BotMed 2 Flashcards by alex speers

Citrus senensis

sweet orange peel

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Citrus aurantium

bitter orange peel

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Ulmus fulva

Slippery elm

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Ammi visnaga

Khella

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Dioscorea villosa

Wild yam

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Petasites hybridus

Butterbur

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Euphrasia officinalis

Eyebright

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Amoracia rusticana

Horseradish

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Ephedra sinica

Ma Huang

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Datura stramonium

Jimson weed

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Ligusticum porteri

Osha

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Inula helenium

Elecampne

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Prunus serotina

Black cherry

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Verbascum thapsus

Mullein

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Tussilago farfara

Coltsfoot

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Plantago ovata

Psyllium

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Linum usitatissimum

Flax

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Rhamnus purshiana

Cascara

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Aesculus hipposcastanum

Horse chestnut

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Ruscus aculeatus

Butchers broom

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Collinsonia canadensis

Stone root

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Hamamelis virginiana

Witch hazel

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Allium sativum

Garlic

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Sambucus nigra

Elderberry

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Eupatorium perfoliatum

Boneset

Chimaphila umbellata

Pipsissewa, princess pine

Vaccinium macrocarpon

Cranberry

Zea mays

Corn silk

Equisetum arvense

Horsetail

Solidago spp.

Goldenrod

Serenoa repens

Saw palmetto

Epiloblum parviflorum

Willow herb

Opuntia

Prickly pear

Punica granatum

Red pomegranate

Hippophae rhamnodies

Sea buckthorn, sea berry

Tribulus terrestris

Devil's weed

Lepidium meyenil

Maca

Epimedium sagittatum

Horny goat weed

Salvia officinalis

Sage

Hydrastis canadensis

Goldenseal

Viburnum opulus

Guelder rose

Rheum rhaponticum

False rhubarb

Actea racemosa

Black cohosh

Vitex agnus castus

Chaste tree, Chasteberry

Single aromatic rings w/ various side groups

Simple phenolic

Secondary metabolite

organic compounds that are not directly involved in normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism

One or more phenolic rings with acidic carboxyl groups

Phenolic acids

Phenolic acids with ester linkages to a central glucose molecule

Tannins

Aromatic ring attached to pyran group

coumarin chromones (isomers of coumarins)

Aromatic ring attached to pyran and furan group

furanocoumarins furanochromones (isomers of furanocoumarins)

Which compounds have a photosensitizing effect in fair-skinned people?

furanocoumarins

Two aromatic rings surrounding a quinone ring, often occurring as glycosides

anthraquinones

Medicinal use of anthraquinones

laxative, purgative effects

What are 3 examples of plants containing anthraquinone glycosides?

rhamnus purshiana aloe spp. cassia senna

Dimeric compound of two phenylpropene derivatives

lignans

Similar to lignans, but with a conjugated bond

stilbenes

Resveratrol is an example of a __

stilbene

Three aromatic rings with central pyran ring

flavanoids

Glycoside

molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond

Glycone

sugar group in a glycoside

Aglycone

non-sugar group in a glycoside

Similar to flavones, but with a charge

Anthocyanidins

Glycosides of anthocyanidins

Anthocyanins

Oligmers and polymers of flavan-3-ol moieties

proanthocyanidins

Which classes are volatile?

simple phenolics, chromones, furanochromones, coumarins, furanocoumarins

Which classes are phytoestrogens?

lignans isoflavones

Which classes of terpenes are volatile?

monoterpenes sesquiterpenes

How many carbons in a monoterpene?

How many carbons in a sesquiterpene?

How many carbons in a diterpene?

How many carbons in a triterpene?

How many carbons in a tetraterpene?

Which class of terpenes includes carotenoids?

tetraterpene

Resins generally have what action?

expectorant

Resin

Mixture of terpenoid molecules and volatile oils that combine to form a solid/semi-solid substance that is excreted by plants for protection or in response to injury

Amphipathic

molecule possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements

Saponin

amphipathic glycosides

Saponins produce a __ when shaken in an aqueous solution.

soap-like foaming

Basic properties of an alkaloid

contains nitrogenous molecule soluble in alcohol and water alkaline character

How are alkaloids classified?

by structure

Polysaccharide that forms gels or slime when combined with water

mucilage

Effects of bitters

Inc. Ghrelin Inc. CCK Stimulate motility Anti-inflammatory to GI mucosa Stimulate proliferation of mucosal cells

What are the compounds that act as bitter principles in Gentiana lutea?

secoiridoid glycosides

What type of compound is responsible for antispasmodic action of carminative herbs?

volatile oils

Emolient

topical demulcent

Digestive bitter good for digestive issues but contraindicated in pregnancy

gentiana lutea

Contains bitter and aromatic constituents

citrus senensis/aurantium

Contins furanocoumarins which have a photosensitizing effect

citrus aurantium

Antispasmodic and carminative that also acts as a galactogogue

foeniculum vulgare

In addition to being used for GI issues, fennel is also a __ and is combined with __ to treat __

broncodilator grindelia asthma

Carminative and stomachic that is especially useful in children who are restless and irritable

matricaria recutita

Carminative with an antiemetic effect that can be used as a synergist?

zingiber officinale

Alterative and astringent which contains iron and is good for morning diarrhea

rumex crispus

Good for subacute/chronic diarrhea due to its astringent qualities

geranium maculatum

Difference between laxative, purgative, and cathartic

laxative makes BM easier purgative causes controlled evacuation of bowels cathartic causes uncontrolled evacuation of bowels

What is the 1˚ type of constituent responsible for purgative/cathartic herbs?

anthraquinone glycosides

Compare uses of inner gel and outer leaf of Aloe?

inner gel - bulking agent, immunomodulating outer leaf - irritant laxative, anthraquinone glycosides

What plant contains acemannan?

aloe

Actions of plantago ovata

inc. passage time when diarrhea dec. passage time when constipation dec. serum cholesterol dec. postprandial blood glucose elevations bulk laxative

Ileus is a major contraindication for which plant?

linum usitatissimum

Two examples of bulk laxatives

linum usitatissimum plantago ovata

What is an important contraindication for rhamnus purshiana?

children under 12

What are two possible side effects for rhamnus purshiana?

melanosis coli gripping/watery diarrhea

When is rhamnus purshiana usually taken?

before bed to stimulate morning BM

Rhamnus purshiana contains what constituent?

emodin - anthraquinone glycoside

Rhamnus pursiana stimulates __ via the __

peristalsis autonomic nervous system

Examples of irritant laxatives

rhamnus purshiana aloe (outer leaf)

What herb is known for being a venous tonic?

aesculus hippocastanum

What are topical uses of aesculus hippocastanum

blunt trauma hematomas post-op swelling hemorrhoids

In addition to being a venous tonic, aesculus hippocastanum is also a/an __.

astringent

Patient has varicosities. Which herb would you think of first?

aesculus hippocastanum

Pregnant patient has internal hemorrhoids. Which herb would you think of first?

ruscus aculeatus

What is a key indication for ruscus aculeatus?

varicosities in pregnancy

A patient has passive congestion (pooling of blood). What herb do you think of first?

collinsonia canadensis

What are 4 big hemorrhoid herbs?

hamamelis virginiana collinsonia canadensis ruscus aculeatus aesculus hippocastanum

Patient has pruritis ani. What herb do you think of first?

hamamelis virginana

Which herb is known as a pure astringent

agrimonia eupatoria

What herb should you take when caught in a bind?

agrimonia eupatoria

Two main ways expectorants work

irritating tissue to promote coughing decreasing spasms and thinning mucus

Antitussive

herbs which decrease the frequency of a cough

Which herbs contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

tussilago farfara petasites hybridus

Action of urtica dioica when combined with __ to treat male complaints.

pygeum africanum inhibit conversion of T to estradiol

Lectin UDA

constituent of urtica dioica that may stimulate T-cells, good for viral infections

With Urtica, the leaf is used __, the root __.

above the belt below the belt

Patient has chronic diarrhea with large mucous evacuations. Which herb do you think of first?

urtica dioica

Which herb is good for both asthma, angina pectoria, and passage of urinary calculi?

ammi visnaga

Action of coleus forskolii

inc. intracellular cAMP -> relaxed SM in bronchial tree

What herb is great for sinusitis because it is a mucolytic and a stimulant?

amoracia rusticana

What respiratory herb has a preference for the eyes and nose?

euphrasia officinalis

What herb contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is an antispasmodic good for asthma and bronchitis? tropane alkaloids?

petasites hybridus datura stramonium

Three herbs that are good for a wet cough

salvia officinalis hyssopus officinalis thymus vulgaris

What herb is rarely used by practitioners b/c of the possible OD sxs of tropane alkaloids?

datura stramonium

What herb is a warm, dry bronchodilator that releases NE from sympathetic neurons?

ephedra sinica

What specific condition is thymus vulgaris used for?

whooping cough

Important action of thymus vulgaris

anti-microbial

Patient presents with chronic low grade fever and rapid flooding pulse. What herb do you think of first?

hyssopus officinalis

Use this herb responsibly due to its limited habitat.

ligusticum porteri

What herb is particularly good in the early stages of flu?

ligusticum porteri

"Singer's herb"

ligusticum porteri

What herb is indicated in deep lung conditions, MRSA, and TB?

inula helenium

Actions of grindelia spp.

dec. RR stimulate KD relaxing expectorant

Contraindications for gindelia spp.

KD dz CV dz

Herb that is frequently combined with fennel and is indicated for dry, harsh coughs

grindelia spp.

Relaxing expectorant that also works as a nervine, astringent, and bitter

prunus serotina

What herb could be described as a lung tonic?

glycyrrhiza glabra

What herb is an amphoteric expectorant?

verbascum thapsus

Patient presents with dry, hacking cough that is worse at night. What herb do you think of first?

verbascum thapsus

Verbascum thapsus is good for dry, hacking coughs because it contains __.

mucilage

What is an immunological action of tussilago farfara?

stimulates TH1 response

Patient presents with emphysema. Which herb do you think of first?

tussilago farfara

5 examples of relaxing expectorants

grindelia spp. prunus serotina glycyrrhiza glabra tussilago farfara hyssopus officinalis

Four examples of synergists

piper nigrum zingiber officinale allium sativum glycyrrhiza glabra

Which herbs contain berberine?

hydrastis canadensis mahonia spp. berberis spp. coptis chinensis

How is berberine used?

topically

What are the elements of the HEMP formula?

hydrastis echinacea myrrh pytolacca

What are examples of herbs that could replace hydrastis in the HEMP formula?

mahonia spp. melissa

What are examples of herbs that could replace myrrh in the HEMP formula?

propolis ligusticum porferi

What are examples of herbs that could replace phytolacca in the HEMP formula?

ceanothus spp. galium

Patient presents with acute diarrhea and passive hemorrhage. What herb do you think of first?

potentilla tormentilla

What herb is particularly good at the onset of respiratory infections like the flu bc of its antiviral component?

sambucus nigra

What herb is good for illnesses which set into the bones with aching, fever, and chills?

eupatorium perfoliatum

Patient presents with SIBO or giardia. Which herb do you think of first?

mahonia spp.

Three types of diuretic

osmotic irritant enhancing

2 examples of osmotic diuretics

taraxacum, solidago

4 examples of irritant diuretics

uva-ursi chimaphila equisetum juniperus

2 examples of enhancing diuretics

cayenne zingiber officinale

What irritating diuretic has a high tannin content in older leaves?

arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Arbutin is an important constituent in __.

arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Patient says they feel like they're dragging in the loins. Which herb do you think of first?

arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Why should you not combine arctostaphylos uva-ursi with alkaloidal herbs?

the tannins may precipitate of of the solution

The hydroquinone glycosides found in arctostaphylos uva-ursi are known for being __.

highly toxic and mutagenic

How does chimaphila umbellata compare to arctostaphylos uva-ursi?

less arbutin than uva-ursi more alterative more lymphatic can be used longer b/c of lower tannin content

How is chimaphila umbellata used as a homeopathic?

breast tumor with sharp pain

What herb could be used to treat ascites, breast tumors, and BPH?

chimaphila umbellata

What is the main indication for vaccinium marcocarpon?

prevents mild-mod. UTIs in young women and elderly

What's a potential side effect of vaccinium macrocarpon?

it may enhance warfarin action

How does vaccinium macrocarpon prevent UTIs?

it inhibits the adherence of E. coli to the bladder dt proanthocyanidin content

What herb focuses on the kidney but should only be used short-term dt over-irritation possiblities?

juniperus communis

What is unique about Zea mays as a diuretic?

mild good for children potassium-sparing

What herb fits the homeopathic profile of Silica?

equisetum arvense

Patient presents with hematuria. Which herb do you think of first?

equisetum arvense

When dosing equisetum arvense, it's better to use in __ and not use it longer than __

tea form 6 wks dt KD damage

What herb is described as a renal cleanser?

equisetum arvense

Why do you need to be careful when harvesting equisteum arvense?

the plant has an ability to concentrate toxins

What can be both an osmotic and irritant diuretic?

solidago spp.

What herb is good as an adjuvant in bacterial infections of the urinary tract?

solidago spp.

Two herbs known mainly for their use in BPH

epilobium parviflorum opuntia

Two herbs used for fertility and obesity

punica granatum hippophae rhamnodies

Action of serenoa repens

inhibits conversion of T to DHT (5-alpha-reductase inhibitor)

How should you not prepare serenoa repens?

as a tea or low-alcohol tincture dt lipophilic nature

What is a potential side effect of serenoa repens?

laxative effect dt saponin content

Carotenoids are found within which BPH herb?

serenoa repens

Which herb is estrogenic in females and androgenic in males?

tribulus terrestris

This herb inc. plasma T, GH, insulin, and aldosterone?

tribulus terrestris

What adaptogenic herb is good for infertility, dec. libido and stimulates spermatogenesis?

tribulus terrestris

What phytoestrogen is used for depression and anxiety during perimenopause?

Rheum rhaponticum

Which adaptogen has a specificity of seat with the hormones and is good for perimenopausal symptoms?

lepidium spp.

Two herbs good for low libido and infertility?

tribulus terrestris lepidium meyenii

Patient presents with bladder spasms. Which herb do you think of first?

viburnum opulus

What is a key constituent of viburnum opulus?

arbutin

Which herb has a progesteronic effect?

vitex agnu-castus

Which herb has an amphoteric action in the endocrine system (aphrodisiac or anaphrodisiac)?

vitex agnus-castus

Two herbs that have a estrogenic effect and are good for dysmenorrhea.

actea racemosa angelica sinensis

Action of vitex angus-castus on prolactin

inhibits prolactin release

Are all herbs with estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?

Chinese herb used for poor libido

epimedium sagittatum

Nerve tonic and nutritive relaxant that can increase vitality over time

avena sativa

Four herbs that can act as aphrodisiacs

hippophae rhamnodies tribulus terrestris lepidium meyenii serenoa repens

Four herbs good for dysmenorrhea

viburnum opulus actea racemosa angelica sinensis vitex agnus-castus

Four herbs good for perimenopausal symptoms

rheum rhaponticum actea racemosa vitex agnus-castus lepidium spp.

What herb could be used for acne, fibroids, PMS, fertility, mastalgia?

vitex agnus-castus

Two herbs good for hormone balancing

actea racemosa vitex agnus-castus

What herb is good for low estrogen-causing conditions?

actea racemosa

Excessive sexual enjoyment or hyperactive children

avena sativa

Four herbs for BPH

serenoa repens opuntia epilobium parviflorum chimaphila umbellata

Two herbs used for chronic prostatitis

serenoa repens chimaphila umbellata

What anti-viral herb can have a laxative and emetic effect in large doses?

eupatorium perfoliatum

Two herbs good for dry coughs

grindelia verbascum thapsus