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Botany > Botany 1 for Midterm > Flashcards

Botany 1 for Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Q. What is the definition of science?

A

A: A systematized body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.

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2
Q

Q: What are the steps in the scientific method?

A

A: Observation, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, Analysis, Conclusion, Retest.

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3
Q

Q: What is a hypothesis in science?

A

A: A suggested solution to a problem that must be testable, often written as an “If… then…” statement.

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4
Q

Q: What is the difference between a theory and a law in science?

A

A: A theory is a testable explanation based on observations that can be replaced by a better theory. A law is based on facts, proven true with no exemptions, and is universally observable.

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5
Q

Q: Who built the early microscope and what was its significance?

A

A: Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen; their invention marked the beginning of microscopic exploration of the natural world.

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6
Q

Q: What is the basic unit of structure and function in living things?

A

A: The cell.

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7
Q

Q: What are prokaryotic cells and what is their key characteristic?

A

A: Prokaryotic cells (like bacteria and archaea) do not have a nucleus and their DNA is not enclosed by membranes.

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8
Q

Q: What are eukaryotic cells and how do they differ from prokaryotic cells?

A

A: Eukaryotic cells (plants, animals) contain organelles, including a nucleus where DNA is enclosed, and are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

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9
Q

Q: What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?

A

A: A control is used for comparison and is not being tested, helping to isolate the effects of the independent variable.

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10
Q

Q: What are the three key principles of modern cell theory?

A

A: 1) All living things are made of cells, 2) cells are the basic unit of structure and function in life, 3) all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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11
Q
  1. What is the purpose of retesting an experiment?

A) To ensure the hypothesis is correct
B) To verify and confirm the reliability of the results
C) To change the variables and get new results
D) To gather more qualitative data

A

Answer: B

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12
Q
  1. In a scientific experiment, what is the variable called that is changed by the experimenter?

A) Control variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Independent variable
D) Qualitative variable

A

Answer: C

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13
Q
  1. Who coined the term “cell” in biology, and in which publication was it introduced?

A) Anton van Leeuwenhoek, “Microscope Discovery”
B) Robert Hooke, “Micrographia”
C) Ernst Ruska, “Cellular Anatomy”
D) Theodore Schwann, “The Cell Theory”

A

Answer: B

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14
Q
  1. What type of microscope was developed by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll?

A) Simple microscope
B) Compound microscope
C) Electron microscope
D) Scanning microscope

A

Answer: C

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15
Q
  1. What is one main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A) Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus
B) Eukaryotic cells lack organelles
C) Prokaryotic cells have their DNA enclosed in a nucleus
D) Eukaryotic cells contain organelles, including a nucleus

A

Answer: D

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16
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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17
Q

Cell Wall

A

Provides structural support and protection for the cell

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18
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Protects the nucleus and allows materials to pass in and out

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19
Q

Chromosomes

A

Contain the genetic material (DNA) that controls the cell’s activities

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20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains organelles

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Transports materials throughout the cell

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

The “powerhouse of the cell,” produces energy through cellular respiration

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24
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

Packages and modifies proteins and other materials for transport

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25
Q

Lysosome

A

Digests cellular waste and foreign substances

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26
Q

Vacuoles

A

Store water, food, and waste products

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27
Q

Chloroplast

A

Found in plant cells; site of photosynthesis

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28
Q

Nucleoid

A

The region in prokaryotic cells where the DNA is located

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29
Q

Plasmid

A

Small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule found in bacteria

30
Q

Pilus

A

Hair-like structure that helps bacteria attach to surfaces

31
Q

Flagellum

A

Tail-like structure that helps bacteria move

32
Q
  1. What are the two main types of plant tissues?
A

Meristematic and permanent tissues

33
Q
  1. What is the difference between primary and secondary growth in plants?
A

Primary growth increases the length of a plant, while secondary growth increases its width or girth.

34
Q
  1. What is the function of the epidermis in plants?

The epidermis is the outer layer of tissue that protects the plant from water loss, injury, and pathogens.

A

The epidermis is the outer layer of tissue that protects the plant from water loss, injury, and pathogens.

35
Q
  1. What are the three types of ground tissue in plants?
A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

36
Q
  1. What is the main function of the xylem and phloem?
A

Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem transports food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

37
Q
  1. What are trichomes and what is their function?
A

Trichomes are hair-like structures on the epidermis that help regulate water loss and deter insects.

38
Q
  1. What is the role of root hairs in water absorption?
A

Root hairs increase the surface area of the root, making it more efficient at absorbing water and minerals from the soil.

39
Q
  1. Where does photosynthesis take place in a leaf?
A

Photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll cells of a leaf, which contain chloroplasts.

40
Q
  1. What is the function of the vascular bundle?
A

The vascular bundle contains xylem and phloem tissues, which transport water, minerals, and food throughout the plant.

41
Q
  1. How do meristematic tissues differ from permanent tissues?
A

Meristematic tissues are composed of actively dividing cells that allow for plant growth, while permanent tissues are made up of mature cells with specialized functions.

42
Q
  1. What are the four major types of macromolecules?
A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

43
Q
  1. What is the difference between a simple carbohydrate and a complex carbohydrate?
A

Simple carbohydrates are single sugar units (monosaccharides), while complex carbohydrates are made up of multiple sugar units (polysaccharides).

44
Q
  1. What are the main functions of proteins in cells?
A

Proteins perform various functions in cells, including enzymes, hormones, structural components, and transport.

45
Q
  1. What are the two types of nucleic acids?
A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

46
Q
  1. What are the three main types of monosaccharides?
A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

47
Q
  1. What is the function of starch in plants?
A

Starch is a storage polysaccharide that provides energy for the plant.

48
Q
  1. What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?
A

Macronutrients are essential nutrients needed in large amounts by plants, while micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts.

49
Q
  1. Why is nitrogen an essential nutrient for plants?
A

Nitrogen is a key component of proteins and nucleic acids, which are essential for plant growth and development.

50
Q
  1. What is the role of potassium in plant cells?
A

Potassium plays a role in regulating stomatal opening and closing, which affects photosynthesis and water loss.

51
Q
  1. What is the function of chlorophyll in plants?
A

Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight and converts it into energy during photosynthesis.

52
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of iron deficiency in plants?
A

Yellow and white leaves with green veins

53
Q
  1. How does nitrogen deficiency affect plant growth?
A

Nitrogen deficiency can cause stunted growth, yellowing of leaves (especially older ones), and reduced overall plant health.

54
Q
  1. What is the main function of the phloem?
A

The phloem transports nutrients and food from the leaves (where photosynthesis occurs) to other parts of the plant, such as the roots and stems.

55
Q
  1. What is the difference between transpiration and cohesion?
A

Transpiration is the loss of water from plants through their leaves and stems, primarily through stomata. Cohesion is the ability of water molecules to stick together, which helps water move up from the roots to the leaves.

56
Q
  1. What are the two types of vascular tissue in plants?
A

Xylem and phloem

57
Q
  1. What is the primary function of leaves?
A

Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs of plants, capturing sunlight and converting it into energy through photosynthesis.

58
Q
  1. What is the difference between netted venation and parallel venation?
A

Netted venation has branching veins, often found in dicots. Parallel venation has veins that run parallel to each other, often found in monocots.

59
Q
  1. What is the role of the cuticle in a leaf?
A

The cuticle is a waxy layer on the outer surface of leaves that helps to prevent water loss and protect the leaf from damage.

60
Q
  1. What are stomata and why are they important?
A

Stomata are small pores on the underside of leaves that allow for gas exchange (taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen). They are also involved in water loss through transpiration.

61
Q
  1. How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata?
A

Guard cells are specialized cells that surround stomata. When they are turgid (filled with water), the stomata open, allowing for gas exchange. When they lose water, the stomata close to reduce water loss.

62
Q
  1. What are the three main layers of a leaf?
A

Cuticle, epidermis, and mesophyll

63
Q
  1. What is the function of palisade cells?
A

Palisade cells are packed with chloroplasts and are responsible for most of the photosynthesis in a leaf.

64
Q
  1. What is the role of stomata in gas exchange?
A

Stomata are tiny pores that allow leaves to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, as well as water vapor during transpiration.

65
Q
  1. How do guard cells regulate stomatal opening?
A

Guard cells are specialized cells that surround stomata. When they are turgid (filled with water), the stomata open, allowing for gas exchange. When they lose water, the stomata close to reduce water loss.

66
Q
  1. What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
A

Xylem tissue transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem tissue transports food (sugars) from the leaves (where photosynthesis occurs) to other parts of the plant.

67
Q
  1. What is the process of photosynthesis?
A

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

68
Q
  1. How does transpiration help plants regulate water loss?
A

Transpiration, the loss of water vapor through the leaves, helps to cool the plant and transport water and minerals throughout its body. However, excessive transpiration can lead to water stress, so plants regulate stomatal opening to control water loss.

69
Q
  1. What is the C4 pathway and why is it important?
A

The C4 pathway is a specialized photosynthetic process found in some plants, especially those in hot, dry environments. It helps to reduce photorespiration, a process that consumes energy and reduces photosynthetic efficiency.

70
Q
  1. How are leaves of carnivorous plants adapted for obtaining nutrients?
A

Carnivorous plants have modified leaves that act as traps to capture insects. They produce digestive enzymes to break down the insects and absorb the nutrients they contain, supplementing the nutrients they obtain from the soil.

71
Q
  1. What are cotyledons and what is their function?
A

Cotyledons are the first leaves that develop from a germinating seed. They often contain a store of food (obtained from the endosperm) to nourish the seedling during its early growth.

Botany (2 decks)

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