Indications: asthma, hay fever, dermatitis, acute infection, cancer, OA, RA, ADHD, HBV

CIs: early pregnancy
AdvFX: possible hepatotoxicity, sedation, hypotension
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin, sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazadone, zolpidem)

Answer 129

A

“skullcap”
Constituents: flavonoids, tannins, iridoid glycosides, volatile oils
Actions: hypnotic, anxiolytic, anodyne, nervine, spasmolytic, anticonvulsant
Indications: insomnia, anxiety, pain, nervousness, HA, delirium, seizures, irregular arrythmias, fasciculations

CIs: none
AdvFX: tremors, hepatotoxicity from adulteration
Interactions: none

Answer 130

A

“cereus”
Constituents: alkaloids (hordenine acts as mild cardiac glycoside), mucilage
Actions: anti-arrythmic, positive inotropic, diuretic
Indications: arrythmia, palpitations, CHF, angina, prostatitis, kidney congestion, dysmenorrhea, tinnitus, rheumatism

CIs: pregnancy, lactation, high doses
AdvFX: N/V, arrythia, tachycardia, confusion, HA, GI distress, heart failure
Interactions: may potentiate MAOIs (phenelzine)

Answer 131

A

“Saw palmetto”
Constituents: steroidal saponins, fatty acids, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: Prostatic tonic, 5-a-reductase inhibitor, diuretic
Indications: BPH, Hyperestrogenism, impotence

CIs: use prior to surgery (hemorrhage risk)
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin, 5-a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, Pygeum)

Answer 132

A

“Milk thistle”
Constituents: flavonolignans, sterols, mucilage
Actions: hepatoprotective, hepatorestorative, cholagogue, anti-fibrotic, galactogogue
Indications: Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, fatty liver, prevention of cholelithiasis, Jaundice, psoriasis

CIs: ASTERACEA allergy, pregnancy
AdvFX: none
Interactions: protects againts acetominophen hepatotoxicity, cisplatin/cyclosporine/methotrexate hepato and nephro toxicity
potentiates doxorubicin

Answer 133

A

“Sarsaparilla”
Constituents: steroidal saponins, phytosterols, resin, volatile oils
Actions: alterative, anti-rheumatic, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic
Indications: chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, fevers, OA, RA, rheuamtism, gout, cancer

CIs: GERD
AdvFX: GERD
Interactions: increased digitalis absorption

Answer 134

A

“Goldenrod”
Constituents: volatile oils, saponins, flavonoids
Actions: anti-catarrhal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, carminative
Indications: wound healing, URI with cattarh, influenza, flatulent dyspepsia, cystitis, urethritis, dysuria, anuria, amenorrhea

CIs: high doses, ASTERACEA family
AdvFX: none
Interactions: none

Answer 135

A

“Comfrey”
Constituents: polysaccharides, unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, tannins, mucilage
Actions: demulcent, relaxing expectorant, vulnerary
Indications: wounds, dermatitis, osseus fractures, ulcers, mastitis, gingivitis, dry cough, hemoptysis, lung/GI inflammation, UTI dysentery, GU bleed

CIs: pregnancy, lactation, children, wet cough, topical application to large areas of broken skin, chronic use, hepatotoxicity
AdvFX: nausea, HVOD, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergistic with hepatotoxic drugs

Answer 136

A

“Feverfew”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, volatile oils
Actions: inflammation modulator, carminative, insecticide
Indications: migraine headaches, maldigestion, RA, irregular menses, toothache

CIs: pregnancy, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: fresh leaves may burn/ cause ulcerations, GI upset, withdrawl: nervousenss, insomnia, HA, jointpain
Interactions: may antagonize morphine, may potentiate warfarin

Answer 137

A

“Tansy”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones (thujone), flavonoids, volatile oils
Actions: antiparasitic, antihelminthis, emmenagogue, astringent
Indications: intestinal parasites, worms, weak digestion, amenorrhea, gingivitis

CIs: large doses, pregnancy, lactation, ASTERACEA
AdvFX: vomiting, diarrhea, GI pain, rigid pupils, flushing, uterine bleeding, tachypnea, arrythmia, convulsion, loss of consciousness
thujone: emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions, possible carcinogen
Interactions: none

Answer 138

A

“Dandelion”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, polysaccharides, triterpenes, resin, falvonoids
Actions: bitter, diretic, antiviral, choleretic; hepatoprotective, antirheumatic, antiinflammatory
Indications: lower UIT, urolithiasis, edema, warts topical;
poor digestion, cholecystitis

CIs: GERD, active PUD, gastritis, obstruction, diarrhea, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: antagonizes PPIs; may potentiate lithium, hypoglycemics, reduces B vitamin absorption
may dec other drug abs

Answer 139

A

“cocoa tree”
Constituents: alkaloids, caffeine, phytosterols, flavonoids
Actions: stimulant, vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant, diuretic
Indications: bronchial smooth muscle spasm, HTN, anxiety, cardiovascular health, cirrhosis

CIs: heart disease (theoretical)
AdvFX: migraine, eczema
Interactions: reduces iron absorption, HTN crisis with MAOI concomitant use

Answer 140

A

“Cedar”
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, volatile oils
Actions: immune modulator, antimicrobial, diuretic
Indications: warts, leucorrhea, anal fissures, chancre, ulcers, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, incontinence, enuresis, GU catarrh

CIs: large doses (thujone), pregnany and lactation
AdvFX: N/V, impotence, fatty liver, insomnia, nightmares, hallucinations, convulsion
Interactions: none

Answer 141

A

“Thyme”
Constituents: monoterpenoids, tannins, resins
Actions: antimicrobial, counter-irritant, antiplatelet, vasodilator, carminative, anti-tussive, expectorant
Indications: myalgia, neuralgia, OA, RA, HA, sprains, strains, gastroenteritis, Hpylori, viral infx, bacterail infx, parasitic infx, asthma, COPD, pertussi, IBS, TB

CIs: long term use of EO at high doses
AdvFX: N/V, stupor, potentially neurotoxic, lethal
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin

Answer 142

A

“Linden”
Constituents: volatile oils, mucilage, tannins, flavonoids, saponins
Actions: diaphoretic, vasodilator, spasmolytic, bervine, antimicrobial
Indications: bath or enema for anxiety, HTN, rheumatism, dermatitis, pruritis, eczema, restlessness, migraine, HA< URI, HTN, arteriosclerosis

CIs: none
AdvFX: urticaria, allergic rhinitis
Interactions: decreased iron absorption

Answer 143

A

“Bindii”
Constituents: steroidal saponins, phytosterols, alkaloids
Actions: sex-hormone enhancer (estrogenic/androgenic); negative chronotropic
Indications: infertility, impotence, decreased libido, fatigue, convalescence, CAD

CIs: GERD, cholestasis, BPH, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: aggravated GERD, insomnia, menorrhagia
Interactions: may potentiate cardiac glycosides (digoxin, convallaria, digitalis, leonorus), beta blockers, ca-channel blockers (amlodipine)

Answer 144

A

“Red Clover”
Constituents: isoflavones, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides
Actions: phytoestrogen, nervine, anti-tussive, spasmolytic, anti-cancer
Indications: hyperestrogenism, hypoestrogenism, menopause, acne, cancer, gout, arthritis, spasmodic cough, ulcers, psoriasis, eczema

CIs: estrogen sensitive breast Ca (recently disproven), bleeding do
AdvFX: contact derm
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin

Answer 145

A

“Colt’s foot”
Constituents: polysaccharides, unsaturated pyrrolizidne alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids
Actions: demulcent, relaxing expectorant, anti-catarrhal, vulnerary, anti-tussive
Indications: wounds, dermatitis, dry cough, sinusitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, lung inflammation, GI inflammation

CIs: internal use, chronic use, ASTERACEA allergy
AdvFX: nausea, HVOD, hepatic failure
Interactions: synergistic with hepatotoxic drugs

Answer 146

A

“slippery elm”
Constituents: polysaccharides, mucilage, tannins
Actions: demulcent, astringent, anti-inflammatory
Indications: gastritis, GI inflammation, diarrhea, GERD, IBS, IBD, peptic ulcer, lower UTI, IC, sore throat, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, dry cough

CIs: wet cough, not sustainable
AdvFX: none
Interactions: may rdec other drug abs

Answer 147

A

“stinging nettle”
Constituents: flavonoids, resin, volatile acids, histamine, 5-HT, tannins, lignans
Actions: diuretic, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, counter-irritant, astringent, galactogogue, nephroprotective, prostatic tonic
Indications: OA, RA< eczema, neuralgia, warts, lower UTI, urolithiasis, gout, allergic rhinitis, arthritis, chronic renal failure (seeds), BPH (root)

CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: stinging from fresh leaf
Interactions: none

Answer 148

A

“old mans beard”
Constituents: organic acids
Actions: antimicrobial, antifungal, antiinflammatory
Indications: infections, RA, vaginitis

CIs: none
AdvFX: hepatotoxicity when using isolated usnic acid
Interactions: none

Answer 149

A

“Blueberry”
Constituents: proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, tannins
Actions: antioxidant, venotonic, anti-adhesions, astringent, hypoglycemic (leaf)
Indications: chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins, fragile capillaries, diabetic retinopathy, UTI, hemorrhoids, gastroeneteritis, UTI, diarrhea, constipation, aphthous ulcers,

CIs: use to stop diarrhea
AdvFX: diarrhea, long term use may damage liver
Interactions: may potentiate insulins and hypoglycemics,
may reduce other drug abs.

Answer 150

A

Constituents: monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, tannins, volatile oils
Actions: hypnotic, anxiolytic, anodyne, spasmolytic, nervine
Indications: insomnia, anxiety, smooth muscle spasm, HA, epilepsy

CIs: none
AdvFX: drowsines, HA, vertigo, restlessness, insomnia, GERD, CNS paralysis
Interactions: may potentiate sedatives (antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem)

Answer 151

A

“White hellebore”
Constituents: steroid alkaloids, glycosides
Actions: hypotensive, circulatory depressant, spasmolytic
Indications: HTN, cholera, gout, fever, convulsions

CIs: DO NOT PRESCRIBE< EXTREMELY TOXIC, long term use, pregnancy, lactation
AdvFX: N/V, GI burning, diarrhea, weakness, mydriasis, convulsions, AV block, coma, death
Interactions: none (bc you wont be prescribing it, according to core NPLEX)

Answer 152

A

“mullein”
Constituents: irirod glycosides, bioflavanoids, saponins, resin, mucilage
Actions: demulcent, relaxing expectorant, antitussive, GU sedative, diuretic
Indications: acute otitis media, otitis externa, rheumatism, ulcers, tonsillitis, athma, COPD, TB, ANY TYPE OF COUGH, cystitis, GU cancer

CIs: none
AdvFX: smoking with Datura and KNO3 may cause vertigo?
Interactions: none

Answer 153

A

“Blue vervain”
Constituents: iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, volatile oils, tannins
Actions: pituitary balancing, nervine, diaphoretic, galactogogue, emmenagogue
Indications: anovulation, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, galactorrhea, insufficient lactation, infertility, hypoprogesteronism, HEPATITIS, jaundice

CIs: pregnancy
AdvFX: nausea
Interactions: may antagonize warfarin

Answer 154

A

“Cramp bark”/”Black haw”
Constituents: coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, salicin
Actions: spasmolytic, astringent, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, hypotensive
Indications: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, threatened miscarraige, premature labor, smooth msucle spasms, acute urolithiasis, myalgia, HTN, arthritis, opiate withdrawl

CIs: eating raw fruit, UTI
AdvFX: GI irritation, salicyclate hypersensitivity
Interactions: none

Answer 155

A

“Periwinkle”
Constituents: indole alkaloids, tannins
Actions: astringent, circulatory stimulant, hypotensive
Indications: menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, hematuria, epistaxis, aphthous ulcers, severe HTN, HTNsive visual changes, HA, vertigo, restlessness, cerebral atherosclerosis, poor memory, Hodgkins lymphoma, leukemia

CIs: pregnancy, lactation, hypotension
AdvFX: drowsy, blurred vision, xerostomia, nausea, ataxia, psychosis, convulsions, alopecia, hypotension, death
Interactions: none

Answer 156

A

“European mistletoe”/ “American mistletoe”
Constituents:lectins, flavonoids, alkaloids
Actions: hypotensive, immune modulator, antitumor, cerebral circulatory stimulant
Indications: HIV, AIDS, cancer, HTN, HA, vertigo, epilepsly, neuralgia, rheumatism, tachycardia

CIs: migraines, pregnancy, lactation, high doses
AdvFX: anemia, mydriasis, hemorrhae, liver damage, thymus damage, convulsions, local inflammation at injection site if doing IM/IV
Interactions: may potentiate MAOIs (phenelzine)

Answer 157

A

“Chaste-tree”
Constituents: deterpenoids, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, alkaloids
Actions: pituitary balancing, galactogogue, emmenagogue, uterine tonic
Indications: dysmenorrhea, breast tenderness, depression, migrain, HA< menopause, PMS, PMS acne, hyperprolactinemia, anovulation, galactorrhea, insufficient lactation, hypoprogesteronism, ovarian cysts, aphrodisiac at high doses

CIs: pregnancy, impotence
AdvFX: formication
Interactions: none

Answer 158

A

“Ashwaganda”
Constituents: steroidal lactones, alkaloids
Actions: adaptoge, immune modulator, relaxing expectorant, aphrodisiac, sedative, enhancing cognition
Indications: chronic stress, chronic inflammation, insomnis nervous exhaustion, asthma, bronchitis, infection, anxiety, low libido, impotens, opiate withdrawl, auto-immune disease, hypothyroidism

CIs: pregnancy, auto-immune disease
AdvFX: none
Interactions: potentiates barbiturates, epileptics
may antagonize immune suppressant therapy

Answer 159

A

Ginger
Constituents: resins, sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids
Actions: digestive stimulant, carminative, anti-emetic, antiparasitic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, hypolipidemic
Indications: hypochlorhydria, maldigestion, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, atonic constipation, gas, nausea, vomiting, parasitic infx, motion sickness, inflammation, arthritis, rheumatism, infx, fever, atherosclerosis

CIs: active PUD, gastritis, hyperchlorhydria, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea, Raynauds
AdvFX: Gi burning, contact derm
Interactions: may potentiate warfarin, antagonize antacids
dec other drug abs
protects against mucosal damage from aspirin

Answer 160

A

Yarrow
Anica
Artemisia (absinthium, annua, vulgaris)
Calendula off.
Cineraria maritima
cynara scolymus
Echinacea
Eupatorium
Grindelia
Matricaria
Silybum
Solidago
Tanacetum
Taraxacum
Tussilago

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