BotMed 2 Flashcards
Citrus senensis
sweet orange peel
Citrus aurantium
bitter orange peel
Ulmus fulva
Slippery elm
Ammi visnaga
Khella
Dioscorea villosa
Wild yam
Petasites hybridus
Butterbur
Euphrasia officinalis
Eyebright
Amoracia rusticana
Horseradish
Ephedra sinica
Ma Huang
Datura stramonium
Jimson weed
Ligusticum porteri
Osha
Inula helenium
Elecampne
Prunus serotina
Black cherry
Verbascum thapsus
Mullein
Tussilago farfara
Coltsfoot
Plantago ovata
Psyllium
Linum usitatissimum
Flax
Rhamnus purshiana
Cascara
Aesculus hipposcastanum
Horse chestnut
Ruscus aculeatus
Butchers broom
Collinsonia canadensis
Stone root
Hamamelis virginiana
Witch hazel
Allium sativum
Garlic
Sambucus nigra
Elderberry
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Boneset
Chimaphila umbellata
Pipsissewa, princess pine
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Cranberry
Zea mays
Corn silk
Equisetum arvense
Horsetail
Solidago spp.
Goldenrod
Serenoa repens
Saw palmetto
Epiloblum parviflorum
Willow herb
Opuntia
Prickly pear
Punica granatum
Red pomegranate
Hippophae rhamnodies
Sea buckthorn, sea berry
Tribulus terrestris
Devil’s weed
Lepidium meyenil
Maca
Epimedium sagittatum
Horny goat weed
Salvia officinalis
Sage
Hydrastis canadensis
Goldenseal
Viburnum opulus
Guelder rose
Rheum rhaponticum
False rhubarb
Actea racemosa
Black cohosh
Vitex agnus castus
Chaste tree, Chasteberry
Single aromatic rings w/ various side groups
Simple phenolic
Secondary metabolite
organic compounds that are not directly involved in normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism
One or more phenolic rings with acidic carboxyl groups
Phenolic acids
Phenolic acids with ester linkages to a central glucose molecule
Tannins
Aromatic ring attached to pyran group
coumarin
chromones (isomers of coumarins)
Aromatic ring attached to pyran and furan group
furanocoumarins
furanochromones (isomers of furanocoumarins)
Which compounds have a photosensitizing effect in fair-skinned people?
furanocoumarins
Two aromatic rings surrounding a quinone ring, often occurring as glycosides
anthraquinones
Medicinal use of anthraquinones
laxative, purgative effects
What are 3 examples of plants containing anthraquinone glycosides?
rhamnus purshiana
aloe spp.
cassia senna
Dimeric compound of two phenylpropene derivatives
lignans
Similar to lignans, but with a conjugated bond
stilbenes
Resveratrol is an example of a __
stilbene
Three aromatic rings with central pyran ring
flavanoids
Glycoside
molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond
Glycone
sugar group in a glycoside
Aglycone
non-sugar group in a glycoside
Similar to flavones, but with a charge
Anthocyanidins
Glycosides of anthocyanidins
Anthocyanins
Oligmers and polymers of flavan-3-ol moieties
proanthocyanidins
Which classes are volatile?
simple phenolics, chromones, furanochromones, coumarins, furanocoumarins
Which classes are phytoestrogens?
lignans
isoflavones
Which classes of terpenes are volatile?
monoterpenes
sesquiterpenes
How many carbons in a monoterpene?
10
How many carbons in a sesquiterpene?
15
How many carbons in a diterpene?
20
How many carbons in a triterpene?
30
How many carbons in a tetraterpene?
40
Which class of terpenes includes carotenoids?
tetraterpene
Resins generally have what action?
expectorant
Resin
Mixture of terpenoid molecules and volatile oils that combine to form a solid/semi-solid substance that is excreted by plants for protection or in response to injury
Amphipathic
molecule possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements
Saponin
amphipathic glycosides
Saponins produce a __ when shaken in an aqueous solution.
soap-like foaming
Basic properties of an alkaloid
contains nitrogenous molecule
soluble in alcohol and water
alkaline character
How are alkaloids classified?
by structure
Polysaccharide that forms gels or slime when combined with water
mucilage
Effects of bitters
Inc. Ghrelin
Inc. CCK
Stimulate motility
Anti-inflammatory to GI mucosa
Stimulate proliferation of mucosal cells
What are the compounds that act as bitter principles in Gentiana lutea?
secoiridoid glycosides
What type of compound is responsible for antispasmodic action of carminative herbs?
volatile oils
Emolient
topical demulcent
Digestive bitter good for digestive issues but contraindicated in pregnancy
gentiana lutea
Contains bitter and aromatic constituents
citrus senensis/aurantium
Contins furanocoumarins which have a photosensitizing effect
citrus aurantium
Antispasmodic and carminative that also acts as a galactogogue
foeniculum vulgare
In addition to being used for GI issues, fennel is also a __ and is combined with __ to treat __
broncodilator
grindelia
asthma
Carminative and stomachic that is especially useful in children who are restless and irritable
matricaria recutita
Carminative with an antiemetic effect that can be used as a synergist?
zingiber officinale
Alterative and astringent which contains iron and is good for morning diarrhea
rumex crispus
Good for subacute/chronic diarrhea due to its astringent qualities
geranium maculatum
Difference between laxative, purgative, and cathartic
laxative makes BM easier
purgative causes controlled evacuation of bowels
cathartic causes uncontrolled evacuation of bowels
What is the 1˚ type of constituent responsible for purgative/cathartic herbs?
anthraquinone glycosides
Compare uses of inner gel and outer leaf of Aloe?
inner gel - bulking agent, immunomodulating
outer leaf - irritant laxative, anthraquinone glycosides
What plant contains acemannan?
aloe
Actions of plantago ovata
inc. passage time when diarrhea
dec. passage time when constipation
dec. serum cholesterol
dec. postprandial blood glucose elevations
bulk laxative
Ileus is a major contraindication for which plant?
linum usitatissimum
Two examples of bulk laxatives
linum usitatissimum
plantago ovata
What is an important contraindication for rhamnus purshiana?
children under 12
What are two possible side effects for rhamnus purshiana?
melanosis coli
gripping/watery diarrhea
When is rhamnus purshiana usually taken?
before bed to stimulate morning BM
Rhamnus purshiana contains what constituent?
emodin - anthraquinone glycoside
Rhamnus pursiana stimulates __ via the __
peristalsis
autonomic nervous system
Examples of irritant laxatives
rhamnus purshiana
aloe (outer leaf)
What herb is known for being a venous tonic?
aesculus hippocastanum
What are topical uses of aesculus hippocastanum
blunt trauma
hematomas
post-op swelling
hemorrhoids
In addition to being a venous tonic, aesculus hippocastanum is also a/an __.
astringent
Patient has varicosities. Which herb would you think of first?
aesculus hippocastanum
Pregnant patient has internal hemorrhoids. Which herb would you think of first?
ruscus aculeatus
What is a key indication for ruscus aculeatus?
varicosities in pregnancy
A patient has passive congestion (pooling of blood). What herb do you think of first?
collinsonia canadensis
What are 4 big hemorrhoid herbs?
hamamelis virginiana
collinsonia canadensis
ruscus aculeatus
aesculus hippocastanum
Patient has pruritis ani. What herb do you think of first?
hamamelis virginana
Which herb is known as a pure astringent
agrimonia eupatoria
What herb should you take when caught in a bind?
agrimonia eupatoria
Two main ways expectorants work
irritating tissue to promote coughing
decreasing spasms and thinning mucus
Antitussive
herbs which decrease the frequency of a cough
Which herbs contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
tussilago farfara
petasites hybridus
Action of urtica dioica when combined with __ to treat male complaints.
pygeum africanum
inhibit conversion of T to estradiol
Lectin UDA
constituent of urtica dioica that may stimulate T-cells, good for viral infections
With Urtica, the leaf is used __, the root __.
above the belt
below the belt
Patient has chronic diarrhea with large mucous evacuations. Which herb do you think of first?
urtica dioica
Which herb is good for both asthma, angina pectoria, and passage of urinary calculi?
ammi visnaga
Action of coleus forskolii
inc. intracellular cAMP -> relaxed SM in bronchial tree
What herb is great for sinusitis because it is a mucolytic and a stimulant?
amoracia rusticana
What respiratory herb has a preference for the eyes and nose?
euphrasia officinalis
What herb contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is an antispasmodic good for asthma and bronchitis?
tropane alkaloids?
petasites hybridus
datura stramonium
Three herbs that are good for a wet cough
salvia officinalis
hyssopus officinalis
thymus vulgaris
What herb is rarely used by practitioners b/c of the possible OD sxs of tropane alkaloids?
datura stramonium
What herb is a warm, dry bronchodilator that releases NE from sympathetic neurons?
ephedra sinica
What specific condition is thymus vulgaris used for?
whooping cough
Important action of thymus vulgaris
anti-microbial
Patient presents with chronic low grade fever and rapid flooding pulse. What herb do you think of first?
hyssopus officinalis
Use this herb responsibly due to its limited habitat.
ligusticum porteri
What herb is particularly good in the early stages of flu?
ligusticum porteri
“Singer’s herb”
ligusticum porteri
What herb is indicated in deep lung conditions, MRSA, and TB?
inula helenium
Actions of grindelia spp.
dec. RR
stimulate KD
relaxing expectorant
Contraindications for gindelia spp.
KD dz
CV dz
Herb that is frequently combined with fennel and is indicated for dry, harsh coughs
grindelia spp.
Relaxing expectorant that also works as a nervine, astringent, and bitter
prunus serotina
What herb could be described as a lung tonic?
glycyrrhiza glabra
What herb is an amphoteric expectorant?
verbascum thapsus
Patient presents with dry, hacking cough that is worse at night. What herb do you think of first?
verbascum thapsus
Verbascum thapsus is good for dry, hacking coughs because it contains __.
mucilage
What is an immunological action of tussilago farfara?
stimulates TH1 response
Patient presents with emphysema. Which herb do you think of first?
tussilago farfara
5 examples of relaxing expectorants
grindelia spp.
prunus serotina
glycyrrhiza glabra
tussilago farfara
hyssopus officinalis
Four examples of synergists
piper nigrum
zingiber officinale
allium sativum
glycyrrhiza glabra
Which herbs contain berberine?
hydrastis canadensis
mahonia spp.
berberis spp.
coptis chinensis
How is berberine used?
topically
What are the elements of the HEMP formula?
hydrastis
echinacea
myrrh
pytolacca
What are examples of herbs that could replace hydrastis in the HEMP formula?
mahonia spp.
melissa
What are examples of herbs that could replace myrrh in the HEMP formula?
propolis
ligusticum porferi
What are examples of herbs that could replace phytolacca in the HEMP formula?
ceanothus spp.
galium
Patient presents with acute diarrhea and passive hemorrhage. What herb do you think of first?
potentilla tormentilla
What herb is particularly good at the onset of respiratory infections like the flu bc of its antiviral component?
sambucus nigra
What herb is good for illnesses which set into the bones with aching, fever, and chills?
eupatorium perfoliatum
Patient presents with SIBO or giardia. Which herb do you think of first?
mahonia spp.
Three types of diuretic
osmotic
irritant
enhancing
2 examples of osmotic diuretics
taraxacum, solidago
4 examples of irritant diuretics
uva-ursi
chimaphila
equisetum
juniperus
2 examples of enhancing diuretics
cayenne
zingiber officinale
What irritating diuretic has a high tannin content in older leaves?
arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Arbutin is an important constituent in __.
arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Patient says they feel like they’re dragging in the loins. Which herb do you think of first?
arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Why should you not combine arctostaphylos uva-ursi with alkaloidal herbs?
the tannins may precipitate of of the solution
The hydroquinone glycosides found in arctostaphylos uva-ursi are known for being __.
highly toxic and mutagenic
How does chimaphila umbellata compare to arctostaphylos uva-ursi?
less arbutin than uva-ursi
more alterative
more lymphatic
can be used longer b/c of lower tannin content
How is chimaphila umbellata used as a homeopathic?
breast tumor with sharp pain
What herb could be used to treat ascites, breast tumors, and BPH?
chimaphila umbellata
What is the main indication for vaccinium marcocarpon?
prevents mild-mod. UTIs in young women and elderly
What’s a potential side effect of vaccinium macrocarpon?
it may enhance warfarin action
How does vaccinium macrocarpon prevent UTIs?
it inhibits the adherence of E. coli to the bladder dt proanthocyanidin content
What herb focuses on the kidney but should only be used short-term dt over-irritation possiblities?
juniperus communis
What is unique about Zea mays as a diuretic?
mild
good for children
potassium-sparing
What herb fits the homeopathic profile of Silica?
equisetum arvense
Patient presents with hematuria. Which herb do you think of first?
equisetum arvense
When dosing equisetum arvense, it’s better to use in __ and not use it longer than __
tea form
6 wks dt KD damage
What herb is described as a renal cleanser?
equisetum arvense
Why do you need to be careful when harvesting equisteum arvense?
the plant has an ability to concentrate toxins
What can be both an osmotic and irritant diuretic?
solidago spp.
What herb is good as an adjuvant in bacterial infections of the urinary tract?
solidago spp.
Two herbs known mainly for their use in BPH
epilobium parviflorum
opuntia
Two herbs used for fertility and obesity
punica granatum
hippophae rhamnodies
Action of serenoa repens
inhibits conversion of T to DHT (5-alpha-reductase inhibitor)
How should you not prepare serenoa repens?
as a tea or low-alcohol tincture dt lipophilic nature
What is a potential side effect of serenoa repens?
laxative effect dt saponin content
Carotenoids are found within which BPH herb?
serenoa repens
Which herb is estrogenic in females and androgenic in males?
tribulus terrestris
This herb inc. plasma T, GH, insulin, and aldosterone?
tribulus terrestris
What adaptogenic herb is good for infertility, dec. libido and stimulates spermatogenesis?
tribulus terrestris
What phytoestrogen is used for depression and anxiety during perimenopause?
Rheum rhaponticum
Which adaptogen has a specificity of seat with the hormones and is good for perimenopausal symptoms?
lepidium spp.
Two herbs good for low libido and infertility?
tribulus terrestris
lepidium meyenii
Patient presents with bladder spasms. Which herb do you think of first?
viburnum opulus
What is a key constituent of viburnum opulus?
arbutin
Which herb has a progesteronic effect?
vitex agnu-castus
Which herb has an amphoteric action in the endocrine system (aphrodisiac or anaphrodisiac)?
vitex agnus-castus
Two herbs that have a estrogenic effect and are good for dysmenorrhea.
actea racemosa
angelica sinensis
Action of vitex angus-castus on prolactin
inhibits prolactin release
Are all herbs with estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?
no
Chinese herb used for poor libido
epimedium sagittatum
Nerve tonic and nutritive relaxant that can increase vitality over time
avena sativa
Four herbs that can act as aphrodisiacs
hippophae rhamnodies
tribulus terrestris
lepidium meyenii
serenoa repens
Four herbs good for dysmenorrhea
viburnum opulus
actea racemosa
angelica sinensis
vitex agnus-castus
Four herbs good for perimenopausal symptoms
rheum rhaponticum
actea racemosa
vitex agnus-castus
lepidium spp.
What herb could be used for acne, fibroids, PMS, fertility, mastalgia?
vitex agnus-castus
Two herbs good for hormone balancing
actea racemosa
vitex agnus-castus
What herb is good for low estrogen-causing conditions?
actea racemosa
Excessive sexual enjoyment or hyperactive children
avena sativa
Four herbs for BPH
serenoa repens
opuntia
epilobium parviflorum
chimaphila umbellata
Two herbs used for chronic prostatitis
serenoa repens
chimaphila umbellata
What anti-viral herb can have a laxative and emetic effect in large doses?
eupatorium perfoliatum
Two herbs good for dry coughs
grindelia
verbascum thapsus
