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Bot Med > BotMed 2 > Flashcards

BotMed 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Citrus senensis

A

sweet orange peel

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2
Q

Citrus aurantium

A

bitter orange peel

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3
Q

Ulmus fulva

A

Slippery elm

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4
Q

Ammi visnaga

A

Khella

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5
Q

Dioscorea villosa

A

Wild yam

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6
Q

Petasites hybridus

A

Butterbur

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7
Q

Euphrasia officinalis

A

Eyebright

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8
Q

Amoracia rusticana

A

Horseradish

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9
Q

Ephedra sinica

A

Ma Huang

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10
Q

Datura stramonium

A

Jimson weed

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11
Q

Ligusticum porteri

A

Osha

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12
Q

Inula helenium

A

Elecampne

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13
Q

Prunus serotina

A

Black cherry

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14
Q

Verbascum thapsus

A

Mullein

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15
Q

Tussilago farfara

A

Coltsfoot

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16
Q

Plantago ovata

A

Psyllium

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17
Q

Linum usitatissimum

A

Flax

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18
Q

Rhamnus purshiana

A

Cascara

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19
Q

Aesculus hipposcastanum

A

Horse chestnut

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20
Q

Ruscus aculeatus

A

Butchers broom

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21
Q

Collinsonia canadensis

A

Stone root

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22
Q

Hamamelis virginiana

A

Witch hazel

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23
Q

Allium sativum

A

Garlic

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24
Q

Sambucus nigra

A

Elderberry

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25
Q

Eupatorium perfoliatum

A

Boneset

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26
Q

Chimaphila umbellata

A

Pipsissewa, princess pine

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27
Q

Vaccinium macrocarpon

A

Cranberry

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28
Q

Zea mays

A

Corn silk

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29
Q

Equisetum arvense

A

Horsetail

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30
Q

Solidago spp.

A

Goldenrod

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31
Q

Serenoa repens

A

Saw palmetto

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32
Q

Epiloblum parviflorum

A

Willow herb

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33
Q

Opuntia

A

Prickly pear

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34
Q

Punica granatum

A

Red pomegranate

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35
Q

Hippophae rhamnodies

A

Sea buckthorn, sea berry

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36
Q

Tribulus terrestris

A

Devil’s weed

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37
Q

Lepidium meyenil

A

Maca

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38
Q

Epimedium sagittatum

A

Horny goat weed

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39
Q

Salvia officinalis

A

Sage

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40
Q

Hydrastis canadensis

A

Goldenseal

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41
Q

Viburnum opulus

A

Guelder rose

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42
Q

Rheum rhaponticum

A

False rhubarb

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43
Q

Actea racemosa

A

Black cohosh

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44
Q

Vitex agnus castus

A

Chaste tree, Chasteberry

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45
Q

Single aromatic rings w/ various side groups

A

Simple phenolic

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46
Q

Secondary metabolite

A

organic compounds that are not directly involved in normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism

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47
Q

One or more phenolic rings with acidic carboxyl groups

A

Phenolic acids

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48
Q

Phenolic acids with ester linkages to a central glucose molecule

A

Tannins

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49
Q

Aromatic ring attached to pyran group

A

coumarin

chromones (isomers of coumarins)

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50
Q

Aromatic ring attached to pyran and furan group

A

furanocoumarins

furanochromones (isomers of furanocoumarins)

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51
Q

Which compounds have a photosensitizing effect in fair-skinned people?

A

furanocoumarins

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52
Q

Two aromatic rings surrounding a quinone ring, often occurring as glycosides

A

anthraquinones

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53
Q

Medicinal use of anthraquinones

A

laxative, purgative effects

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54
Q

What are 3 examples of plants containing anthraquinone glycosides?

A

rhamnus purshiana

aloe spp.

cassia senna

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55
Q

Dimeric compound of two phenylpropene derivatives

A

lignans

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56
Q

Similar to lignans, but with a conjugated bond

A

stilbenes

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57
Q

Resveratrol is an example of a __

A

stilbene

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58
Q

Three aromatic rings with central pyran ring

A

flavanoids

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59
Q

Glycoside

A

molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond

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60
Q

Glycone

A

sugar group in a glycoside

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61
Q

Aglycone

A

non-sugar group in a glycoside

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62
Q

Similar to flavones, but with a charge

A

Anthocyanidins

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63
Q

Glycosides of anthocyanidins

A

Anthocyanins

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64
Q

Oligmers and polymers of flavan-3-ol moieties

A

proanthocyanidins

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65
Q

Which classes are volatile?

A

simple phenolics, chromones, furanochromones, coumarins, furanocoumarins

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66
Q

Which classes are phytoestrogens?

A

lignans

isoflavones

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67
Q

Which classes of terpenes are volatile?

A

monoterpenes

sesquiterpenes

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68
Q

How many carbons in a monoterpene?

A

10

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69
Q

How many carbons in a sesquiterpene?

A

15

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70
Q

How many carbons in a diterpene?

A

20

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71
Q

How many carbons in a triterpene?

A

30

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72
Q

How many carbons in a tetraterpene?

A

40

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73
Q

Which class of terpenes includes carotenoids?

A

tetraterpene

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74
Q

Resins generally have what action?

A

expectorant

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75
Q

Resin

A

Mixture of terpenoid molecules and volatile oils that combine to form a solid/semi-solid substance that is excreted by plants for protection or in response to injury

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76
Q

Amphipathic

A

molecule possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements

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77
Q

Saponin

A

amphipathic glycosides

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78
Q

Saponins produce a __ when shaken in an aqueous solution.

A

soap-like foaming

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79
Q

Basic properties of an alkaloid

A

contains nitrogenous molecule
soluble in alcohol and water
alkaline character

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80
Q

How are alkaloids classified?

A

by structure

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81
Q

Polysaccharide that forms gels or slime when combined with water

A

mucilage

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82
Q

Effects of bitters

A

Inc. Ghrelin

Inc. CCK

Stimulate motility

Anti-inflammatory to GI mucosa

Stimulate proliferation of mucosal cells

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83
Q

What are the compounds that act as bitter principles in Gentiana lutea?

A

secoiridoid glycosides

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84
Q

What type of compound is responsible for antispasmodic action of carminative herbs?

A

volatile oils

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85
Q

Emolient

A

topical demulcent

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86
Q

Digestive bitter good for digestive issues but contraindicated in pregnancy

A

gentiana lutea

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87
Q

Contains bitter and aromatic constituents

A

citrus senensis/aurantium

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88
Q

Contins furanocoumarins which have a photosensitizing effect

A

citrus aurantium

89
Q

Antispasmodic and carminative that also acts as a galactogogue

A

foeniculum vulgare

90
Q

In addition to being used for GI issues, fennel is also a __ and is combined with __ to treat __

A

broncodilator

grindelia

asthma

91
Q

Carminative and stomachic that is especially useful in children who are restless and irritable

A

matricaria recutita

92
Q

Carminative with an antiemetic effect that can be used as a synergist?

A

zingiber officinale

93
Q

Alterative and astringent which contains iron and is good for morning diarrhea

A

rumex crispus

94
Q

Good for subacute/chronic diarrhea due to its astringent qualities

A

geranium maculatum

95
Q

Difference between laxative, purgative, and cathartic

A

laxative makes BM easier

purgative causes controlled evacuation of bowels

cathartic causes uncontrolled evacuation of bowels

96
Q

What is the 1˚ type of constituent responsible for purgative/cathartic herbs?

A

anthraquinone glycosides

97
Q

Compare uses of inner gel and outer leaf of Aloe?

A

inner gel - bulking agent, immunomodulating

outer leaf - irritant laxative, anthraquinone glycosides

98
Q

What plant contains acemannan?

A

aloe

99
Q

Actions of plantago ovata

A

inc. passage time when diarrhea
dec. passage time when constipation
dec. serum cholesterol
dec. postprandial blood glucose elevations

bulk laxative

100
Q

Ileus is a major contraindication for which plant?

A

linum usitatissimum

101
Q

Two examples of bulk laxatives

A

linum usitatissimum

plantago ovata

102
Q

What is an important contraindication for rhamnus purshiana?

A

children under 12

103
Q

What are two possible side effects for rhamnus purshiana?

A

melanosis coli

gripping/watery diarrhea

104
Q

When is rhamnus purshiana usually taken?

A

before bed to stimulate morning BM

105
Q

Rhamnus purshiana contains what constituent?

A

emodin - anthraquinone glycoside

106
Q

Rhamnus pursiana stimulates __ via the __

A

peristalsis

autonomic nervous system

107
Q

Examples of irritant laxatives

A

rhamnus purshiana

aloe (outer leaf)

108
Q

What herb is known for being a venous tonic?

A

aesculus hippocastanum

109
Q

What are topical uses of aesculus hippocastanum

A

blunt trauma

hematomas

post-op swelling

hemorrhoids

110
Q

In addition to being a venous tonic, aesculus hippocastanum is also a/an __.

A

astringent

111
Q

Patient has varicosities. Which herb would you think of first?

A

aesculus hippocastanum

112
Q

Pregnant patient has internal hemorrhoids. Which herb would you think of first?

A

ruscus aculeatus

113
Q

What is a key indication for ruscus aculeatus?

A

varicosities in pregnancy

114
Q

A patient has passive congestion (pooling of blood). What herb do you think of first?

A

collinsonia canadensis

115
Q

What are 4 big hemorrhoid herbs?

A

hamamelis virginiana

collinsonia canadensis

ruscus aculeatus

aesculus hippocastanum

116
Q

Patient has pruritis ani. What herb do you think of first?

A

hamamelis virginana

117
Q

Which herb is known as a pure astringent

A

agrimonia eupatoria

118
Q

What herb should you take when caught in a bind?

A

agrimonia eupatoria

119
Q

Two main ways expectorants work

A

irritating tissue to promote coughing

decreasing spasms and thinning mucus

120
Q

Antitussive

A

herbs which decrease the frequency of a cough

121
Q

Which herbs contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

tussilago farfara

petasites hybridus

122
Q

Action of urtica dioica when combined with __ to treat male complaints.

A

pygeum africanum

inhibit conversion of T to estradiol

123
Q

Lectin UDA

A

constituent of urtica dioica that may stimulate T-cells, good for viral infections

124
Q

With Urtica, the leaf is used __, the root __.

A

above the belt

below the belt

125
Q

Patient has chronic diarrhea with large mucous evacuations. Which herb do you think of first?

A

urtica dioica

126
Q

Which herb is good for both asthma, angina pectoria, and passage of urinary calculi?

A

ammi visnaga

127
Q

Action of coleus forskolii

A

inc. intracellular cAMP -> relaxed SM in bronchial tree

128
Q

What herb is great for sinusitis because it is a mucolytic and a stimulant?

A

amoracia rusticana

129
Q

What respiratory herb has a preference for the eyes and nose?

A

euphrasia officinalis

130
Q

What herb contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is an antispasmodic good for asthma and bronchitis?

tropane alkaloids?

A

petasites hybridus

datura stramonium

131
Q

Three herbs that are good for a wet cough

A

salvia officinalis

hyssopus officinalis

thymus vulgaris

132
Q

What herb is rarely used by practitioners b/c of the possible OD sxs of tropane alkaloids?

A

datura stramonium

133
Q

What herb is a warm, dry bronchodilator that releases NE from sympathetic neurons?

A

ephedra sinica

134
Q

What specific condition is thymus vulgaris used for?

A

whooping cough

135
Q

Important action of thymus vulgaris

A

anti-microbial

136
Q

Patient presents with chronic low grade fever and rapid flooding pulse. What herb do you think of first?

A

hyssopus officinalis

137
Q

Use this herb responsibly due to its limited habitat.

A

ligusticum porteri

138
Q

What herb is particularly good in the early stages of flu?

A

ligusticum porteri

139
Q

“Singer’s herb”

A

ligusticum porteri

140
Q

What herb is indicated in deep lung conditions, MRSA, and TB?

A

inula helenium

141
Q

Actions of grindelia spp.

A

dec. RR

stimulate KD

relaxing expectorant

142
Q

Contraindications for gindelia spp.

A

KD dz

CV dz

143
Q

Herb that is frequently combined with fennel and is indicated for dry, harsh coughs

A

grindelia spp.

144
Q

Relaxing expectorant that also works as a nervine, astringent, and bitter

A

prunus serotina

145
Q

What herb could be described as a lung tonic?

A

glycyrrhiza glabra

146
Q

What herb is an amphoteric expectorant?

A

verbascum thapsus

147
Q

Patient presents with dry, hacking cough that is worse at night. What herb do you think of first?

A

verbascum thapsus

148
Q

Verbascum thapsus is good for dry, hacking coughs because it contains __.

A

mucilage

149
Q

What is an immunological action of tussilago farfara?

A

stimulates TH1 response

150
Q

Patient presents with emphysema. Which herb do you think of first?

A

tussilago farfara

151
Q

5 examples of relaxing expectorants

A

grindelia spp.

prunus serotina

glycyrrhiza glabra

tussilago farfara

hyssopus officinalis

152
Q

Four examples of synergists

A

piper nigrum

zingiber officinale

allium sativum

glycyrrhiza glabra

153
Q

Which herbs contain berberine?

A

hydrastis canadensis

mahonia spp.

berberis spp.

coptis chinensis

154
Q

How is berberine used?

A

topically

155
Q

What are the elements of the HEMP formula?

A

hydrastis

echinacea

myrrh

pytolacca

156
Q

What are examples of herbs that could replace hydrastis in the HEMP formula?

A

mahonia spp.

melissa

157
Q

What are examples of herbs that could replace myrrh in the HEMP formula?

A

propolis

ligusticum porferi

158
Q

What are examples of herbs that could replace phytolacca in the HEMP formula?

A

ceanothus spp.

galium

159
Q

Patient presents with acute diarrhea and passive hemorrhage. What herb do you think of first?

A

potentilla tormentilla

160
Q

What herb is particularly good at the onset of respiratory infections like the flu bc of its antiviral component?

A

sambucus nigra

161
Q

What herb is good for illnesses which set into the bones with aching, fever, and chills?

A

eupatorium perfoliatum

162
Q

Patient presents with SIBO or giardia. Which herb do you think of first?

A

mahonia spp.

163
Q

Three types of diuretic

A

osmotic

irritant

enhancing

164
Q

2 examples of osmotic diuretics

A

taraxacum, solidago

165
Q

4 examples of irritant diuretics

A

uva-ursi

chimaphila

equisetum

juniperus

166
Q

2 examples of enhancing diuretics

A

cayenne

zingiber officinale

167
Q

What irritating diuretic has a high tannin content in older leaves?

A

arctostaphylos uva-ursi

168
Q

Arbutin is an important constituent in __.

A

arctostaphylos uva-ursi

169
Q

Patient says they feel like they’re dragging in the loins. Which herb do you think of first?

A

arctostaphylos uva-ursi

170
Q

Why should you not combine arctostaphylos uva-ursi with alkaloidal herbs?

A

the tannins may precipitate of of the solution

171
Q

The hydroquinone glycosides found in arctostaphylos uva-ursi are known for being __.

A

highly toxic and mutagenic

172
Q

How does chimaphila umbellata compare to arctostaphylos uva-ursi?

A

less arbutin than uva-ursi

more alterative

more lymphatic

can be used longer b/c of lower tannin content

173
Q

How is chimaphila umbellata used as a homeopathic?

A

breast tumor with sharp pain

174
Q

What herb could be used to treat ascites, breast tumors, and BPH?

A

chimaphila umbellata

175
Q

What is the main indication for vaccinium marcocarpon?

A

prevents mild-mod. UTIs in young women and elderly

176
Q

What’s a potential side effect of vaccinium macrocarpon?

A

it may enhance warfarin action

177
Q

How does vaccinium macrocarpon prevent UTIs?

A

it inhibits the adherence of E. coli to the bladder dt proanthocyanidin content

178
Q

What herb focuses on the kidney but should only be used short-term dt over-irritation possiblities?

A

juniperus communis

179
Q

What is unique about Zea mays as a diuretic?

A

mild

good for children

potassium-sparing

180
Q

What herb fits the homeopathic profile of Silica?

A

equisetum arvense

181
Q

Patient presents with hematuria. Which herb do you think of first?

A

equisetum arvense

182
Q

When dosing equisetum arvense, it’s better to use in __ and not use it longer than __

A

tea form

6 wks dt KD damage

183
Q

What herb is described as a renal cleanser?

A

equisetum arvense

184
Q

Why do you need to be careful when harvesting equisteum arvense?

A

the plant has an ability to concentrate toxins

185
Q

What can be both an osmotic and irritant diuretic?

A

solidago spp.

186
Q

What herb is good as an adjuvant in bacterial infections of the urinary tract?

A

solidago spp.

187
Q

Two herbs known mainly for their use in BPH

A

epilobium parviflorum

opuntia

188
Q

Two herbs used for fertility and obesity

A

punica granatum

hippophae rhamnodies

189
Q

Action of serenoa repens

A

inhibits conversion of T to DHT (5-alpha-reductase inhibitor)

190
Q

How should you not prepare serenoa repens?

A

as a tea or low-alcohol tincture dt lipophilic nature

191
Q

What is a potential side effect of serenoa repens?

A

laxative effect dt saponin content

192
Q

Carotenoids are found within which BPH herb?

A

serenoa repens

193
Q

Which herb is estrogenic in females and androgenic in males?

A

tribulus terrestris

194
Q

This herb inc. plasma T, GH, insulin, and aldosterone?

A

tribulus terrestris

195
Q

What adaptogenic herb is good for infertility, dec. libido and stimulates spermatogenesis?

A

tribulus terrestris

196
Q

What phytoestrogen is used for depression and anxiety during perimenopause?

A

Rheum rhaponticum

197
Q

Which adaptogen has a specificity of seat with the hormones and is good for perimenopausal symptoms?

A

lepidium spp.

198
Q

Two herbs good for low libido and infertility?

A

tribulus terrestris

lepidium meyenii

199
Q

Patient presents with bladder spasms. Which herb do you think of first?

A

viburnum opulus

200
Q

What is a key constituent of viburnum opulus?

A

arbutin

201
Q

Which herb has a progesteronic effect?

A

vitex agnu-castus

202
Q

Which herb has an amphoteric action in the endocrine system (aphrodisiac or anaphrodisiac)?

A

vitex agnus-castus

203
Q

Two herbs that have a estrogenic effect and are good for dysmenorrhea.

A

actea racemosa

angelica sinensis

204
Q

Action of vitex angus-castus on prolactin

A

inhibits prolactin release

205
Q

Are all herbs with estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?

A

no

206
Q

Chinese herb used for poor libido

A

epimedium sagittatum

207
Q

Nerve tonic and nutritive relaxant that can increase vitality over time

A

avena sativa

208
Q

Four herbs that can act as aphrodisiacs

A

hippophae rhamnodies

tribulus terrestris

lepidium meyenii

serenoa repens

209
Q

Four herbs good for dysmenorrhea

A

viburnum opulus

actea racemosa

angelica sinensis

vitex agnus-castus

210
Q

Four herbs good for perimenopausal symptoms

A

rheum rhaponticum

actea racemosa

vitex agnus-castus

lepidium spp.

211
Q

What herb could be used for acne, fibroids, PMS, fertility, mastalgia?

A

vitex agnus-castus

212
Q

Two herbs good for hormone balancing

A

actea racemosa

vitex agnus-castus

213
Q

What herb is good for low estrogen-causing conditions?

A

actea racemosa

214
Q

Excessive sexual enjoyment or hyperactive children

A

avena sativa

215
Q

Four herbs for BPH

A

serenoa repens

opuntia

epilobium parviflorum

chimaphila umbellata

216
Q

Two herbs used for chronic prostatitis

A

serenoa repens

chimaphila umbellata

217
Q

What anti-viral herb can have a laxative and emetic effect in large doses?

A

eupatorium perfoliatum

218
Q

Two herbs good for dry coughs

A

grindelia

verbascum thapsus

Bot Med (3 decks)

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