Botany Final Exam Flashcards
Which is correct
A. Prokaryotic cells contain chloroplasts
B. Prokaryotic cells have cell walls made of cellulose
C. Prokaryotic cells have a greater metabolic rate than eukaryotes
D. All prokaryotic cells are hetertrophic
E. More than one of the above
F. All of the above
G. None of the above
G. None of the above
Which is correct
A. Eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes
B. Eukaryotic cells have nuclei
C. All eukaryotic cells are heterotrophic
D. Eukaryotic cells have greater metabolic diversity than prokaryotic cells
E. More than one the above
F. All of the above
G. None of the above
E. More than one of the above
Which is correct
A. All cells have a plasma membrane
B. All cells have ribosomes
C. All cells have genetic material
D. All cells have mitochondria
E. More than one above
F. All of the above
G. None of the above
E. More than one of the above
Which is correct
A. Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic
B. Both plant and animal cells contain mitochondria
C. Both plant and animal cells are prokaryotic
D. Both plant and animal cells have cell walls
E. More then one above
F. All of the above
G. None of the above
E. More than one above
Which is correct
A. Plant cells have cellulose cell walls
B. Plant cells have greater metabolic diversity than animal cells
C. Plant cells have a lower metabolic rate than animal cells
D. Plant cells have large central vacuoles
E. More than one above
F. All of the above
G. None of the above
F. All of the above
Common form of carbohydrate transported in plants
Sucrose
A lipid stored in plant tissue
Triglyceride
A 3 carbon carbohydrate and an end produce of photosynthesis
Glyceraldehyde
Polymers of amino acid monomer subunits
Polypeptides
6 carbon carbohydrate
Fructose
Galactose
Glucose
A polymer that is made of 1-4 alpha linked glucose monomers
Starch
An example of a lipid that is used by plants to waterproof cells
Suberin, cutin, waxes
A polymer that is made of 1-4 beta linked glucose monomers
Cellulose
What’s a primary compound
Found in all plants and are things like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What’s a secondary compound
Found in some plants, plant parts, and stages of development and consist of alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics
Chromoplasts
-Accumulate pigments (carotenoids) other than chlorophyll
-colors in flowers and fruits
Leukoplasts
-Lack color
-common in epidermal cells and storage tissue (apples, onions)
Central vacuole function
Maintain a hypertonic environment which brings in water and other nutrients/solutes
Middle lamella plus thin primary walls
Pit membrane
Maintain cytoplasmic continuity
Plasmodesmata
Mostly pectins
Middle lamellae
Cytoskeleton that guide golgi vehicles to cell plate
Phragmoplast
Pectins, glycoproteins, cellulose and hemicellulose
Primary cell walls
Few or no pectin or glycoproteins
Secondary cell wall
No secondary cell walls present
Pit fields
Strands of ER
Desmotubules
Which researcher found that a sprig of mint could restore air burned by candle
Priestly
Which researcher suggested the general rxn for photosynthesis
Van niel
Which researcher found that the mass gained by a plant did not come from the soil
Van helmont
A molecule that absorbs light
Pigment
Pigments are found on what membrane of chloroplast
Thylakoid
Light independent rxns take place in
Stroma
In c3 plants light independent rxns go through what cycle
Calvin cycle
Enzyme that acts as carboxylase and oxygenase
Rubisco
In low co2 environments rubsico adds oxygen to ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate in a wasteful process called
Photorespiration
To avoid photorespiration some c4 plants synthesize a 4 carbon sugar and transport it to the
Bundle sheath cells
Some c4 plants undergo a process that completes the light independent rxns in same cells but rather fix carbon to a 4 carbon sugar at night, this process is
CAM synthesis
An ancestor and all its descendants
Monophyletic group
Common ancestry but not common function
Homologous structures
Characters present in all members
Synapomorphies
Ancestor but not all of its descendants
Paraphyletic group
Simple=most likely
Principle of parsimony
Common function but arose independently
Analogous structures
Related by not a member of the study group
Outgroup
Group with 2 or more ancestors
Polyphyletic group
Closest relatives in phylogeny
Sister taxa
N+N
Dikaryotic
Beta 1,4 linked acetylglucosamine polymers
Fungal walls
Fungal filament
Hypahe
Body of a fungus
Mycelium
Asexual spores in fungi
Conidia
Genetically distinct nuclei in same cytoplasmic mass
Heterokaryosis
Common form of sugar transported by plants
Sucrose
Nuclear fusion in a coenocyte followed by meiosis
Parasexuality
Alpha 1 4 linked glucose polymers
Starch
Fungal nutrition
Heterotrophic
Beta 1 4 glucose polymers
Cellulose
Mutlinucleate condition in a plant or fungus
Coenocyte
Most lichens
Chytridiomycota
Wheat rust
Basidiomycota
8 spores
Ascomycota
Plasmodial slime molds
Myxomycota
Allomyces
Chytridiomycota
Black bread mold
Zygomycota
Club fungi
Basidiomycota
Heterokont zoospores
Oomycota
Zoospores with 1 flagella
Chytridiomycota
Sclerotium in dry periods
Myxomycota
Myxamoeba free living stage
Acraisiomycota (dictyosteliomycota)
Sac fungi
Ascomycota
Often trees and shrubs in temperate zones
Ectomycorrhiza
Highest/greatest specificity
Ectomycorrhiza
80% of symbiotic associations
Endomycorrhiza
Surround but do not penetrate root
Ectomycorrhiza
Vehicular/arbuscular mycorrhizae
Endomycorrhiza
Many species
Ectomycorrhiza
Crysolaminarian food reserves
Chrysophyta, bacillariophyta, haptophyta
Eye spot
Euglenophyta
Chlorophyll A only
Rhodophyta
Silica frustules
Bacillariophyta
Floridian starch storage
Rhodophyta
Paramylon food storage
Euglenophyta
Chlorophylls A and B
Euglenophyta, chlorophyta
Most common ancestor to land plants
Chlorophyta
Stramenopiles
Bacillariophyta, phaeophyta, xanthophyceae, chrysophyta
Starch food storage
Cryptophyta, chlorophyta, dinoflagellata
Oil storage
Xanthophyceae
Adaptations all land plants have for success on land
- Sterile jacket layer of cells surrounding sex structures
- Sporic meiosis
- Tissues produced by apical meristems
- Zygote stays within archegonium until embryo stage
- Meiospores /w sporopollenin in cell walls to resist decay and desiccation
True alternation of generations
Sporic meiosis
Generation made of haploid cells
Gametophyte
Gametophyte generation gives rise to gametes via
Mitosis
Structure that gives rise to sperm
Antheridida
Structure that gives rise to the egg
Archegonia
What is required for fertilization in seedless plants
Water
Fertilized egg is called a
Zygote
Generation made of diploid cells
Sporophyte
Sporophyte generation can give rise to spores via
Meiosis
Thallus
Marchantiophyta
True mosses
Bryophyta
Avascular
Marchantiophyta and bryophyta
Leptoids and hydroids
Bryophyta
Liverworts
Marchantiophyta
Peat mosses
Bryophyta
“Leafy”
Bryophyta
Elaters
Marchantiophyta
Gametophyte dominant alternation of generations
Marchantiophyta and bryophyta
Which phylum do granite mosses belong to
Bryophyta
Which phylum do hornwarts belong to
Anthocerophyta
Which phylum do club mosses belong to
Lycophyta
Which is false
A. Ferns have vascular tissues mosses do not
B. Ferns have roots mosses do not
C. Ferns have sporophyte dominant life cycles mosses do not
D. Ferns don’t need water for fertilization mosses do
E. More than one above
F. None of the above
D. Ferns don’t need water for fertilization mosses do
Enlarged portion of moss archegonium
Venter
When egg is fertilized its called a
Calyptra
At top of seta (stalk) sporogenous tissues are located within the
Capsule
Spores are released and will germinate into first strands of gametophyte called the
Gametospores
Siphonostele example
Ferns
Eustele examples
Horsetails, dicots (helianthus)
Protostele
Lycophyta, roots (ranunculus)
Atactostele
Monocots (zea mays)
Homosporous club moss
Lycopodium
Fern leaf
Megaphyll
Umbrella like covering over a sorus
Indusium
Club moss leaf
Microphyll
Class containing horsetails
Equisetopsida
Fern gametophyte
Prothallus
Class containing leptosporangiate ferns
Polypodiopsida
Underground stem
Rhizome
Cone like collection of sporangia
Strobilus
Sporangium develops from single initial cell
Leptosporangium
Heterosporous spike moss
Selaginella
Develops into male gametophyte
Microspore
Develops into female gametophyte
Megaspore
Stele of lycopodium
Protostele
Parenchyma functions
Wound healing
Regeneration
Initiate root hairs
Photosynthesis
Gas exchange
Storage
Secretions
Food and water transport over short distances
Angiosperms sexual organs
Flower
Outermost whorl
Calyx
Outermost whorl consists of
Sepals
Second whorl
Corolla
Second whorl consists of
Petals
The 3rd innermost whorl is
Stamen
Stamen made of
Filament (stalk)
Anther (where male gametophyte created)
The whorl that consists of stame is collectively called
Androecium
4th innermost whorl is
Gynoecium
Gynoecium whorls consists of one or more
Pistils
In angiosperms male gametophyte is
Pollen grain
Pollen grain contains 2 cells
Generative (2 sperm cells)
Vegetative (tube nucleus)
Male gametophyte pollinates flower when it sticks to
Stigma
Pollen tube will then grow down
Stalk
Fertilized egg
Zygote
Zygote is first cell of what generation
Sporophyte
The other sperm cell fertilized central cell that contains _ nuclei creating a _ cell
2, triploid
Seed leaf
Cotyledon
One seed leaf
Monocot
2 seed leaves
Dicots
Plant embryo increases in cell number via
Mitosis
Plant hormone that prevents germination
Abscissic acid
Plant hormone that initiates plant germination
Gibberellins
Hormone that initiates hook formation
Ethylene
Hormone that maintains apical dominance and turns plant upward
Auxins
Hormone responsible for bolting
Gibberelins
Polar transport hormone
Auxins
Cell division hormone
Cytokinins
Gas hormone
Ethylene
Shoot tip growing toward light hormone
Auxins
Stomata regulation
Abscissic acid
Fruit ripening
Ethylene
Inhibits seed germination
Abscissic acid
Gravity responses in shoot tips
Auxins
Promotes abscission
Ethylene
Bending towards light
Phototropism
Bending towards light comes from the
Shoot
This is the _ experiment
Francis is Charles _ son
The _ conducted the experiment
Darwins’
Darwin’s
Darwins
Rabbits eat bark around tree, when plant has this type of damage its
Girdled
